Women's studies
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Women's studies is an academic field that draws on feminist and interdisciplinary methods to place women's lives and experiences at the center of study, while examining social and cultural constructs of gender; systems of privilege and oppression; and the relationships between power and gender as they intersect with other identities and social locations such as race, sexual orientation, socio-economic class, and disability.[1]
Popular concepts that are related to the field of women's studies include
Women's studies is related to the fields of
Women's studies courses are now offered in over seven hundred institutions in the United States, and globally in more than forty countries.[5]
History
Africa
The erasure of women and their activities in Africa was complex. When women's studies emerged in the 1980s, it focused on recovering women from the obscurity of all of African history caused by colonialism and the "patriarchal social systems" left behind in Africa after decolonization.[6]: 12 Because systems prevailed which supported boys' education over that of girls, in the era following independence there were few women who could read and write. Those who could were not encouraged to become professionals and often resorted to activism to address educational and other disadvantages women faced in the 1960s and 1970s. The first generation of scholars focused on establishing and legitimizing Africa's precolonial history.[6]: 13 They also questioned whether the Western construct of gender applied in Africa or whether the concepts of gender existed in pre-colonial Africa.[6]: 14–15
Americas
The first accredited women's studies course in the U.S. was held in 1969 at
The first scholarly journal in interdisciplinary women's studies, Feminist Studies, began publishing in 1972.[19] The National Women's Studies Association (of the United States) was established in 1977.[20]
In 1977, there were 276 women's studies programs nationwide in the United States. The number of programs increased in the following decade, growing up to 530 programs in 1989,
In Canada The first few university courses in Women's Studies were taught in the early 1970s. In 1984 the federal government established five regional endowed chairs in Women's Studies for each region of the country at:
- Simon Fraser University (British Columbia),
- University of Winnipeg and University of Manitoba (Prairies, joint chair)
- Carleton University and the University of Ottawa (Ontario, joint chair),
- Université Laval (Quebec), and
- Mount St Vincent University (Atlantic Canada).[24]
Around the same time, women academics in Latin America began to form women's studies groups.[25]: 17 [26][27] The first chair of women's studies in Mexico was created in the political and social sciences faculty of the National Autonomous University of Mexico in 1970. Starting in 1979, the Grupo Autónomo de Mujeres Universitarias (GAMU, Autonomous Group of University Women), which included both Mexican faculty and students began meeting periodically to discuss how feminism could be introduced to various campuses across the country. In 1982, a women's studies program was created at the Universidad Autónoma Metropolitana-Xochimilco.[27] Similarly in 1983, activists in the Mexican feminist movement, including Lourdes Arizpe, Flora Botton, and Elena Urrutia, founded the Programa Interdisciplinario de Estudios de la Mujer (PIEG, Interdisciplinary Women's Studies Program) at El Colegio de México in Mexico City.[28] In 1984, academics formed the Centro de Estudios de la Mujer (Center for Women's Studies) in the psychology faculty at the National Autonomous University of Mexico. The field was formalized with the creation of the Programa Universitario de Estudios de Género (PUEG, University Program on Gender Studies) in 1992, at the urging of academics like Gloria Careaga, Teresita de Barbieri, Graciela Hierro , Araceli Mingo, Lorenia Parada, and Alicia Elena Pérez Duarte.[27]
Activists and researchers in Chile began meeting in 1978 with creation of the Círculo de la Mujer (Women's Circle). In 1984, they founded the Centro de Estudios de la Mujer (CEM, Center for Women's Studies) in
In 1985, activists in Argentina launched the "Introduction to Women's Studies" and a post-graduate seminar, "La construcción social del género sexual" (The Social Construction of Sexual Gender) at the University of Buenos Aires. In 1987, María Fernández became the chair of UBA's degree program in women's studies. In 1992, the Area Interdisciplinaria de Estudios de la Mujer (AIEM, Interdisciplinary Area of Women's Studies), which became the Instituto Interdisciplinario de Estudios de Género (Interdisciplinary Institute of Gender Studies) in 1997, was founded at UBA linking academics from the faculties of Arts, Anthropology, Classics and Letters, Education, History, Languages, and Philosophy to encourage broader research and analysis of women in these fields.[27] Hilda Habichayn founded the Centro de Estudios Históricos sobre las Mujeres (Center for Historical Studies on Women), which began in 1993 to offer the first master's degree in women's studies in Latin America.[33][34]
The first women's study program in Paraguay was the Centro Paraguayo de estudios de la Mujer (Paraguayan Center of Women's Studies) at the Universidad Católica "Nuestra Señora de la Asunción". It was founded in 1983 by Olga Caballero, Manuelita Escobar, Marilyn Godoy and Edy Irigoitia.[35] The Grupo de Estudios de la Mujer Paraguaya (GEMPA, Paraguayan Women's Studies Group) was founded at the Paraguayan Center for Sociological Studies in 1985 by Graziella Corvalán and Mirtha Rivarola.[36]
Gender studies also began to be established in universities in Brazil in the 1980s and continued expanding throughout the 1990s.[37] In 1992, Brazilian academics at the Federal University of Rio de Janeiro launched Revista Estudos Feministas, one of the primary academic journals on gender in Brazil.
