Middlesex Yeomanry
Middlesex Yeomanry | |
---|---|
Active | 1797–1802 1830–present |
Country | Kingdom of Great Britain (1797–1800) United Kingdom (1801–present) |
Branch | British Army |
Size | 3 Regiments (First World War) 2 Signal units (Second World War) Squadron (current) |
Motto(s) | "Pro Aris et Focis" (For Hearth and Home; literally For Altars and Hearths) |
Anniversaries | Lafone Day (27 October) |
Engagements | Second Boer War: |
MP Lt-Col Viscount Malden |
The Middlesex Yeomanry was a volunteer cavalry regiment of the
Formation and early history
In 1793 the Prime Minister,
The Uxbridge Squadron became the Middlesex Yeomanry Cavalry in 1838 with the following organisation:[5]
- A Troop in London
- B Troop in Uxbridge
- C Troop in London
- D Troop in West Middlesex (including a contingent at Brighton, Sussex)
Following the Cardwell Reforms a mobilisation scheme began to appear in the Army List from December 1875. This assigned Regular and Yeomanry units places in an order of battle of corps, divisions and brigades for the 'Active Army', even though these formations were entirely theoretical, with no staff or services assigned. The Middlesex Yeomanry were assigned as 'divisional troops' to 3rd Division of II Corps based at Dorking, alongside Regular units of infantry, artillery and engineers.[11]
In the early 1880s the regiment's headquarters (HQ) moved to 43 Albemarle Street in London's West End, later to 25 Chapel Street off Edgware Road, and it had the following organisation:[5][11]
- A Troop in Brighton
- B Troop in London
- C Troop in London
- D Troop in West Middlesex
The regiment evolved to become the Middlesex Regiment of Yeomanry Cavalry (Uxbridge) in 1871 and, by order of Field Marshal the Duke of Cambridge, serving at that time as Commander-in-Chief of the Forces, the Middlesex (Duke of Cambridge's Hussars) Yeomanry Cavalry in 1884.[5][7][8]
By 1899 RHQ was at 1 Cathcart Road, South Kensington, and the regiment was in the 1st Yeomanry Brigade together with the Berkshire Yeomanry.[11]
Imperial Yeomanry
Following a string of defeats during
The Middlesex Yeomanry raised the 34th and 35th (Middlesex) Companies, which served alongside two Royal East Kent Yeomanry in 11th Battalion, arriving in South Africa on 20 March, and 62nd (Middlesex) Company in 14th Battalion, which disembarked on 4 May. In 1901 it raised 112th (Middlesex) Company for the second contingent, and this company also served with 11th Bn. In 1902, 14th Bn was disbanded and 62nd (Middlesex) Company joined 11th Bn.[5][10][16][17][18][19]
At the beginning of May 1900 the 11th Battalion IY, under the command of Lt-Col W.K. Mitford of the Middlesex Yeomanry, was with 8th Division in Lt-Gen Sir Leslie Rundle's column.[20] Lord Roberts resumed his advance into the Orange Free State on 3 May, ordering Rundle to prevent any Boers from re-occupying the south-east of the country. On 25 May Maj Henry Dalbiac (a former Royal Artillery officer and veteran of Tel el Kebir) with 34th (Middlesex) Company, acting as advance guard, entered the empty town of Senekal. The Boers attacked the town later in the day, killing Dalbiac and three others. Four of the troopers were wounded and 13 surrendered, while seven made their escape. The rest of the division reoccupied the town later in the day.[19][21][22][23]
The war ground on as the Imperial forces tried to control the
The IY concept was considered a success and before the war ended the existing Yeomanry regiments at home were converted into Imperial Yeomanry, the Middlesex becoming the Middlesex Imperial Yeomanry (Duke of Cambridge's Hussars) in 1901. It HQ was at Rutland Yard,
First World War
London Mounted Brigade
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Organisation on 4 August 1914 |
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In accordance with the
1/1st County of London Yeomanry
The 1st Line regiment was mobilised in August 1914 and moved with the London Mounted Brigade to Hounslow before joining the 2nd Mounted Division at Streatley.[36][37][38] In mid-November 1914 the division moved to Norfolk as part of the coast defences. In April 1915 the regiment was at Mundesley when the brigade was ordered overseas. The regiment entrained for Avonmouth Docks where the men embarked on the Nile on 14 April and sailed for Egypt. The horses were loaded aboard the cramped and insanitary Crispin, and 32 died during the voyage. On arrival the brigade was sent to the Suez Canal defences near Ismailia, being redesignated the 4th (London) Mounted Bde.[36][37][38][39]
Gallipoli
On 10 August the 2nd Mounted Division was ordered to reorganise as a dismounted formation and prepare to proceed overseas. Each regiment left a squadron HQ and the officers and men of two troops to look after the horses. On 13 August the rest of the regiment (16 officers and 320 other ranks) entrained for
On the afternoon of 21 August the division was ordered to advance from
From now on the regiment took its turns holding the front line. By 4 September the Yeomanry were so weak from casualties and sickness that the brigade (1/1st County of London (Middlesex), 1/1st City of London (Rough Riders) and 1/3rd County of London (Sharpshooters)) was formed into a composite 4th London Regiment of Yeomanry. The regiment was relieved on 17 September by the Scottish Horse, one look-out mistakenly reporting the arrival of some Scottish Gaelic-speaking soldiers as a Turkish break-in. When the Middlesex Yeomanry were withdrawn to Lala Baba on 1 November they were reduced to fewer than 50 men. They were evacuated to Mudros and then Egypt to recuperate, the regiment regaining its independence in December.[32][36][37][38][39]
Salonika
