User:Unitfreak
http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/User:Unitfreak
The following table will be used in my new Bully Row Timestamp project.
Bully Row Timestamp | Era Description | ||
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5C2A | 6600 | 0000 | Eoarchean |
The Eoarchean is the first Nuvvuagittuq Greenstone Belt in northern Québec, Canada which has been dated to be 4,280 million years ago.
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6036 | FA00 | 0000 | Paleoarchean |
The Paleoarchean name derives from Greek "Palaios" ancient. The earliest confirmed evidence of life comes from this era, and Vaalbara, one of Earth's earliest supercontinents, may have formed during this era. There are only two locations in the world containing rock formations that are intact enough to preserve evidence of early life: the Kaapvaal Craton in Southern Africa and the Pilbara Craton in Western Australia. The Dresser Formation is located in the Pilbara Craton, and includes a great variety of structures caused by ancient life including stromatolites and MISS once formed by microbial mats. Such microbial mats belong to the oldest ascertained life form and may include fossilized bacteria. The Barberton Greenstone Belt, located in the Kaapvaal Craton, also contains evidence of life. It was created around 3.26 Ga when a large asteroid, about 37 to 58 kilometres (23–36 mi) wide, collided with the Earth. | |||
63F8 | FF00 | 0000 | Mesoarchean |
Microbial life with diverse metabolisms expanded during the Mesoarchean era and produced gases that influenced oxygen isotopes in Mesoarchean cherts has led researchers to draw an estimate of an oceanic temperature around 55-85°C, while other studies of weathering rates postulate average temperatures below 50°C. The Mesoarchean era is thought to be the birthplace of modern-style plate subduction.
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67BB | 0400 | 0000 | Neoarchean |
The Neoarchean (/ˌniːoʊ.ɑːrˈkiːən/ NEE-oh-ar-KEE-ən; also spelled Neoarchaean) is marked by major developments in complex life and continental formation. During this era, the supercontinent Kenorland is proposed to have formed about 2.7 billion years ago. Kenorland is of particular interest due to it containing deposits of volcanic-hosted massive sulphide, gold, and uranium found in the Canadian Shield. The growth of juvenile continental crust as well as the onset of plate tectonics in the Archean allowed for the colonization of a larger variety of niches by microorganisms through increasing the number of rock types present and thereby increasing the surface's chemical diversity. The environmental changes that occurred in the Neoarchean such as its developing atmospheric and soil compositions drastically differentiated the era from others in its encouragement of microbial metabolisms to evolve and diversify. | |||
6A8C | 8800 | 0000 |
Another table for my Bully Row Timestamp project.
Bully Row Timestamp | Era Description | ||
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5720 | 9200 | 0000 | Hadean |
The Earth is formed out of debris around the solar protoplanetary disk. There is no life. Temperatures are extremely hot, with frequent volcanic activity and hellish-looking environments (hence the eon's name, which comes from Hades). The atmosphere is nebular. Possible early oceans or bodies of liquid water. The Moon is formed around this time probably due to a protoplanet's collision into Earth. | |||
5C2A | 6600 | 0000 | Archean |
Prokaryote life, the first form of life, emerges at the very beginning of this eon, in a process known as abiogenesis. The continents of Ur, Vaalbara and Kenorland may have existed around this time. The atmosphere is composed of volcanic and greenhouse gases. | |||
6A8C | 8800 | 0000 | Proterozoic |
The name of this eon means "early life". Eukaryotes, a more complex form of life, emerge, including some forms of multicellular organisms. Bacteria begin producing oxygen, shaping the third and current of Earth's atmospheres. Plants, later animals and possibly earlier forms of fungi form around this time. The early and late phases of this eon may have undergone "Snowball Earth" periods, in which all of the planet suffered below-zero temperatures. The early continents of Columbia, Rodinia and Pannotia, in that order, may have existed in this eon. | |||
7CF9 | 5000 | 0000 | Phanerozoic |
mass extinctions occur, among which birds, the descendants of non-avian dinosaurs, and more recently mammals emerge. Modern animals—including humans —evolve at the most recent phases of this eon.
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8209 | 2900 | 0000 |
Bully Row Time System
Here is a table from my latest project. It doesn't render well in cell phones and needs work.
