Federal University of Rio de Janeiro

The Federal University of Rio de Janeiro (UFRJ),

The university is located mainly in Rio de Janeiro, with satellites spreading to ten other cities. Its main campuses are the historical campus of "Praia Vermelha" (Red Beach) and the newer "Cidade Universitária" (College City), which houses the "Parque Tecnológico do Rio" (Technology Park of Rio) - a science, technology and innovation development cluster. There are also several off-campus units scattered in Rio de Janeiro: the School of Music, the College of Law Studies, the Institute of Philosophy and Social Sciences and the Institute of History, in downtown Rio; the National Museum and the Valongo Observatory (not to be confused with the National Observatory); and the high-school unit "Colégio de Aplicação" (Application College) in Lagoa. To the city of Macaé, located in the State's northern region, was dedicated a research and learning center focused on environmental issues and oil-related matters, and the city of Duque de Caxias, in partnership with the National Institute of Metrics, Normalization and Industrial Quality (Inmetro), saw the implementation of "Pólo Avançado de Xerém" (Advanced Center of Xerém), aimed at boosting research in the fields of biotechnology and nanotechnology.

UFRJ is one of the main actors in the formation of the Brazilian intellectual elite, contributing significantly to build not only the history of Rio de Janeiro but also of Brazil. Some of its former students include renowned economists

The Federal University of Rio de Janeiro is a direct descendant of Brazil's first higher education courses. Created on September 7, 1920 (Brazilian Independence Day) by president Epitácio Pessoa through the Law Decree 14343, the institution was initially named "University of Rio de Janeiro".^[11] Its history, however, is much vaster and parallel to that of the country's cultural, economic and social development (many of its courses trace back to the very foundations of Brazilian higher education system).^[12]

In its inception, the university was composed by the "Escola Politécnica" (Polytechnic School, founded on December 17, 1792 as Royal Academy of Artillery, Fortification and Design, during the reign of Portuguese Queen Maria I),^[13] the "Faculdade Nacional de Medicina" (National College of Medicine, founded on April 2, 1808, by Dom João VI under the name of Academy of Medicine and Surgery)^[14] and by the "Faculdade Nacional de Direito" (National College of Law, which came to exist after the fusion between the College of Legal and Social Sciences and the Free College of Law - both recognized by the Law Decree 693 of October 1, 1891).^[15][16]

To these initial units many others were progressively added, such as the "Escola Nacional de Belas Artes" (National School of Fine Arts) and the "Faculdade Nacional de Filosofia" (National College of Philosophy). Thanks to such achievements, the UFRJ toke crucial role in the implantation of Brazilian higher education,^[17] which was in fact an aspiration from Brazilian intellectual elite since the country's colonial era.^[18] Due to the longstanding tradition of its pioneering courses, the university functioned as the "scholar mill" upon which most of Brazil's subsequent higher education institutions were molded.^[19]

Restructuring

In 1937, Getúlio Vargas's minister of education, Gustavo Capanema [pt], announced a reform of the education system, under which the institution changed its name to the "University of Brazil". The change reflected the government's aim of controlling the quality of the national higher education system - mainly by setting a standard by which all other universities would have to conform. Such decision was strongly influenced by the French concept of university - that in which component schools are isolated in order to assume a specific professionalizing teaching method under strong state control -, which contrasted to the German model seen, for example, in the University of São Paulo, founded in 1934.^[20]

The early 1950s marked the institutionalization of research in the university, which consequentially led to the implementation of research institutes, full-time academic staff, instruction of highly specialized professors and the establishment of partnership with national and international financing agencies.

In 1958, occasion for the 150-year anniversary of UFRJ's medicine school, the university was faced by the urgent needs of a structural reform that stimulated deeper participation and cooperation among professors and students with college affairs and a more rational, efficiency-based use of public resources. After an ample sequence of debates and public consultations, the resulting plans for reforms in University of Brazil were quickly absorbed by the scientific community, set a new standard for national college planning and influenced even, among others, Brazilian communication industries and government's decisional spheres.^[21]

In 1965, under the government of general Castelo Branco, the university would achieve plain financial, didactic and academic autonomy - a condition called, according to Brazilian legislature, "autarchy" - and acquire its current name, which followed the still-active standard for federal university naming (i.e.: Federal University of name of State or region).^[22][23]

After the reformation process, the university was propelled into a deeper and riskier restructuring phase that aimed to make the institution fit for the recently approved Law Decree of March 13, 1967^[24] - a situation widely regarded as too bold for a nation with recent history as an independent territory and a culture that, inheriting traits from the Portuguese colonial rule, heavily emphasized tradition and stability.^[25]