The political aims of the
Australia
In 1956, Australian feminist
Asia
Central Asia
In 2015 at Kabul University, the first master's degree course in gender and women's studies in Afghanistan began.[49]
Europe
Elizabeth Bird traced the development of Women's Studies in the UK out of informal education run by the women's liberation movement (WLM), the Workers' Educational Association, "CR" or "consciousness raising" groups, left-wing activist groups, and extramural departments attached to universities and colleges.[50] Bird notes that, according to feminist activists and scholars Anna Coote and Beatrix Campbell who interviewed many participants in the 1960s-70s development of women's studies, "in the summer of 1969 Juliet Mitchell taught a short course entitled 'The Role of Women in Society' in the 'Anti University', which had been organised by radical academics as part of the student protest movement".[50][51] Maggie Humm identifies this summer course as "Britain's first women's studies course".[50][52]
In 1975, Margarita Rendel, Oonagh Hartnett, Zoe Fairbairns, wrote a guide outlining the 17 then-existing undergraduate courses, 1 postgraduate option, four college of education offers and six polytechnics courses in Women's Studies – often called 'women in society' – in the United Kingdom.[53] They compiled the guide from surveys of UK universities and adding to research previously published by Sue Beardon and Erika Stevenson for the National Union of Students in 1974.[50]
A part time postgraduate Diploma in Women's Studies was offered by The Polytechnic of Central London from 1977, and in 1978 an MA course on the subject of 'Rights', including women's rights, was organised by Margarita Rendel at the London Institute of Education.
In 1980, the University of Kent launched the first named MA degree in Women's Studies, with Mary Evans leading the development of the course.[50] Following Kent, Bradford (1982), Sheffield City Polytechnic (1983), Warwick (1983) and York (1984) opened MA courses.[50] In 1990, part-time BAs in Women's Studies launched at the Polytechnic of North East London and at Preston Polytechnic.[50] Veronica Beechey was recruited by the Open University in 1983 to initiate a women's studies course there.[54]
Current courses in Women's Studies in the United Kingdom can be found through the
Theoretical traditions and research methods
Early women's studies courses and curricula were often driven by the question "Why are women not included? Where are the women?".[56] That is, as more women became more present in higher education as both students and faculty, questions arose about the male-centric nature of most courses and curricula. Women faculty in traditional departments such as history, English, and philosophy began to offer courses with a focus on women. Drawing from the women's movement's notion that "the personal is political", courses also began to develop around sexual politics, women's roles in society, and the ways in which women's personal lives reflect larger power structures.[57]
Since the 1970s, scholars of women's studies have taken
Major theories employed in women's studies courses include feminist theory, intersectionality, standpoint theory, transnational feminism, and social justice. Research practices associated with women's studies place women and the experiences of women at the center of inquiry through the use of quantitative, qualitative, and mixed methods. Feminist researchers acknowledge their role in the production of knowledge and make explicit the relationship between the researcher and the research subject.[3]
Feminist theory
Intersectionality
Intersectionality is a way of understanding and analyzing the complexity in people, human experiences, and society.[62] Associated with the third wave of feminism, Kimberlé Crenshaw's theory of intersectionality has become the key theoretical framework through which various feminist scholars discuss the relationship of between one's social and political identities such as gender, race, age, and sexual orientation, and received societal discrimination.[63] Intersectionality posits that these relationships must be considered to understand hierarchies of power and privilege, as well as the effects in which they manifest in an individual's life.[64] Though events and conditions of social and political life are often thought to be shaped by one factor, intersectionality theorizes that oppression and social inequality are a result of how powerful individuals view the combination of various factors; emphasizing that discrimination is accounted for by power, not personal identity.[62][63]
Standpoint theory