Year | 30 Jun | 31 Dec | Bully Row Timestamp | International Atomic Time (TAI) | Coordinated Universal Time (UTC) |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
1972 | +1 | +1 | 8209 28E5 DFFB 8209 28E5 DFFC 8209 28E5 F44F 8209 28E5 F450 |
1972-06-30 23:34:45 TAI 1972-07-01 00:25:40 TAI 1972-12-31 23:45:05 TAI 1973-01-01 00:36:00 TAI |
1972-06-30 23:34:35 UTC 1972-07-01 00:25:29 UTC 1972-12-31 23:44:54 UTC 1973-01-01 00:35:48 UTC |
1973 | 0 | +1 | 8209 28E6 1CA2 8209 28E6 1CA3 |
1973-12-31 23:57:50 TAI 1974-01-01 00:48:45 TAI |
1973-12-31 23:57:38 UTC 1974-01-01 00:48:32 UTC |
1974 | 0 | +1 | 8209 28E6 44F4 8209 28E6 44F5 |
1974-12-31 23:19:40 TAI 1975-01-01 00:10:35 TAI |
1974-12-31 23:19:27 UTC 1975-01-01 00:10:21 UTC |
1975 | 0 | +1 | 8209 28E6 6D47 8209 28E6 6D48 |
1975-12-31 23:32:25 TAI 1976-01-01 00:23:20 TAI |
1975-12-31 23:32:11 UTC 1976-01-01 00:23:05 UTC |
1976 | 0 | +1 | 8209 28E6 95B6 8209 28E6 95B7 |
1976-12-31 23:30:50 TAI 1977-01-01 00:21:45 TAI |
1976-12-31 23:30:35 UTC 1977-01-01 00:21:29 UTC |
1977 | 0 | +1 | 8209 28E6 BE09 8209 28E6 BE0A |
1977-12-31 23:43:35 TAI 1978-01-01 00:34:30 TAI |
1977-12-31 23:43:19 UTC 1978-01-01 00:34:13 UTC |
1978 | 0 | +1 | 8209 28E6 E65C 8209 28E6 E65D |
1978-12-31 23:56:20 TAI 1979-01-01 00:47:15 TAI |
1978-12-31 23:56:03 UTC 1979-01-01 00:46:57 UTC |
1979 | 0 | +1 | 8209 28E7 0EAE 8209 28E7 0EB0 |
1979-12-31 23:18:10 TAI 1980-01-01 01:00:00 TAI |
1979-12-31 23:17:52 UTC 1980-01-01 00:59:41 UTC |
1981 | +1 | 0 | 8209 28E7 4B1C 8209 28E7 4B1D |
1981-06-30 23:19:00 TAI 1981-07-01 00:09:55 TAI |
1981-06-30 23:18:41 UTC 1981-07-01 00:09:35 UTC |
1982 | +1 | 0 | 8209 28E7 736F 8209 28E7 7370 |
1982-06-30 23:31:45 TAI 1982-07-01 00:22:40 TAI |
1982-06-30 23:31:25 UTC 1982-07-01 00:22:19 UTC |
1983 | +1 | 0 | 8209 28E7 9BC2 8209 28E7 9BC3 |
1983-06-30 23:44:30 TAI 1983-07-01 00:35:25 TAI |
1983-06-30 23:44:09 UTC 1983-07-01 00:35:03 UTC |
1985 | +1 | 0 | 8209 28E7 EC84 8209 28E7 EC85 |
1985-06-30 23:55:40 TAI 1985-07-01 00:46:35 TAI |
1985-06-30 23:55:18 UTC 1985-07-01 00:46:12 UTC |
1987 | 0 | +1 | 8209 28E8 517D 8209 28E8 517F |
1987-12-31 23:40:35 TAI 1988-01-01 01:22:25 TAI |
1987-12-31 23:40:12 UTC 1988-01-01 01:22:01 UTC |
1989 | 0 | +1 | 8209 28E8 A23F 8209 28E8 A240 |
1989-12-31 23:51:45 TAI 1990-01-01 00:42:40 TAI |
1989-12-31 23:51:21 UTC 1990-01-01 00:42:15 UTC |
1990 | 0 | +1 | 8209 28E8 CA91 8209 28E8 CA92 |
1990-12-31 23:13:35 TAI 1991-01-01 00:04:30 TAI |
1990-12-31 23:13:10 UTC 1991-01-01 00:04:04 UTC |
1992 | +1 | 0 | 8209 28E9 06FF 8209 28E9 0700 |
1992-06-30 23:14:25 TAI 1992-07-01 00:05:20 TAI |
1992-06-30 23:13:59 UTC 1992-07-01 00:04:53 UTC |
1993 | +1 | 0 | 8209 28E9 2F52 8209 28E9 2F53 |
1993-06-30 23:27:10 TAI 1993-07-01 00:18:05 TAI |
1993-06-30 23:26:43 UTC 1993-07-01 00:17:37 UTC |
1994 | +1 | 0 | 8209 28E9 57A5 8209 28E9 57A6 |
1994-06-30 23:39:55 TAI 1994-07-01 00:30:50 TAI |
1994-06-30 23:39:27 UTC 1994-07-01 00:30:21 UTC |
1995 | 0 | +1 | 8209 28E9 944B 8209 28E9 944C |
1995-12-31 23:12:05 TAI 1996-01-01 00:03:00 TAI |
1995-12-31 23:11:36 UTC 1996-01-01 00:02:30 UTC |
1997 | +1 | 0 | 8209 28E9 D0B9 8209 28E9 D0BA |
1997-06-30 23:12:55 TAI 1997-07-01 00:03:50 TAI |
1997-06-30 23:12:25 UTC 1997-07-01 00:03:19 UTC |
1998 | 0 | +1 | 8209 28EA 0D60 8209 28EA 0D61 |
1998-12-31 23:36:00 TAI 1999-01-01 00:26:55 TAI |