Present day

The UFRJ keeps an "open-doors policy" regarding foreigners who arrive at it to disseminate or accumulate expertise; this also allows for internship or job opportunities for its teaching staff in different institutions and areas of research. International interexchange and partnerships are profuse, leading to reformist tendencies that most of times successfully coexist with the university's strong traditional ties.^[26]

The UFRJ adopts the Roman goddess Minerva - patroness of the Arts and all professions; also associated with knowledge and intellectuality - as its mascot,^[27] and many sculptures depicting the goddess are seem scattered throughout the institution.^[28] In 2000, the rectory requested to the Federal Justice that the university's name was changed back to "University of Brazil", as the old name has been changed by an arbitrary decree during the country's years of military dictatorship. The request was deferred, so it is correct to address the university by either names.^[5]

The university manages an ambitious program for extension courses, consisting mostly in providing full-time education to financially debilitated non-students of varying education backgrounds.^[29] Besides, the UFRJ contributes heavily to Rio de Janeiro's public health with its nine college hospitals, providing for over one thousand vacancies, and its deep integration with the State's health treatment network.^[30] In 2010, the institution achieved a "very good" evaluation and a maximum score in the Ministry of Education's General Index of College Courses ("Índice Geral de Cursos", or IGC in Portuguese).^[31][32] Its clear emphasis on research alludes to the personal motto of one of its most famous and distinguished scientists:^[33]

In a university, one teaches because one researches.

— Carlos Chagas Filho

Organization

Administration

The Federal University of Rio de Janeiro is an autarchy and a public institution linked to the Ministry of Education (MEC).^[34] Its administration is commanded by the superior councils: the "Conselho Universitário" (University Council), the highest decisional authority, presided by the "reitor" (rector); the "Conselho de Curadores" (Curators Council), responsible for the financial books and budgetary matters, also under rectorship rule; the "Conselho de Ensino de Graduação" (Undergraduate Council), responsible for admission to undergraduate course and other undergraduate affairs, presided by the pro-rector of graduation; and the "Conselho de Ensino para Graduados" (Graduate Council), responsible for research activities and post-graduation courses, presided by the pro-rector of post-graduation and research.^[35]

The institution is also directed by a vice-rector and six other pro-rectors. The rectors are nominated and chosen by the Ministry of Education (MEC) from a three-candidate list formed by a general election every four years. In general, the MEC respects the electoral decision, choosing the most voted candidate. The current rector (2014) is Carlos Antônio Levi da Conceição, with Antônio José Ledo Alves da Cunha as vice-rector.^[36]

The academic pro-rectories are as follows: "Pró-reitoria de Graduação" (Pro-Rectory of Undergraduate Studies), "Pró-reitoria de Pós-Graduação e Pesquisa" (Pro-Rectory of Research and Post-Graduate Studies), "Pró-reitoria de Planejamento e Desenvolvimento" (Pro-Rectory of Planning and Development), "Pró-reitoria de Pessoal" (Pro-Rectory of Human Resources), "Pró-reitoria de Extensão" (Pro-Rectory of Extension) e a Pró-reitoria de Gestão e Governança" (Pro-Rectory of Management and Governance).^[37]

"Salão Dourado"

"Capela de São Pedro de Alcântara"

The University Pallace

Serving as executive institutions are a total of eleven superintendencies: "Superintendência Geral de Graduação" (General Superintendency of Undergraduate Studies), "Superintendência Geral de Pós-Graduação e Pesquisa" (General Superintendency of Research and Post-Graduate Studies), "Superintendência Geral de Planejamento e Desenvolvimento" (General Superintendency of Planning and Development), "Superintendência Geral de Finanças" (General Superintendency of Finances), "Superintendência Geral de Pessoal" (General Superintendency of Human Resources), "Superintendência Geral de Extensão" (General Superintendency of Extension), "Superintendência Geral de Gestão e Controle" (General Superintendency of Management and Control), "Superintendência Geral de Governança" (General Superintendency of Governance), "Superintendência Geral de Tecnologia da Informação e Comunicação Gerencial" (General Superintendency of Information Technology and Managerial Communication), "Superintendência Geral de Políticas Estudantis" (General Superintendency of Student Policies) e a "Superintendência Geral de Atividades Fora da Sede" (General Superintendency of Non-Campus Activities).^[38]

Notable Rectors

Some of the famous figures

The university's main buildings are located at "Cidade Universitária" (College City, with 5.2 million m²) in "Ilha do Fundão" (Backward Island), but the campus at "Praia Vermelha" (Red Beach, with 100 thousand m²) still gathers a plethora of units and supplementary departments. Additionally, there are the Institute of Philosophy and Social Sciences, the Institute of History, the College of Law Studies, the Valongo Observatory, the School of Music, the Residence of College Students and the National Museum (53 276 40 m²). Among the isolated health buildings there are the Maternity School, the São Francisco School-Hospital and the Anna Nery Nursery Schools. The UFRJ possesses additional campuses in Rio de Janeiro's Chile Avenue (8 550 m²), in the cities of Macaé and Duque de Caxias (149 869,18 m²), Jacarepaguá (10 000 m²), Arraial do Cabo and in Santa Teresa (a 1.5 million m² research-only wildlife reserve).^[49]