Standpoint theory, also classified as feminist standpoint theory,[65] developed in the 1980s as a way of critically examining the production of knowledge and its resulting effects on practices of power.[66] Standpoint theory operates from the idea that knowledge is socially situated and underrepresented groups and minorities have historically been ignored or marginalized when it comes to the production of knowledge. Emerging from Marxist thought, standpoint theory argues for analysis that challenges the authority of political and social "truths".[67] Standpoint theory, assumes that power lies solely within the hands of the male gender as the process of decision making in society is constructed exclusively for, and by men.[65] An example of where standpoint theory presents itself in society is through the processes of political analysis, as this field of study is almost entirely controlled by men.[65] Furthermore, from a Marxist viewpoint, Karl Marx had expressed a notion in which believed that those in power have the inability to understand the perspectives of those whom they hold power.[65] Providing that standpoint theory acknowledges the male incapability of understanding the oppression in which women face in society.
Transnational feminist theory
Transnational feminism is concerned with the flow of social, political, and economic equality of women and men across borders; directly in response to globalization, neoliberalism, and imperialism.[68] Women's studies began incorporating transnational feminist theory into its curricula as a way to disrupt and challenge the ways in which knowledge regarding gender is prioritized, transmitted, and circulated in the field and academy.[69] Transnational feminist theory is continually challenging the traditional divides of society, in which are crucial to ongoing politics and cultural beliefs.[70] A key recognition advanced from the transnational feminist perspective is that gender is, has been, and will continue to be, a global effort.[71] Furthermore, a transnational feminist perspective perpetuates that a lack of attention to the cultural and economic injustices of gender, as a result of globalization, may aid in the reinforcing of global gender inequalities; though, this can only come about when one occupies globally privileged subject positions.[71]
Social justice
Since its inception and connection with the women's movement, activism has been a foundation of women's studies. Increasingly social justice has become a key component of women's studies courses, programs, and departments. Social justice theory is concerned with the fight for just communities, not on the individual level, but for the whole of society.[72] Women's studies students engage in social justice projects, although some scholars and critics are concerned about requiring students to engage in both mandated activism and/or social justice work.[73] Women's studies not only focus on concepts such as domestic violence, discrimination in the workplace, and gender differences in the division of labor at home, but gives a foundation for understanding the root cause of these concepts, which is the first step to making for a better life for women.[74]
Agency
Agency may be defined as the capability to make choices individually and freely.[75] An individual's agency may be restricted due to various social factors, such as gender, race, religion and social class.[75] From a feminist standpoint, agency may be viewed as an attempt to equalize the one-sided oppression that has characterized first wave feminism.[76] Feminists use agency in attempt to create new forms of autonomy and dependence from the reshaping of gender relations that is taking place in global society.[76] Women's studies acknowledges the lack of agency in which women historically possessed, due to hierarchical positions in society. Feminists are actively making an effort to increase gender equality, as it may result in expanding social agency for all women.[76]
Materialism
Materialist theory derives from 1960s and 1970s social work in feminism.[77] Materialism possesses significant ties to the Marxist theories of history, agency, and ideology; though, may be distinguished through the incorporation of language and culture to its philosophy.[77] Materialism poses questions to both social analytics and social relations, in which may be found in the material conditions of any given society.[77] In addition from examining from a gender standpoint, material conditions are studied in relation to realistic aspects of women's lives.[77] A key aspect in which materialist feminists have revealed these relations is from the feminist perspective, claiming that social conditions of gender are historically situated, as well as subjected to intervention and change.[77] Materialist feminism specifically focuses on social arrangements that accentuate the role of women notably the aspects of family, domesticity, and motherhood.[77] Materialism analyzes gendering discourses in which promote women's marginalization; Thus, one of the most influential aspects of materialist feminism is its attentiveness with questions of ideology and how they relate to history and agency.[77]
