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Horse gram seeds
Scientific classification Edit this classification
Kingdom: Plantae
Clade: Tracheophytes
Clade: Angiosperms
Clade: Eudicots
Clade: Rosids
Order: Fabales
Family: Fabaceae
Subfamily: Faboideae
Genus: Macrotyloma
Species:
M. uniflorum
Binomial name
Macrotyloma uniflorum
Varieties
  • M. uniflorum var. benadirianum
  • M. uniflorum var. stenocarpum (Brenan) Verdc.
  • M. uniflorum var. uniflorum
  • M. uniflorum var. verrucosum
Synonyms[1]
  • Dolichos uniflorus Lam.
  • Glycine uniflora (Lam.) Dalzell
  • Kerstingiella uniflora (Lam.) J.A.Lackey

Macrotyloma uniflorum (horsegram, also known as horse gram, kulthi bean, gahat, hurali, or Madras gram

Hindu fasting days. Medical uses of these legumes have been discussed and is described in the Ayurveda
.

Description

Macrotyloma uniflorum is a perennial climbing plant with a rhizome, growing to a height of about 60 cm (24 in). The stem sprouts from the rhizome each year. It is clad in varying amounts of whitish hairs and bears alternate, trifoliate leaves with petioles up to 7 cm (2.8 in) long. The leaflets are obovate or elliptical, and up to 7 cm (2.8 in) long. The flowers are borne in twos or threes in the leaf axils, and are typical of the bean family with banner, wings and keel. They are cream, yellowish or green, often with a purple blotch inside. These are followed by linear-oblong, upcurving pods up to 8 cm (3.1 in) long, containing up to ten reddish-brown, speckled or black seeds.[4]


  • Young plant
    Young plant
  • Flowers
    Flowers
  • Young fruit
    Young fruit
  • Dissection of floral parts
    Dissection of floral parts

Distribution

Horse gram is native to tropical southern Asia and has been found in archaeological sites in India, starting from 2500 BC.[5] The plant was probably first domesticated in India, and is now grown as a legume from India to Myanmar. Additionally, the crop is also grown for fodder and green manure in tropical countries in southeastern Asia, and in northern Australia.[4] Generally, the major growing areas of Macrotyloma uniflorum are located in India, Africa and Australia. [6]

Cultivation

Horse gram is drought tolerant [7] and also stands harsh environmental conditions such as salinity or metal stresses [8]. Generally, Horse Gram is planted with low agronomic inputs and without weeding. Furthermore, the crop grows on a broad range of soil types with different pH ranges. Cultivation is also possible on soils with poor organic matter and nitrogen availability. [9] Horse gram thrives where the temperature is in the range of 20 to 30 °C (68 to 86 °F). Frost tempratures are lethal. [6] Due to the drought-resistance Macrotyloma uniflorum is grown in areas with low precipitation (300–900 mm (12–35 in)). In wetter areas, Horse gram is usually sown at the end of the rainy season to still facilitate cultivation. Nonetheless, Macrotyloma uniflorum does not tolerate waterlogging. [10]

The plant is often cultivated as an inter- or mixed crop together with

babul. Both, grain and green forage yield are highly dependent on the growing region as well as the selected cropping system. Substantial yield differences in the various growing regions are observable: In India green forage yield varies from 5 - 14 t/ha, in Australia it is approximately 4.4 t/ha. Grain yield in India is around 0.13 – 1.2 t/ha and 1.1 – 2.2 t/ha in Australia. [9][6][11]

Pests

The most important yield-impacting dieseases are

leaf hoppers and Callosobruchus as a storage pest.[9][6]

Nutrition

Horse gram and

dhal or sprouts.[12]

Horse gram seed contains carbohydrate (57.2% w/w), protein (22% w/w), dietary fiber (5.3% w/w), fat (0.50% w/w), calcium (287 mg), phosphorus (311 mg), iron (6.77 mg) and calories (321 kcal) as well as vitamins like thiamine (0.4 mg), riboflavin (0.2 mg) and niacin (1.5 mg) per 100 grams of dry matter. Its nutritional content is partly dependent on soil conditions and the weather. Its less appealing taste has led it to be not commonly eaten.[13]