Structure

UFRJ can be divided into six university centers plus the "Escritório Técnico da Universidade" (University Technical Department), the "Fórum da Ciência e Cultura" (Forum of Science and Culture, FCC) and the University City Hall.^[50] Each center is made of dozens of units and supplementary organs responsible for education, research and extension in their respective areas of knowledge.^[51]

University Centers

• Center of Health Sciences (CCS): the university's largest, involved in activities and research related to biosciences. As a whole, it gathers ten units and fourteen supplementary organs: three hospitals, three "nuclei" (headquarters), two schools, three colleges and thirteen institutes. Activities are developed mostly at CCS's main building at College City, but there are also units at Praia Vermelha, in downtown Rio, in Macaé and in Xerém.^[52]
• Center of Technology (CT): the university's second largest center, it manages two sprawling engineering schools and two high-tech research institutes, all located at College City. The CT also controls two business incubators and one foundation focused at technological studies. These units were all previous to the center's foundation, each with a unique history, and their performance is crucial to the national technological environment, given that together they form one of the country's most influential tech-poles.^[53]
• Center of Mathematical and Natural Sciences (CCMN): originated from the traditional and influential National School of Philosophy, it is made of five institutes and one observatory. Its main infrastructure is located at College City. The Institute of Chemistry and the Institute of Physics are located at Center of Technology's Block A and the Institute of Mathematics, at its Block C, but both are units of CCMN. The Valongo Observatory is placed near the Mauá Park, at the top of Morro da Conceição, and it is the country's only federal institution to offer undergraduate course in Astronomy.^[54]
• Center of Law and Economic Sciences (CCJE): responsible for activities concerning applied social sciences: administration, economics, law and urban planning. It gathers three units (schools) and two supplementary organs (institutes) scattered throughout College CIty, Praia Vermelha and downtown Rio.^[55]
• Center of Philosophy and Human Sciences (CFHC): encompasses interdisciplinary academic activities regarding social sciences, especially those with theoretical focus on society formation. The CFCH is made of six units (two schools, one college and three institutes) and two supplementary organs (one headquarter and the Application College, which supports professor-training courses). The CFHC is locates mainly at the campus of Praia Vermelha, though some minor buildings are found in the regions of Largo do São Francisco and Lagoa.^[56]
• Center of Literature and Arts (CLA): similar to the other centers, it was founded in 1967. It currently comprises four traditional units of UFRJ: two schools and two colleges focused on the arts, language and architecture. Its main buildings are placed at College City, except for the School of Music, which is located at downtown Rio.^[57]
• COPPEAD Graduate School of Business (COPPEAD): The UFRJ School of the Business founded in 1973, located in its own building on the campus of UFRJ Fundão Island is the only business school associated with a Brazilian public university that has international certification, whose is the only of Latin America listed among the 100 best in the world by the prestigious Financial Times ranking.

Units and supplementary organs

The so-called "units" and "supplementary organs" are institutions of basically two types: schools/colleges, destined to professional training, research and extension; and institutes, destined to basic research, extension and teaching of a specific area of knowledge. Generally, units deal with undergraduate and postgraduate courses while supplementary organs are charged with coordinating disciplines according to each specific line of research. Additionally, there are "research nuclei", which fall into the category of "supplementary organs". As in most Brazilian universities, these two institutional sets are subdivided into departments.^[58][59]

Libraries and museums

Keeping important historical documents of both national and international relevance, UFRJ's libraries and museums can be considered the primary source of inquiry for the country's most renowned researchers. In 1983, the university implanted the System of Libraries and Information (SiBI), through which students and staff enjoy easy and speedy access to the entire collection of its forty three libraries. General (i.e. non-affiliated to the institution) digital access to UFRJ's libraries is made through the Minerva Base, a database that, much like the SiBI, gathers all university libraries into a single website.[60]

Among the most noteworthy museums and cultural spaces are: the National Museum, Latin America's largest museum and anthropological of natural history as well as Brazil's oldest scientific institution.^[61] Its building is a conversion from the Brazilian Imperial Family's old palace in "Paço de São Cristóvão" and it was founded by royal figure Dom João VI in 1818, but integrated to the university only much afterwards, in 1946.^[62] Brazil's emperor Dom Pedro II himself, an enthusiast for scientific knowledge, contributed to the museum's collection with Egyptian art, fossils, botanic species and many other items obtained by during his personal trips.^[63] Laboratories occupy a great portion of the museum and spread to some buildings raised in "Horto Botânico" (Botanic Garden), in "Quinta da Boa Vista".^[64]