Pedagogies
In most institutions, women's studies courses employ
Women's studies programs are involved in social justice work and often design curricula that are embedded with theory and activism outside of the classroom setting. Some women's studies programs offer internships that are community-based allowing students the opportunity to experience how institutional structures of privilege and oppression directly affects women's lives. Women's studies curricula often encourage students to participate in service-learning activities in addition to discussion and reflection upon course materials. However, Daphne Patai, from the University of Massachusetts Amherst, has criticized this aspect of women's studies programs, arguing that they place politics over education, stating "the strategies of faculty members in these programs have included policing insensitive language, championing research methods deemed congenial to women (such as qualitative over quantitative methods), and conducting classes as if they were therapy sessions."[81] Since women's studies students analyze identity markers including gender, race, class, and sexuality, this often results in dissecting institutionalized structures of power. As a result of these pedagogies, women's studies students leave university with a tool set to make social change and do something about power inequalities in society.[82]
Notable women's studies scholars include Charlotte Bunch, Patricia Hill Collins, bell hooks, Angela Davis, Cherríe Moraga, Audre Lorde, Adrienne Rich, and Barbara Ransby.
Internal academic criticism
In the book Professing Feminism: Education and Indoctrination in Women's Studies, thirty Women's Studies academics came together to criticise the "unhealthy conditions and self-destructive tendencies that appear to be intrinsic to many Women's Studies programs". Professors spoke of being unable to "discuss their concerns about this belligerent anti-intellectualism with other faculty members in Women's Studies", with claims of a "constant emphasis on political purity.... from both students and professors".[83]
See also
- Feminist economics
- Feminist Formations
- Feminist Review
- Feminist Studies
- Feminist theory
- French feminism
- Gender studies
- Girl studies
- List of women's and gender studies academics
- List of women's studies journals
- Men's studies
- Misandry
- Separatist feminism
- Signs: Journal of Women in Culture and Society
- Social criticism
- Women artists
- Women's history
- World Center for Women's Archives
Notes
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- ^ "History". Feminist Studies. Retrieved 30 May 2014.
- ^ "NWSA". nwsa.org. Retrieved 26 July 2015.
- ^ "A National Census of Women's Studies Programs" (PDF). NORC Project: 25. December 2007.
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- ^ "Fuimos pioneras en investigación de género en Chile" [We Were the Pioneers of Gender Research in Chile]. Centro de Estudios de la Mujer (in Spanish). Santiago, Chile. 18 January 2021. Archived from the original on 25 April 2022. Retrieved 25 April 2022.
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- ^ González de Bosio, Beatriz (March 2020). "Dia de la mujer paraguaya 24 de ferbrero" [Paraguayan Women's Day 24 February] (PDF). Corredor de las Ideas (in Spanish). San Leopoldo, Brazil: Corridor of Ideas of the Southern Cone-X International Colloquium of Political Philosophy. p. 6. Archived (PDF) from the original on 25 April 2023. Retrieved 25 April 2023.
- ^ Santa Cruz Cosp, María Clara (2013). Estudios de Género y Ciencias Sociales en Paraguay [Gender Studies and Social Sciences in Paraguay] (PDF) (in Spanish). Buenos Aires, Argentina: Biblioteca Clacso. p. 11. Archived (PDF) from the original on 26 January 2022.
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- ^ "Women's, Gender, and Sexuality Studies". Retrieved 6 October 2014.
- ^ "NWSA". nwsa.org. Retrieved 26 July 2015.
- ^ "Artemis Guide to Women's Studies in the U.S". Retrieved 6 October 2014.
- ^ "UC Santa Cruz – Feminist Studies". feministstudies.ucsc.edu. Retrieved 22 August 2016.
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- ^ "Ardent warrior for women's rights". 31 July 2003.