The carbohydrate-fraction of horse gram flour consists of

diarrhoea, given the high concentration of both, resistant starches and oligo-saccharides horse gram longer cooking times, and other treatments are needed. [8]
Enzymatic treatments with xylanase has the goal to improve the functional and expansive properties of horse gram seeds in order to facilitate the use as an ingredient in the food industry. By following a high temperature short time (HTST) treatment, the content of phytic acid, tannins and protease-inhibitors) could be reduced by 46%, 61% and 92% respectively. The flour resulting from this treatment had higher water- and oil-absorption capabilities. Those improvements in digestibility and processibility could make horsegram an interesting protein- and flour source for the food industry.[14]

Breeding

Southwest India and Africa are regarded as horse gram

Kenya Agricultural Research Institute (KARI) has conserved 21 accessions [6]
.

A large amount of

drought resistance genes exist in horse gram and grain yield enhancement represents the main breeding goal [6][15]Cite error: The <ref> tag has too many names (see the help page).. Many unfavorable traits such as late flowering, indeterminate twining growth habit, long and thin stem, thermo- and photosensitivity and a poor harvest index exist in horse gram [6]. The digestability and processability improvements described in Nutrition section implicitly suggest to consider the reduction of phytic acid content, tannins
and protease-inhibitors as additional breeding goals.

Medicinal uses

Scientists from the

flavonoids, and proteins, major antioxidants present in fruits and other food materials. The seed has the ability to reduce postprandial hyperglycemia by slowing down carbohydrate digestion and reducing insulin resistance by inhibiting protein-tyrosine phosphatase 1 beta enzyme.[16][citation needed
]

Indian regional specifics

In India, it is also known as ulavalu, gahat, muthira, kulath, or kulthi. It is used to make popular dishes like Kulitan Saaru, Kulitan Upkari, Kulitan Ghassi (coconut curry preparation), and an idli-like preparation (but not fermented) called Kulitan Sannan.

  • In Telangana and Andhra Pradesh, horse gram is prescribed for jaundice or as a diuretic, and as part of a weight-loss diet.[citation needed] It is considered helpful for iron deficiencies. Ulavacharu (horse gram soup) is popular dish in Telangana, Andhra Pradesh, it is served with cooked rice in some of the Telugu-speaking people's weddings and ceremonies.
  • In
    kidney stones
    in the belief that this dissolves the crystals. Gahat's use is specially reserved for the cold winters, when its heat-producing properties are most useful.
  • In Kerala, horse gram, (called മുതിര (muthira) in Malayalam which almost sounds like കുതിര (kuthira), Malayalam word for horse), is used in special kinds of dishes.
  • In Tamil Nadu, horse gram (called கொள்ளு - 'kollu' in northern districts and காணம் - 'kaanam' in southern districts ) is commonly used in Tamil dishes, including kollu chutney, kollu porial, kollu avial, kollu sambar, and kollu rasam.
  • In Maharashtra and Goa, horse gram (called हुलगा) (hulage/hulaga/kulith in Marathi and kulith in Konkani) is often used to make aamati, kulith usal, pithla and shengule/shevanti.
  • In Karnataka cuisine, ಹುರಳಿಸಾರು (hurali saaru), ಹುರಳಿ (hurali) is a main ingredient. Hurali is also used in preparations such as usali, chutney, bassaru, and upsaaru or upinsaru (particularly in the Old Mysore Regions Mandya and Chamrajnagara Districts).
  • In South Canara region of Karnataka, in Tulu, it is also called kudu (ಕುಡು).
  • In Odisha it is known by the name କୋଳଥ (Kolatha).
  • Gahat or kulath is a major ingredient in the food of Pahari region of
    northern India
    .
  • In
    Kumaonis
    . In Garhwal region, another more elaborate dish is phanu which is made in a kadhai with roughly ground gahat (previously soaked overnight) boiled over several hours. Towards the end, some finely chopped greens (palak or spinach, rai, tender radish leaves, or dhania (coriander leaves) if nothing else is available) are added to complete the dish. Served with boiled rice, jhangora (a millet-like grain, used as a staple by poorer Garhwalis only a decade ago and now a prized health-food).