In Botafogo, the university also manages the "Casa da Ciência" (House of Science), a cultural center of science and technology active since 1995 and dedicated to the exploration of languages and of popular forms of communication such as theater, music and audiovisual techniques. It performs periodical workshops and expositions opened to both students and the general public.^[65]

Health complex

The university's medical-hospital network is composed of nine supplementary organs distributed throughout various campuses. Together, these units are responsible for 566 410 treatments, 8 293 surgeries and 18 555 hospitalizations every year.^[30]

• Clementino Fraga Filho University Hospital (HUCFF): created in 1978, it is UFRJ's flagship medical institution. Sprawling through 110 000 meters squared, it is both national and international reference in high surgical procedures of high complexity.^[66]
• São Francisco de Assis Institute of Health (HESFA): founded in the 19th century as School Hospital and reopened in 1988 by then-rector Luís Renato Caldas. Sustaining a profile of high-quality customer service clinic, it acts on medical procedures of low or medium complexity and focuses on patients requiring long-term care and hospitalization.^[67]
• Institute of Psichiatry (IPUB): acts as Latin America's flagship research, post-graduation learning and knowledge-diffuser institution regarding multidisciplinary studies in psychiatry and mental health.^[68]
• Martagão Gesteira Institute of Childcare and Pediatrics (IPPMG): institute of nationwide recognition in matters of
  childcare, it was incorporated to the university after formal proposal from professor Joaquim Martagão Gesteira. It undergoes research in the mother-child field and acts on assistance and teaching and training in pediatrics.^[69]
• Institute of Chest Diseases (IDT): founded in 1957 by professor Antonio Ibiapina and, since 2000, adjunct to HUCFF's main structure. Promotes full-time assistance and undergoes research regarding respiratory illnesses.[70]
• Deolindo Couto Institute of Neurology (INDC): located at Praia Vermelha campus, is responsible for activities, research, teaching and assistance in the fields of neurology and neurosurgery.^[71]
• Institute of Gynecology (IG): founded in 1947 and located at university hospital "Moncorvo Filho". Notable for providing radio-therapeutic services specifically for matters of
  gynecology ontology.^[72]
• Edson Saad Institute of Heart (ICES): founded in 2003 to develop high-quality research in the fields of cardiology and vascular surgery. The institute initiated its activities in old departments from HUCFF and the School of Medicine.^[73]
• Maternity School (ME): founded in 1904 to assist pregnant women and newly born children from unprivileged social backgrounds in the State of Rio de Janeiro. It was pioneer in the use of, among other methods,
  ultrasonography and dopplerfluxometry in Brazil.^[73]

Campuses

Rio de Janeiro

The Federal University of Rio de Janeiro's main infrastructure is the College City, located at and occupying almost all of Ilha do Fundão (Backyard Island), northern Rio de Janeiro.^[74] The island was artificially created in 1950 by the union of various already existing islands through embankment techniques.^[75] Academic activities in the campus, however, would only start in 1970, and the initial project stated that all active courses would be transferred to the city.^[74] Architecture was hugely influenced by modernism and some designs were even awarded, such as the rectory building (designed by Jorge Machado Moreira and awarded at the "IV Bienal de São Paulo").^[76]

The campus has a residence complex for undergraduate students (504 rooms),^[77] three university restaurants (commonly called "bandejões", or "big trays"),^[78] a sports center, and banking agencies.^[79] In 2010, there was the opening of an integration station for the unified college transport system, aiming for more security and comfort to the college community. Dozens of 24/7 inter-campus bus lines, free for students, are connected to the College City,^[80] plus regular urban and intercity lines^[81] serving the population of Baixada Fluminense region and of metropolitan Rio de Janeiro.^[82][83][84]

The campus at Praia Vermelha (Red Beach), locates at

Dom Pedro II only ten years later.^[85] In 1949, the building was given to the University of Brazil, which then restored and expanded its facilities.^[86]

In the 2010-2020 UFRJ Master Plan a project was set for conversion of the Praia Vermelha campus into a great cultural center, consequentially transferring almost all of the campus' academic activities, plus that of all of college units scattered throughout Rio, to the College City, thus redeeming the city's original intent of centering all university activities in Ilha do Fundão.[91] The decision has generated strong polemic with both students and staff, given the great distances between southern (Praia Vermelha) and northern (Ilha do Fundão) Rio and the chaotic traffic that plagues the Red Line of João Goulart Freeway - the "jugular" connecting the College City to Rio.^[92]