- ^ FaithWorld (26 October 2015). "Kabul University unlikely host for first Afghan women's studies programme". Reuters.com. Archived from the original on 27 October 2015. Retrieved 2 November 2015.
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- ^ Humm, Maggie. Feminisms: a reader. Hemel Hempstead: Harvester Wheatsheaf. pp. xvi.
- ^ Hartnett, Oonagh; Rendel, Margarita; Fairbairns, Zoe (1975). Women's Studies Courses in the United Kingdom. London: Margarita Rendel.
- ^ Taylor, Barbara (31 January 2021). "Veronica Beechey obituary". The Guardian. Retrieved 27 January 2022.
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- ^ Johnson, Jennifer L.; Luhmann, Susanne (2016). "Social Justice for (University) Credit? The Women's and Gender Studies Practicum in the Neoliberal University. (Report)". Resources for Feminist Research. 34 (3–4): 40.
- ^ "Women's and Gender Studies". Texas Tech University.
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- ^ a b c d e f g Hennessy, R.; Ingraham, C. (1999). "Materialist Feminism: A Reader in Class, Difference, and Women's Lives: Canadian Journal of Communication".
- JSTOR 40003432.
- See also: Shrewsbury, Carolyn M. (Fall 1993). "What is feminist pedagogy?". Women's Studies Quarterly. 21 (3–4): 8–16. JSTOR 40022001.
- See also: Shrewsbury, Carolyn M. (Fall 1993). "What is feminist pedagogy?". Women's Studies Quarterly. 21 (3–4): 8–16.
- ^ Rich, Adrienne (2005). "Claiming an Education". In Anderson, Chris; Runciman, Lex (eds.). Open Questions. New York: Bedford/St. Martin's. pp. 608–611.
- ^ Berger, Michele Tracy (2015). Transforming Scholarship (Second ed.). Abingdon, Oxon: Routledge. pp. 35–40.
- ^ Patai, Daphne (23 January 1998). "Why Not A Feminist Overhaul of Higher Education?". Chronicle of Higher Education. Retrieved 4 May 2007.
- ^ Bubriski, Anne; Semaan, Ingrid (2009). "Activist Learning vs. Service Learning in a Women's Studies Classroom". Human Architecture: Journal of the Sociology of Self-Knowledge. 7 (3): 91–98.
- ISBN 9780739104552.
References
- Borland, K. (1991). That's not what I said: Interpretive conflict in oral narrative research. In Giuck, S. & Patai, D. (Eds.), Women's Words: The Feminist Practice of Oral History (pp. 63–76). NY: Routledge
- Brooks, A. (2007). Feminist standpoint epistemology: Building knowledge and empowerment through women's lived experiences. In Hesse-Biber, S.N. & Leavy, P.L. (Eds.), Feminist Research Practice (pp. 53–82). CA: Sage Publications.
- Brooks, A. & Hesse-Biber, S.N. (2007). An invitation to feminist research. In Hesse-Biber, S.N. & Leavy, P.L. (Eds.), Feminist Research Practice (pp. 1–24). CA: Sage Publications.
- Buch, E.D. & Staller, K.M. (2007). The feminist practice of ethnography. In Hesse-Biber, S.N. & Leavy, P.L. (Eds.), Feminist Research Practice (pp. 187–221). CA: Sage Publications.
- Dill, T.B & Zambrana, R. (2009) Emerging Intersections: Race, Class and Gender in Theory, Policy and Practice. NJ: Rutgers University Press.
- Fausto-Sterling, Anne (2000). Sexing the body: gender politics and the construction of sexuality. New York: Basic Books. ISBN 0-465-07714-5.
- Halse, C. & Honey, A. (2005). Unraveling ethics: Illuminating the moral dilemmas of research ethics. Journal of Women in Culture and Society, 30 (4), 2141–2162.
- Harding, S. (1987). Introduction: Is there a feminist method? In Harding, S. (ed.), Feminism & Methodology. (pp. 1–14). IN: Indiana University Press.
- Hesse-Biber, S.N. (2007). The practice of feminist in-depth interviewing. In Hesse-Biber, S.N. & Leavy, P.L. (Eds.), Feminist Research Practice (pp. 111–148). CA: Sage Publications.