In Myanmar (Burma), horse gram is known as pe bazat (ပဲပိစပ်) in Burmese. It is commonly used in making pon ye gyi, a fermented bean paste used in traditional Burmese cuisine.

References

  1. ^ "Macrotyloma uniflorum (Lam.) Verdc". Plants of the World Online. Board of Trustees of the Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew. 2017. Retrieved 17 July 2020.
  2. ^ "Taxonomy - GRIN-Global Web v 1.10.5.0". npgsweb.ars-grin.gov. Retrieved 24 September 2019.
  3. ^ "Horse Gram" (PDF). Government of India, Directorate of Pulses Development. 3 April 2017.
  4. ^
    ISBN 978-90-5782-170-7
    .
  5. ISBN 0415927463
    .
  6. ^ a b c d e f g h i Aditya, J. P.; Bhartiya, Anuradha; Chahota, Rakesh K.; Joshi, Dinesh; Chandra, Nirmal; Kant, Lakshmi; Pattanayak, Arunava (1 September 2019). "Ancient orphan legume horse gram: a potential food and forage crop of future". Planta. 250 (3): 891–909. doi:https://doi.org/10.1007/s00425-019-03184-5. Cite error: The named reference "Aditya2019" was defined multiple times with different content (see the help page).
  7. ^ Bhardwaj, Jyoti; Chauhan, Rohit; Swarnkar, Mohit Kumar; Chahota, Rakesh Kumar; Singh, Anil Kumar; Shankar, Ravi; Yadav, Sudesh Kumar (23 September 2013). "Comprehensive transcriptomic study on horse gram (Macrotyloma uniflorum): De novo assembly, functional characterization and comparative analysis in relation to drought stress". BMC Genomics. 14 (1): 647. doi:https://doi.org/10.1186/1471-2164-14-647.
  8. ^ a b Prasad, Saroj Kumar; Singh, Manoj Kumar (1 May 2015). "Horse gram- an underutilized nutraceutical pulse crop: a review". Journal of Food Science and Technology. 52 (5): 2489–2499. doi:https://doi.org/10.1007/s13197-014-1312-z.
  9. ^ a b c d Kumar D (2007) Production technology for horse gram in India, Central Arid Zone Research Institute. Evergreen Printers, Jodhpur, India, pp 1–27, http://www.cazri.res.in/publications/KrishiKosh/113-(PRODUCTION%20TECHNOGY%20).pdf
  10. ^ Brink, Martin (2006). Cereals and Pulses. https://books.google.ch/books?id=dH6S9MwTupUC&pg=PA102&redir_esc=y#v=onepage&q&f=false PROTA. pp. 102–104. ISBN 978-90-5782-170-7
  11. ^ Haq Nazmul (2011) Underutilized food legumes: potential for multipurpose uses. In: Pratap A, Kumar J (eds) Biology and breeding of food legumes. CAB International, UK, pp 335–336
  12. ^ Kadam, S. S., & Salunkhe, D. K. (1985). Nutritional composition, processing, and utilization of horse gram and moth bean. Critical reviews in food science and nutrition, 22(1), 1–26. https://doi.org/10.1080/10408398509527416
  13. ISSN 1018-7081
    .
  14. ^ Sreerama, Y. N., Sasikala, V. B., & Pratape, V. M. (2008). Nutritional implications and flour functionality of popped/expanded horse gram. Food chemistry, 108(3), 891–899. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.foodchem.2007.11.055
  15. ^ a b Chahota, Rakesh & Thakur, Nisha & Sharma, Reecha. (2020). Efficient Improvement in an Orphan Legume: Horsegram, Macrotyloma uniflorum (Lam.) Verdi, Using Conventional and Molecular Approaches. 10.1007/978-3-030-47306-8_12. }
  16. ^ Mallikarjun, Y. (April 25, 2013). "Raw horse gram good for diabetics". The Hindu. Retrieved May 31, 2017.

External links

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Category:Phaseoleae Category:Edible legumes Category:Taxa named by Jean-Baptiste Lamarck

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