1998-12-31 23:35:29 UTC 1999-01-01 00:26:23 UTC |
2005 | 0 | +1 | 8209 28EB 27DC 8209 28EB 27DD |
2005-12-31 23:45:40 TAI 2006-01-01 00:36:35 TAI |
2005-12-31 23:45:08 UTC 2006-01-01 00:36:02 UTC |
2008 | 0 | +1 | 8209 28EB A0F0 8209 28EB A0F1 |
2008-12-31 23:18:40 TAI 2009-01-01 00:09:35 TAI |
2008-12-31 23:18:07 UTC 2009-01-01 00:09:01 UTC |
2012 | +1 | 0 | 8209 28EC 2E04 8209 28EC 2E05 |
2012-06-30 23:45:00 TAI 2012-07-01 00:35:55 TAI |
2012-06-30 23:44:26 UTC 2012-07-01 00:35:20 UTC |
2015 | +1 | 0 | 8209 28EC A6FC 8209 28EC A6FD |
2015-06-30 23:32:20 TAI 2015-07-01 00:23:15 TAI |
2015-06-30 23:31:45 UTC 2015-07-01 00:22:39 UTC |
2016 | 0 | +1 | 8209 28EC E3BF 8209 28EC E3C0 |
2016-12-31 23:41:05 TAI 2017-01-01 00:32:00 TAI |
2016-12-31 23:40:29 UTC 2017-01-01 00:31:23 UTC |
https://bullyrow.eeyabo.net/index.php/Main_Page
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Work in progress
The following images and accompanying text were initially designed for the Wikipedia mass article. However, this piece of writing has exceeded the scope of the article for which it was originally intended; therefore, I have decided to continue development offline in my own user page. These images and accompanying text are hereby made available to be placed in any appropriate Wikipedia article at the discretion of any Wikipedia editor. Unitfreak (talk) 01:08, 26 September 2009 (UTC)
Motile
Aristotelian gravity
One issue that had puzzled scientists and philosophers was the relationship between an object’s weight and its free fall velocity. The Greek philosopher,
According to Aristotle, forces result when an object is taken out of its natural position. When an earthly object (one composed of earth) is lifted, one feels a force of weight from the object trying to return to the earth, and upon being released the object returns to its natural position. In Aristotle’s worldview, objects are not compelled to move by an external force such as gravity, but rather, they move according to their own independent need to be in their natural positions. Aristotle reasoned that a freely moving object would move at a constant speed, and the speed would be
For falling objects:
The observational limitations which prevented Aristotle from accurately describing free fall motion were related to those which had prevented Aristotle and other early astronomers from accurately describing the solar system. Early astronomers were limited by their inability to measure large distances. They could accurately measure the periods of time required for a planet to complete a cycle, but they couldn’t measure the distances and paths followed to complete these orbits. Ironically, early scientist and philosophers were similarly restrained. They could accurately measure the distance traveled when an object was dropped a short length, but they couldn’t accurately measure the short time periods involved in free fall motion. So early astronomers had failed to accurately characterize the solar system and early scientist and philosophers had failed to accurately characterize earth's gravity. To overcome this limitation, Aristotle appears to have relied upon experiments with solid objects falling in water. However, water being dense and viscous had complicated the experimental results, thus confusing Aristotle’s comprehension of physical law.