- Hyam, M. (2004). Hearing girls' silences: Thoughts on the politics and practices of a feminist method of group discussion. Gender, Place, and Culture, 11 (1), 105–119.
- Leavy, P.L. (2007a). Feminist postmodernism and poststructuralism. In Hesse-Biber, S.N. & Leavy, P.L. (Eds.), Feminist Research Practice (pp. 83–108). CA: Sage Publications.
- Leavy, P.L. (2007b). The practice of feminist oral history and focus group interviews. In Hesse-Biber, S.N. & Leavy, P.L. (Eds.), Feminist Research Practice (pp. 149–186). CA: Sage Publications.
- Leavy, P.L. (2007c). The feminist practice of content analysis. In Hesse-Biber, S.N. & Leavy, P.L. (Eds.), Feminist Research Practice (pp. 223–248). CA: Sage Publications.
- Leckenby, D. (2007). Feminist empiricism: Challenging gender bias and "setting the record straight." In Hesse-Biber, S.N. & Leavy, P.L. (Eds.), Feminist Research Practice (pp. 27–52). CA: Sage Publications.
- Lykes, M.B. & Coquillon, E. (2006). Participatory and Action Research and feminisms: Towards Transformative Praxis. In Sharlene Hesse-Biber (Ed.). Handbook of Feminist Research: Theory and Praxis. CA: Sage Publications.
- Miner-Rubino, K. & Jayaratne, T.E. (2007). Feminist survey research. In Hesse-Biber, S.N. & Leavy, P.L. (Eds.), Feminist Research Practice (pp. 293–325). CA: Sage Publications.
Further reading
- Berkin, Carol R., Judith L. Pinch, and Carole S. Appel, Exploring Women's Studies: Looking Forward, Looking Back, 2005, OCLC 57391427
- Boxer, Marilyn J. (1998). When Women ask the Questions: Creating Women's Studies in America. Baltimore, MD: Johns Hopkins University Press. OCLC 37981599.
- Carter, Sarah; Ritchie, Maureen (1990). Women's Studies: A Guide to Information Sources. London, England and Jefferson, NC: Mansell and McFarland. OCLC 20392079.
- Committee on Women's Studies in Asia (1995). Changing Lives: Life Stories of Asian Pioneers in Women's Studies. New York, NY: Feminist Press at the City University of New York. OCLC 31867161.
- Davis, Angela Y. (2003). Are Prisons Obsolete?, Open Media (April 2003), ISBN 1-58322-581-1
- Davis, Kathy; Evans, Mary; Lorber, Judith, eds. (2006). Handbook of Gender and Women's Studies. London, England; Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage. OCLC 69392297.
- Fausto-Sterling, Anne (1992). Myths of gender: biological theories about women and men. New York: BasicBooks. ISBN 0-465-04792-0.
- Fausto-Sterling, Anne (2000). Sexing the body: gender politics and the construction of sexuality. New York: Basic Books. ISBN 0-465-07714-5.
- Fausto-Sterling, Anne (2012). Sex/Gender: Biology in a Social World. New York: Routledge. ISBN 9780415881456.
- .
- OCLC 47161269
- Griffin, Gabriele (2005). Doing Women's Studies: Employment Opportunities, Personal Impacts and Social Consequences. London, England: Zed Books in association with the University of Hull and the European Union. OCLC 56641855.
- Ginsberg, Alice E. The Evolution of American Women's Studies: Reflections on Triumphs, Controversies and Change (Palgrave Macmillan: 2009). Online interview with Ginsberg
- Griffin, Gabriele and OCLC 49375751
- Howe, Florence (ed.), The Politics of Women's Studies: Testimony from Thirty Founding Mothers, Paperback edition, New York: Feminist Press 2001, OCLC 44313456
- Hunter College Women's Studies Collective (2005). Women's Realities, Women's Choices: An Introduction to Women's Studies (3rd ed.). New York, NY: Oxford University Press. OCLC 55870949.