Aloísio Teixeira, then rector and strong advocate for the integration, argued that the University Palace can bear a circulation of no more than two to three thousand people per day, and that the College City's major problems are not on its structure, but on its access points which are more easily fixable matters.^[93] Aiming to solve part of the city's traffic problem, in mid-2010 Rio de Janeiro saw the building of its first cable-stayed bridge, named "Ponte do Saber" (Knowledge Bridge), which was inaugurated in 2012 to receive a daily average of 25,000 vehicles.^[94]

Duque de Caxias

Through its biophysics undergraduate course, started in the second half of 2008, UFRJ initiated activities in

UFRJ has operated in the city of Macaé since the 1980s, when researchers from its Institute of Biology performed studies in the lakes of "Região dos Lagos" (literally, Lake Regions). In partnership with the city, it instituted the Macaé Nucleus for Ecological Researches (NUPEM) in 1994.^[101] The university's recognition in and importance to the city was so visible that, in 2012, the City Hall has donated to the institution a 29,000 m² terrain, in which was raised a new university center.^[102] In 2005, NUPEM was officialized as a supplementary organ of the Center of Health Sciences and,^[103] in 2006, the university implemented its first course outside Rio de Janeiro, professor training in the biosciences, to be taken in NUPEM's headquarters. In 2007, Macaé inaugurated a full university complex with two buildings and seven more planned ones, for graduation, post-graduation and extension courses. During this solemnity there was also the signing of the "Protocolo de Intenções" (Intentions Protocol) between UFRJ and the city, promising the initiation of chemistry and pharmacy courses in 2008.^[104]

Currently, the campus is physically distributed among four poles (University Pole, Barreto, Novo Cavaleiros and Ajuda), where the following undergraduate courses are offered: biological sciences, chemistry, nursing and obstetrics, engineering (production, civil and mechanical), pharmacy, medicine, and nutrition;^[105] as of post-graduation courses, there are two: environmental and conservation sciences, and bioactive and biosciences products.^[106] The main campus was named after former rector Aloísio Teixeira, incumbent from 2003 to 2011, in 2012 (Campus UFRJ–Macaé Professor Aloísio Teixeira), honoring his decisive contribution to the spreading of UFRJ through the State of Rio de Janeiro.

E-learning poles

Universidade Estadual do Norte Fluminense Darcy Ribeiro (UENF) and Centro Federal de Educação Tecnológica Celso Suckow da Fonseca (CEFET/RJ).^[107]

Taught in a mixed scheme where some activities require the students' physical presence, UFRJ offers professor training courses in the biosciences, physics, and chemistry.

vestibular" organized by the consortium. UFRJ's e-learning poles in the State of Rio de Janeiro are: Angra dos Reis, Duque de Caxias, Itaperuna, Macaé, Nova Iguaçu, Paracambi, Piraí, Rio de Janeiro, São Gonçalo, Três Rios, and Volta Redonda.^[110]

Academics

Undergraduate courses

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There are 179 undergraduate courses covering all areas of human knowledge and distributed into four types: morning, afternoon, night and integral (all previous three combined) courses. Each courses is linked to one academic institution, but some share multiple institutions, like the nanotechnology course, which is offered by the Polytechnic School, the "Instituto de Biofísica Carlos Chagas Filho" (Institute of Biophysics Carlos Chagas Filho), the Institute of Physics and the "Instituto de Macromoléculas Professora Eloisa Mano" (Institute of Machomolecules Professor Eloisa Mano). Below are listed all offered courses and the respective specializations (including emphases, habilitations or modalities) for which students can opt during their graduation.

Biosciences * Biophysics      Bioinformatics      Systems biology      Structural biology      Biotechnology       Toxic environment Biomedicine * Biotechnology       Botanics * Biology       Licensing      Zoology Physical education Nursing Pharmacology Physiotherapy Speech Gastronomy Medicine Microbiology Nutrition Dentistry Public Health Occupational therapy

Exact Sciences * Astronomy       Mathematical astronomy      Diffusion of astronomy Computer science * Mathematics and earth sciences      Analyst decision support      Remote sensing and gis      Earth sciences and natural heritage Environmental engineering * Civil engineering       Transportation      Structural engineering      Water resources and environment . Food engineering Bioprocess engineering Computer and information engineering Control and automation engineering Materials engineering Petroleum engineering * Production engineering       Economic engineering      Production Management Electrical engineering Electronics and computer engineering * Mechanical engineering       Machine design      Mechanical manufacture      Thermosciences Metallurgical engineering Naval and oceanic engineering Nuclear engineering Chemical engineering Statistics Physics Medical physics Geology * Mathematics      Computational mathematics      Mathematical statistics * Applied mathematics       Scientific computing      Mathematics for business      Math for biological sciences Meteorology * Nanotechnology       Bionanotechnology      Physics      Materials. Chemistry Chemistry with technology assignments Industrial chemistry