History
Johannes Kepler was the first to give an accurate description of planetary motion, and doing so allowed the standard gravitational parameter of the Sun to be calculated. Kepler determined that the planets follow elliptical orbits under the Sun’s influence, and in 1609, he published three rules known as Kepler's laws of planetary motion. The standard gravitational parameter is an immediate consequence of Kepler's third law of planetary motion. To understand how Kepler arrived at the final form of his third law, it may be helpful to review the history of the underlying values used in this calculation, and the role that the first and second laws played in the development of the third law.
Orbital periods of the planets
The Divine Planets | ||||
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English Name |
Babylonian deity |
Hindu Navagraha |
Chinese Wu Xing |
Sidereal orbital period
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Mercury | Nabu | Budha | Black Tortoise | 0.240 842 sidereal year |
Venus | Ishtar |
Shukra | White Tiger |
0.615 187 sidereal year |
Mars | Nergal | Mangala | Vermilion Bird | 1.880 816 sidereal year |
Jupiter | Marduk | Brihaspati | Azure Dragon | 11.861 776 sidereal year |
Saturn | Ninurta | Shani | Yellow Dragon |
29.456 626 sidereal year |
The periods of the planets were discovered at a very early stage of human prehistory, and played a significant role in many early religions and cultures. The word
. The modern English names for the planets were all derived from their names as Roman gods.As the Earth orbits the Sun, to an observer on Earth the Sun appears to move with respect to the background stars. A sidereal year is the time required for the Earth to complete one orbit around the Sun, or equivalently, the time required for the Sun to appear to complete one orbit and to return to the same relative position with respect to the stars. In the western zodiac, as depicted in the image to the right, the ecliptic is divided into twelve equal zones of celestial longitude. Ancient Europeans used the zodiac to track the Earth’s orbit, and were thus aware of the duration of the sidereal year. Recording the periods of other planets in sidereal years allows a direct comparison to the Earth’s orbital period.
A stone carving of the
A stone carving of the
Early astronomers were successful in accurately measuring the duration of time required for each planet to complete its cycle, but they didn’t have the means to accurately measure the distances and path traveled by each planet during an orbit. Therefore, these early astronomers all failed to accurately describe planetary motion. Many envisioned the planets as following circular paths around the Earth. Although drawn from geographically distinct cultures, the above images all use a similar circular motif to represent the passage of time.
Orbital distances
Kepler’s first attempt to describe planetary orbits was similar to the
After abandoning his
Orbital paths
The factor of four pi squared in kepler’s third law of planetary motion is a consequence of the orbital paths that the planets follow as defined in Kepler’s first and second laws of planetary motion.
Kepler's first law
In Kepler’s planetary model, he described planetary orbits as following
where a and b are respectively the length of the semi-major and semi-minor axes.
Point F in the illustration is a focal point of the ellipse. A point is a focal point if and only if it is located on a semi-major axis and its distance from point B is equal to the length of the semi-major axis. The
- .
This equation can be expressed parametrically as the path of a point (x(E),y(E)), where
The parameter E in this representation is called the eccentric anomaly.
Kepler's second law
Kepler lived in an era when there was no clear distinction between astronomy and astrology, and when these fields of study, together with geometry, were viewed as intrinsically divine. Kepler was motivated by religious convictions and incorporated religious arguments and reasoning in his work. Kepler reasoned that the sun was representative of the monotheistic God of Christianity, that the sun sat in the center of the solar system and controlled the motions of all other objects in the solar system. Kepler further reasoned that since the sun was the source of motion, then an object’s motion should be inversely proportional to its distance from the sun [13][14]. In other words, the closer an object gets to the sun the faster it moves. Kepler later refined this to state that an orbit sweeps out equal areas in equal times.
Kepler’s second law was especially difficult mathematically, since no one had previously developed equations to describe the area swept out by a line joining an ellipse to one of its focal points, and Kepler lived prior to the invention of calculus, so he would have to solve this problem using geometry. The image to the left illustrates one possible solution to Kepler’s problem. In this solution, the sun is located at focal point F while a planet orbits from point A to point P along an elliptical path. The total area swept out by the planet can be obtained as the sum of two distinct areas. The points P, C, and F define a triangle (marked in green on the illustration). The points P, C, and A, together with the elliptical path, define an elliptical
The image to the right illustrates a second solution to Kepler’s problem. In this solution, the sun is located at focal point F while a planet orbits from point A to point P along an elliptical path. The difference between this solution and the previous solution is that in this solution the focal point F is located between the center point C and point A, whereas in the previous solution F was located opposite A. In this solution, the area swept out by the planet (marked in yellow on the illustration) is obtained by taking the difference of two distinct areas. The points P, C, and F define a triangle (marked in green on the illustration). The points P, C, and A, together with the elliptical path, define an elliptical arc.