- Jacobs, Sue-Ellen (1974). Women in Perspective: A Guide for Cross-Cultural Studies. Urbana, IL: University of Illinois Press. OCLC 1050797.
- OCLC 56951279.
- Krikos, Linda A.; Ingold, Cindy (2004). Women's Studies: A Recommended Bibliography (3rd ed.). Westport, CN: Libraries Unlimited. OCLC 54079621.
- Larson, Andrea and R. Edward Freeman (1997). Women's Studies and Business Ethics: Toward a New Conversation. New York, NY: Oxford University Press. OCLC 35762696.
- Lederman, Muriel, and Ingrid Bartsch, eds. The Gender and Science Reader. New York: Routledge, 2001. Print.
- Loeb, Catherine; Searing, Susan E.; Lanigan, Esther F. (1987). Women's Studies: A Recommended Core Bibliography, 1980–1985. Littleton, CO: Libraries Unlimited. OCLC 14716751.
- Luebke, Barbara F.; Reilly, Mary Ellen (1995). Women's Studies Graduates: The First Generation. New York, NY: Teachers College Press, Teachers College, Columbia University. OCLC 31076831.
- MacNabb, Elizabeth L. (2001). Transforming the Disciplines: A Women's Studies Primer. New York, NY: Haworth Press. OCLC 44118091.
- Messer-Davidow, Ellen, Disciplining Feminism: From Social Activism to Academic Discourse, Durham, NC etc.: Duke University Press, 2002 OCLC 47705543
- Narayan, Uma. Dislocating Cultures: Identities, Traditions, and Third-World Feminism. Routledge, 1997. ISBN 9780415914192
- Orr, Catherine; Braithwaite, Ann; Lichtenstein, Diane (2012). Rethinking Women's and Gender Studies. New York: Routledge. ISBN 9780415808309
- Patai, Daphne; Koertge, Noretta (2003). Professing Feminism: Education and Indoctrination in Women's Studies (New and Expanded ed.). Lanham, MD: Lexington Books. OCLC 50228164.
- Rao, Aruna (1991). Women's Studies International: Nairobi and Beyond. New York, NY: Feminist Press at the City University of New York. OCLC 22490140.
- Rogers, Mary F.; Garrett, C. D. (2002). Who's Afraid of Women's Studies?: Feminisms in Everyday Life. Walnut Creek, CA: AltaMira Press. OCLC 50530054.
- Rosenberg, Roberta (2001). Women's Studies: An Interdisciplinary Anthology. New York, NY: Peter Lang. OCLC 45115816.
- Schiebinger, Londa. Has Feminism Changed Science?. Cambridge: Harvard University Press, 1999. Print.
- Ruth, Sheila, Issues In Feminism: An Introduction to Women's Studies, 2000, OCLC 43978372
- Simien, Evelyn M. (2007). "Black Feminist Theory: Charting a Course for Black Women's Studies in Political Science". In Waters, Kristin; Conaway, Carol B. (eds.). Black Women's Intellectual Traditions: Speaking their Minds. Burlington, VT and Hanover, NH: University of Vermont Press and the University Press of New England. OCLC 76140356.
- Tierney, Helen (1989–1991). Women's Studies Encyclopedia. New York, NY: Greenwood Press. OCLC 18779445.
- Wiegman, Robyn (editor), Women's Studies on Its Own: A Next Wave Reader in Institutional Change, Duke University Press, 2002. OCLC 49421587
External links
Learning materials related to Women's Studies at Wikiversity
- Smith College List of Graduate Programs in Women's Studies and Gender Studies
- WSSLinks: women's studies web links from the University of Toronto
- Women's Studies web resources
- Center for Women's Studies of Tehran University, Iran
- The Gay, Lesbian, Bisexual, Transgender Historical Society
- Karen Lerhman, Off Course, Mother Jones, September 1993
- Main focus "Frauen- und Geschlechtergeschichte in Westfalen"
- List of Women's Studies Programs around the World
- List of Women's Studies Programs in the United States
- Women's Studies Resources from WIDNET: Women in Development Network
- Archival papers of Kay Armatage (key founder of the Institute for Women's and Gender Studies at the University of Toronto) held at the University of Toronto Archives and Record Management Services