Humanities * Administration       Corporate strategy      Finance and control      Logistics      Marketing      Human resources Architecture and urbanism * Performing arts      Scenography      Theater directing      Clothing Librarianship Actuarial science * Accounting      Financial accounting      Management accounting business Economics Social science Composition of interiors Landscaping * Social communication       Advertising and propaganda      Radio and tv Visual communication Preservation and restoration * Dance      Choreography and interpretation      Dance, and image creation * International defence and strategic management      Defence and strategic affairs      National and regional security strategy for development      International health and global environmental issues * Industrial design      Visual communication      Product project Drama Law * Arts education       Fine arts      Drawing Sculpture Philosophy Geography * Public management      Public sector management      Management of the third sector Engraving History History of art * Languages       Ancient greek       Classical latin      Literature      Russian * Music      Singing      Clarinet      Musical composition      Contrabass      Harpsichord      Bassoon      Flute      Harp      Percussion instrument      Oboe      Organ      Piano      Maestro      Saxophone      Trombone      Trumpet      Tuba      Viola      Guitar      Violin      Cello * Pedagogy      Teaching magisterium normal course      Teaching early childhood education      Elementary school teaching Painting Psychology International relations Social service Theory of dance

Postgraduate courses

There are 345

post-graduation courses, being 167 lato sensu (specialization) and 178 stricto sensu (master's and doctor's degrees).^[46] Similarly to the undergraduate courses, each post-grad course is linked to a specific academic institution. As of 2010, there were 1 965 scholarship programs from Coordination of Higher-Education Personnel Improvement (CAPES) available to post-graduation candidates, 844 from the National Council of Technologic and Scientific Development (CNPq) and 800 from the university itself.^[111]

Students

Admissions

Similarly to most Brazilian public universities, admissions to the Federal University of Rio de Janeiro are defined by highly competitive entrance exams held every year (commonly known in Brazil as "

vestibular"). Anyone who was already graduated from high school is eligible to the undergraduate courses. Admission is also possible by transfer (known as "external transfer"), exemption from exams ("reentrance") or by international partnerships.^[112]

Until the late 1980s, the admission exam was managed as a unified "vestibular" by Cesgranrio Foundation. Given the university's disagreement with the test's methodology - which consisted almost entirely in multiple-choice questions -, the institution quit the partnership and organized its own "vestibular", named "Concurso de Acesso aos Cursos de Graduação" (Undergraduate Courses Admission Exam).^[113] The test was solely based on open-ended responses, and its elaborate questions eventually led it to be considered one of Brazil's toughest and most demanding higher education admission exams.^[114]

Since 2012, the university responded favorably to the utilization of the "Exame Nacional do Ensino Médio" (High School National Exam, or ENEM; a yearly nationwide exam managed by the Ministry of Education) for student admission.^[115] The exam's importance grew to the point that, in 2011, the UFRJ extinguished its "Concurso de Acesso" and made the ENEM its single admission exam; candidates' selection was delegated to the "Sistema de Seleção Unificada" (Unified Selection System, or SiSU; also under the Ministry of Education's rule).^[116] UFRJ quickly became one of the most coveted institutions in the system: as of the second semester of 2012, it received 103 829 applications, the highest of any other university in SiSU.^[117]

The institution also adheres to affirmative action policies since 2010:^[118] currently, 30% of all vacancies are reserved by some form of affirmative action measure; the most common basis for selection under this system is through socioeconomic standards, favoring students with public schooling backgrounds and whose families earn less than one and a half minimum wage (R$1 086/month, or roughly US$15/day, as of January, 2014).^[119]

Notable alumni

Given its academic excellence, the UFRJ was home to some of the countries brightest minds in all fields of knowledge. What follows is a list of some of them:

• Anthropologists: Eduardo Viveiros de Castro,^[120] and Gilberto Velho^[121]
• Architect: Oscar Niemeyer^[122]
• Artists:
  Vinícius de Moraes,^[124] Mário Lago,^[125] Ângela Leal,^[126] and Ivan Lins^[127]
• Billionaires:
  Carlos Alberto Sicupira
• Biologists: Lúcia Mendonça Previato^[129]
• Chemist: Otto Gottlieb^[130]
• Doctors: Vital Brazil,^[131] Carlos Chagas,^[132] Osvaldo Cruz,^[133] Carlos Chagas Filho,^[134] Herman Lent,^[135] and Mauricio Rocha e Silva^[136]
• Economists: Carlos Lessa,^[137] Joaquim Levy,^[138] Jose A. Scheinkman,^[139] and Mário Henrique Simonsen^[140]
• Educator: Anísio Teixeira^[141]
• Engineers:
  Maria das Graças Foster,^[148] Giulio Massarani,^[149] Tércio Pacitti e Paulo de Frontin,^[150] Francisco Pereira Passos,^[151] Luiz Pinguelli Rosa,^[152] and Belkis Valdman^[153]
• Entrepreneur: Maurício Botelho, and Fabio Coelho^[154]
• Historians: Sérgio Buarque de Holanda,^[155] Francisco Falcon,^[156] and José Honório Rodrigues^[157]
• Journalists: Fátima Bernardes,^[158] and Ali Kamel^[159]
• Mathematicians: Artur Ávila, Elon Lages Lima, Leopoldo Nachbin,^[160] and Jacob Palis^[161]
• Minister of Justice: Marco Aurélio Mello^[162]
• Minister of Treasury: Nelson Barbosa, and Joaquim Levy
• Neuroscientist: Suzana Herculano-Houzel^[163]
• Physicist: Carlos Bertulani,^[164] Fernando de Souza Barros,^[165] Marcelo Gleiser,^[166] Belita Koiller,^[167] José Leite Lopes,^[168] and Herch Moysés Nussenzveig^[169]
• Political commentator: Villas-Bôas Corrêa;
• Politicians:
  Osvaldo Aranha,^[170] Índio da Costa,^[171] Moreira Franco,^[172] and Carlos Lacerda^[173]
• Writers: Jorge Amado,^[174] Evandro Lins e Silva,^[175] Rubem Fonseca,^[176] and Clarice Lispector,^[177] Leandro Müller, Marques Rebelo,^[178] and Mário Furley Schmidt,^[179]

• Notable UFRJ Alumni
• 
  Jorge Amado, writer
• 
  Oswaldo Aranha, politician, diplomat and statesman
• 
  Artur Ávila, Fields Medal

  -winning mathematician
• 
  anti-ophidic serum
• 
  Carlos Chagas, doctor, discoverer of the Chagas disease
• 
  Oswaldo Cruz Institute

  . Former member of the Brazilian Academy of Literature
• 
  Joaquim Levy, Finance Minister of Brazil
• 
  Latin Grammy

  -winning musician
• 
  Clarice Lispector, writer
• 
  Leandro Müller, writer and editor.
• 
  Oscar Niemeyer, architect
• 
  Legion of Honor and Balzan Prize

  -winning mathematician and professor
• 
  Vinícius de Moraes

  , Diplomat, writer, and lyricist

Student unions

Students are formally represented by the "Diretório Central dos Estudantes Mário Prata" (Mário Prata Central Student Directory, or DCE), which was founded in 1930 - preceding even the National Student Union (UNE, 1937). The entity remained influential until its shutdown by the military regime of 1964–85, when dozens of union leaders, including student and then-president of DCE Mario de Souza Prata, were murdered.^[180] In the late-1970s, given a gradual political opening, academic centers such as the DCE were given permission to function once again. Among the students that participated in the DCE's reactivation are Mário Furley Schimidt^[181] and some member of popular Brazilian comedy show Casseta & Planeta, like Marcelo Madureira,^[182] Beto Silva^[183] and Hélio de la Peña.^[184]

To the young students who, at dawn of September 23rd, 1968, in the National College of Medicine building, dared to resist the police forces of the military regime. The episode known as "Massacre da Praia Vermelha" is one of the most important events of the constant fight for academic autonomy. To them, our deepest admiration.

— "Conselho Universitário" (University Council), resolution of 08/24/2006.

Besides the DCE, minor academic centers (CAs) act as students representative organs for each course: the Carlos Chagas Academic Center for the College of Medicine,^[185] the Polytechnic School Academic Center of Engineering,^[186] the Cândido de Oliveira Academic Center for the College of Law Studies,^[187] the Max Planck Academic Center for the Institute of Physics^[188] and the Academic Directory for the School of Chemistry,^[189] to cite the most notable.

The infamous episode known as "Massacre da Praia Vermelha" (Red Beach Massacre) was a hallmark the history of Brazilian student unions.^[190] At dawn of September 23, 1968, squads from the military government invading the old facility of then-National College of Medicine and savagely beat all students sheltered there.^[191] There was also massive depredation of public patrimony, as the action disenabled several of the college's laboratories and administrative sectors. Around 600 students were gathered to protest against the government's arbitrary and oppressive actions (ex.: the shutdown of DCE and UNE, the increase in meal prices) and to vindicate the release of Law student Rodrigo Lima, arrested for 35 days in the "Batalhão de Guardas do Exército" (Army Squad Battalion).^[192]