The area of a triangle is always equal to half of its base multiplied by its height.
The two green triangles, one in the illustration above and the other in the illustration to the right, are dissimilar. However, these triangles have the same base lengths and the same heights, so the magnitudes of their areas are identical. The base of each green triangle is the length from the center point C to the focal point F, which for an ellipse is equal to the length of the semi-major axis multiplied by the sine of the angular eccentricity. The height of each green triangle is equal to y(E) as given in the above parametric equations:
Hence, the area of each green triangle is:
The area swept out by an elliptical arc is equal to half of the angle multiplied by the lengths of the semi-minor and semi-major axes:
In terms of angular eccentricity:
The area of the arc thus becomes:
Two solutions to kepler’s equation can now be written out, one by adding the area of the green triangle to the area of the elliptical arc, and a second by subtracting the area of the green triangle from the area of the elliptical arc:
- Solution 1:
- Solution 2:
A quick review of
To get an equality it is necessary to divide both sides by some exact value, we will use T, the duration of one full orbit:
Multiplying both sides by the duration of one full orbit, we obtain:
From Kepler’s first and second laws, Kepler now had a complete set of parametric equations for describing orbital paths:
The only remaining task was to determine the relationship between the semi-major axis, a, and the orbital period T.
Kepler's third law
- The semi-major axisof its orbit.
Or equivalently, the ratio of these values is constant for all planets in the solar system, a value known as the standard gravitational parameter.
constants table
My original table was moved to the
Quantity / Symbol | Planck | Stoney | Schrödinger | Atomic | Electronic | Conventional Electrical Units |
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speed of light in vacuum |
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Planck's constant |
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reduced Planck's constant |
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elementary charge |
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Josephson constant |
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von Klitzing constant |
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characteristic impedance of vacuum |
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electric constant (vacuum permittivity) |
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magnetic constant (vacuum permeability) |
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Newtonian constant of gravitation |
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electron mass |
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Hartree energy |
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Rydberg constant |
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caesium ground state hyperfine transition frequency |
Relativistic Mass
The energy and momentum of an object with invariant mass m (also called rest mass in the case of a single particle), moving with velocity v with respect to a given frame of reference, are given by
respectively, where γ (the Lorentz factor) is given by
Quantum Mass
The Compton wavelength, λ, of a particle is given by
where h is the Planck constant, m is the particle's rest mass, and c is the speed of light. The significance of this formula is shown in the derivation of the Compton shift formula.
The de Broglie equations relate the wavelength and frequency to the momentum and energy , respectively, as
- and
where is
- ^ Cite error: The named reference
BICEP2-2014
was invoked but never defined (see the help page). - ^ Cite error: The named reference
NASA-20140317
was invoked but never defined (see the help page). - ^ Cite error: The named reference
NYT-20140317
was invoked but never defined (see the help page). - ^ http://www.springerlink.com/content/v864217uq871wu31/
- ^ http://users.rcn.com/jkimball.ma.ultranet/BiologyPages/C/Cilia.html
- ^ H. G. Liddell and R. Scott, A Greek–English Lexicon, ninth edition, (Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1940).
- ^ "Definition of planet". Merriam-Webster OnLine. Retrieved 2007-07-23.
- ^ Evans, James (1998). "The History and Practice of Ancient Astronomy". Oxford University Press. pp. 296–7. Retrieved 2008-02-04.
- ^ Heavenly Stems and Earthly Branches - Hong Kong Observatory
- ^ Discussion of origin of the 260-day cycle
- ISBN 1-86064-602-6. OCLC 45144264.
- ^ Bryant, Jeff; Pavlyk, Oleksandr. "Kepler's Second Law", Wolfram Demonstrations Project. Retrieved December 27, 2009.
- ^ "Kepler's decision to base his causal explanation of planetary motion on a distance-velocity law, rather than on uniform circular motions of compounded spheres, marks a major shift from ancient to modern conceptions of science.... [Kepler] had begun with physical principles and had then derived a trajectory from it, rather than simply constructing new models. In other words, even before discovering the area law, Kepler had abandoned uniform circular motion as a physical principle." Peter Barker and Bernard R. Goldstein, "Distance and Velocity in Kepler's Astronomy", Annals of Science, 51 (1994): 59-73, at p. 60.
- ^ Koyré, The Astronomical Revolution, pp 199–202