Paleoarchean
| Paleoarchean | |||||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Chronology | |||||||||||
| |||||||||||
| Proposed redefinition(s) | 4031–3490 Ma Gradstein et al., 2012 | ||||||||||
| Proposed subdivisions | Acastan Period, 4031–3810 Ma Gradstein et al., 2012 | ||||||||||
| Etymology | |||||||||||
| Name formality | Formal | ||||||||||
| Alternate spelling(s) | Palaeoarchaean | ||||||||||
| Synonym(s) | Early Archean | ||||||||||
| Usage information | |||||||||||
| Celestial body | Era | ||||||||||
| Stratigraphic unit | Erathem | ||||||||||
| Time span formality | Formal | ||||||||||
| Lower boundary definition | Defined Chronometrically | ||||||||||
| Lower GSSA ratified | 1991[citation needed] | ||||||||||
| Upper boundary definition | Defined Chronometrically | ||||||||||
| Upper GSSA ratified | 1991[citation needed] | ||||||||||
The Paleoarchean (/ˌpeɪlioʊ.ɑːrˈkiːən/), also spelled Palaeoarchaean (formerly known as the early Archean), is a geologic era within the Archean Eon. The name derives from Greek "Palaios" ancient. It spans the period of time 3,600 to 3,200 million years ago. The era is defined chronometrically and is not referenced to a specific level of a rock section on Earth. The earliest confirmed evidence of life comes from this era, and Vaalbara, one of Earth's earliest supercontinents, may have formed during this era.[2][3]
Early life
The geological record from the Paleoarchean era is very limited. Due to deformation and metamorphism, most rocks from the Paleoarchean era cannot provide any useful information. There are only two locations in the world containing rock formations that are intact enough to preserve evidence of early life: the Kaapvaal Craton in Southern Africa and the Pilbara Craton in Western Australia.[4]
The Dresser Formation is located in the Pilbara Craton, and contains sedimentary rock from the Paleoarchean Era. It is estimated to be 3.48 billion years old.[4] The Dresser Formation includes a great variety of structures caused by ancient life including stromatolites and MISS once formed by microbial mats. Such microbial mats belong to the oldest ascertained life form and may include fossilized bacteria.[2] The
The
Continental development
.Similarities between the Barberton Greenstone Belt in the Kaapvaal Craton and the eastern part of the Pilbara Craton indicate that the two formations were once joined as part of the supercontinent Vaalbara, one of Earth's earliest supercontinents.[3] Both cratons formed at the beginning of the Paleoarchean era.[8] While some paleomagnetic data suggests that they were connected during the Paleoarchean era, it is possible that Vaalbara did not form until the Mesoarchean or Neoarchean eras.[3]
It is also unclear whether there was any exposed land during the Paleoarchean era. Although several Paleoarchean formations such as the Dresser Formation, the Josefsdal Chert, and the Mendon Formation show some evidence of being above the surface, over 90 percent of Archean continental crust has been destroyed, making the existence of exposed land practically impossible to confirm or deny. It is likely that during the Paleoarchean era, there was a large amount of continental crust, but it was still underwater and would not emerge until later in the Archean era. Hotspot islands may have been the only exposed land at the time.[9]
Due to a much hotter mantle and an elevated oceanic geothermal gradient compared to the present day, plate tectonics in its modern form did not exist during the Paleoarchean. Instead, a model of "flake tectonics" has been proposed for this era of geologic time. According to this model, instead of normal subduction of oceanic plates, extensively silicified upper oceanic crust delaminated from lower oceanic crust and was deposited in a manner similar to
References
- PMID 29560463. Retrieved 25 February 2021.
- ^ S2CID 225413847.
- ^ ISSN 0012-821X.
- ^ S2CID 198424907.
- ISBN 9780444528100. Retrieved 2021-11-26.
- ^ "Scientists reconstruct ancient impact that dwarfs dinosaur-extinction blast" (Press release). American Geophysical Union. 9 April 2014.
- S2CID 189977450. Retrieved 17 December 2022.
- S2CID 130084679.
- PMID 34833018.
- S2CID 225451582. Retrieved 17 December 2022.
External links