Technological Park of Rio

The Parque Tecnológico do Rio (Technological Park of Rio) is also located in College City. It is a technopole geared towards research in energy, oil, and gas.^[193] In partnership with Petrobras, UFRJ intends to convert an area of 350 000 m² into the world's largest oil-related technological research center, given that exploration and oil extraction from the recently discovered pre-salt layer fields is in urgent need of new, more affordable techniques. Intense private and state investments in the region, plus the high expectations it has generated, led it to be considered a Brazilian "Silicon Valley".^[194] The park gathers, among its main facilities:

• southern hemisphere.^[195]
• electric energy. It is also the hemisphere's largest research center in the field.^[196]
• minerals.^[197]
• General Electric Global Technological Center (GE): under construction, with inauguration planned to 2014. Until then, General Electric operates in the facilities of the Center of Excellence in Communication and Information Technology (CETIC).^[198][199]
• Alberto Luiz Coimbra Institute of Post-Graduation and Research in Engineering (COPPE): UFRJ's supplementary organ, it is Latin America's largest research and learning center of engineering.^[200] Also notable for owning the world's largest (volume terms) and deepest oceanic tank, which is used to simulate sea-life conditions.^[201][202]

Additionally, there is the Center of Excellence in Natural Gas (CEGN),

Repsol YPF,^[213] Halliburton^[214] and Tenaris Confab.^[215] Public biddings for the construction of new research centers and commercial tower, all capable of supporting one hundred new more enterprises, are currently under request.^[216] The Park project has also attracted over 200 small or medium-sized companies to its centers, resulting in higher stakes for its innovational potential.^[217]

Projects

Rio+20

conference.

UFRJ Newspaper

The "Jornal da UFRJ" (UFRJ Newspaper) is a monthly publication by the General Superintendence of Social Communication. It has been on circulation since 2003, covering subjects of academic interest and government affairs. It is available both on print and digitally, with 25 000 copies being distributed across the universities many campuses.[218]

UFRJ Sea

The "UFRJ Mar" (UFRJ Sea) was developed along Rio de Janeiro's coastline and comprehends several fields, from physical education and engineering to biological sciences and geosciences. The project relies on one of Brazil's most complex set of R&D laboratories in maritime and coastal studies.^[219]

Getting to Know UFRJ

The "Conhecendo a UFRJ" (Getting to Know UFRJ) is a two-day yearly event that takes place at College City, when high-school students have lectures about the institution, tour through its main campus and get to know its academic routine and student life. As of 2010, on its eighth edition, approximately 14 000 students participated in the event.^[220]

Plant Waves

Developed by COPPE with Government of Ceará supporting Pecém Wave Power Plant is the first in Latin America and places Brazil in a select group of countries with knowledge to extract electrical energy from sea waves. Factory with 100% Brazilian technology, is located 60 km from Fortaleza in the breakwater of the Port of Pecém. The project of researchers from COPPE underwater Technology Laboratory is designed in modules which allows the expansion of the capacity of the plant.^[221]

MagLev Cobra

The Maglev Cobra is a levitation train developed at UFRJ (Federal University of Rio de Janeiro) by Coppe (Alberto Luiz Coimbra Institute of Graduate Studies and Research in Engineering) and the Polytechnic School by LASUP (Superconducting Applications Laboratory). The Brazilian train, as well as the German maglev floats on the tracks, with only friction with air during their displacement. Maglev Cobra based on levitation, moving without friction with the ground by a linear motor primary short. The vehicle has been designed towards a revolution in public transportation through high-tech, non-polluting way, energy efficient and affordable to large urban centers.

The deployment cost of Maglev Cobra is significantly lower than the subway, getting to cost only one-third of this. Its operating normal speed will be within a range of 70 to 100 km/h, compatible to the subway and ideal for urban public transport.^[222]

LabOceano

Able to reproduce the main features of the marine environment and simulate phenomena occurring in water depths greater than 2000 meters, LabOceano is a strategic technological support for Brazil, which has more than 90% of its oil reserves concentrated at sea, and for the oil and shipping industries. The ocean tank holds 23 million liters of water and its height corresponds to an eight-story building. Today, only two facilities in the world exist with similar characteristics to the tank designed by COPPE researchers: the Marintek, Norway, 10 meters, and Marin, Holland, 10.5 meters.^[223]

Institutions

• Law School
• Museu Nacional
  (National Museum)
• Casa da Ciência (House of Science)
• CAp UFRJ
  (Laboratory School)

See also

• Brazil University Rankings
• Education in Brazil
• List of federal universities of Brazil
• Universities and Higher Education in Brazil

Notes

1. ^ Portuguese: Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro
2. ^ Universidade do Brasil ^[5]

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External links

Wikimedia Commons has media related to Federal University of Rio de Janeiro.

• Official website
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