During December 1915 and January 1916 the 2nd Mounted Division was broken up and its units distributed to other formations. 4th (London) Mounted Brigade was redesignated 8th Mounted Brigade and sent to Abbassia to return to the Suez Canal defences. In November the brigade was sent to the Macedonian front, disembarking at Salonika and going up-country to serve as GHQ troops. On occasions mounted parties of the Middlesex Yeomanry, riding with muffled bits, were sent out at night into No man's land (here about 1 mile (1.6 km) wide) to erect barbed wire obstacles.[36][38][41]
Palestine
In June 1917 the regiment was withdrawn with 8th Mounted Brigade to Egypt and then moved up to the
The campaign was coming to the end of a period of stalemate, with the EEF preparing to renew its offensive. The Turkish
Meanwhile, Point 720 held by two troops from B Squadron, Middlesex Yeomanry, commanded by Major
On 31 October 1917 the EEF opened its own offensive with the Third Battle of Gaza. The Yeomanry were initially held in reserve, but on 6 November the division went into action as part of the Desert Mounted Corps (DMC) at the Capture of the Sheria Position. There followed a pursuit towards Jerusalem, in which the Yeomanry took part in the battles of Mughar Ridge (13 November) and Nebi Samwil outside Jerusalem (17–24 November). The Turks counter-attacked on 27 November and the Yeomanry held the line for two days. Jerusalem surrendered on 9 December.[42][48]
The crisis on the
The EEF launched its final offensive, the
2/1st County of London Yeomanry
The 2nd Line regiment was formed at Chelsea in 1914 and in November 1914 it was at
In July 1916, the regiment was converted to a
3/1st County of London Yeomanry
The 3rd Line regiment was formed in April 1915 at
Interwar
After the war, it was clear that there were more cavalry units than needed and it was decided that only the 14 most senior Yeomanry regiments would retain their mounts, forming the
In the late 1930s, mechanisation of the British Army was proceeding, and an experimental armoured formation was created as The Mobile Division, later
Second World War
1st Cavalry Divisional Signals
Soon after the outbreak of war the first line unit became 1st Cavalry Divisional Signals (Middlesex Yeomanry), the 1st (and only) Cavalry Division being composed mainly of horsed Yeomanry regiments. It joined Divisional HQ when the formation assembled in Northern Command on 1 November 1939. It then left the UK on 18 January 1940 and travelled across France to embark at Marseille for Palestine, arriving on 31 January. A divisional signal unit provided communications (line, wireless and despatch rider) from divisional HQ down to the level of individual unit HQs; each brigade was allocated a squadron and the establishment for cavalry divisional signals included its own Light Aid Detachment of the Royal Army Ordnance Corps.[7][8][57][58]
'Kingcol'
At first, the division's role was internal security, while its mounted units underwent mechanisation. The signal unit detached Troops that formed new signal units for service at Tobruk and on Crete. Then, after a German-backed coup d'état in Iraq in April 1941, the Royal Air Force (RAF) training base at Habbaniya came under siege by Iraqi Nationalist forces. A relief column, known as 'Habforce', was organised from the troops available in Palestine. On 8 May Brigadier 'Joe' Kingstone of 4th Cavalry Brigade (the only one yet motorised) was sent on ahead with his brigade HQ and signals leading a Flying column named 'Kingcol' to effect a relief of the airbase as soon as possible.[8][32][59][60][61][62]
Kingcol operated as a self-contained unit with 12 days' rations and five days' water. It moved out from
In mid-June, Habforce joined the campaign against
9th Armoured Brigade Signals
Persia
Having progressed with its mechanisation 1st Cavalry Division was reorganised as
In March 1942 'F' Divisional Signals arrived from the UK having been detached from
'Calforce'
10th Armoured Division remained in Palestine until the end of April 1942 when part of it moved up to Libya and was engaged in the confused Second Battle of Ruweisat Ridge (El Mreir) (21–22 July).[7][57][73][74] 9th Armoured Bde did not follow to Egypt until May, and remained in the Nile Delta area as an independent brigade until August. It was then sent up to join 'Calforce' under the command of Brig Percy Calvert-Jones of 12th Anti-Aircraft Brigade who had gathered a heterogeneous collection of artillery units in a series of rearguard actions during Eighth Army's long retreat to the El Alamein position. Eighth Army used 'Calforce' as a blocking force and 9th Armoured Bde was attached to it from 26 August to 8 September.[69][75]
Alamein
As an independent formation, 9th Armoured Bde was assigned to support the
After Alamein 9th Armoured Bde was sent off with 2nd New Zealand Division to pursue the beaten Axis forces, though it was badly held up by road congestion and only managed 12 miles (19 km) on the first day (4 November). Two days later it was running short of fuel. On 11 November, while the New Zealanders continued their pursuit, 9th Armoured Bde was withdrawn and returned to join 10th Armoured Division in the Delta. By the beginning of 1943 it was back in Syria.[73][69][78]
10th Armoured Division was not required for the Sicilian or Italian campaigns, where the terrain was not suitable for large armoured formations, and divisional HQ and signals were finally disbanded on 15 June 1944.[7][73] Its component brigades, however, continued as independent formations. 9th Armoured Bde joined Ninth Army in May 1943 and remained with it Palestine and Syria until returning to Egypt in March 1944. On 30 April the brigade embarked and joined Eighth Army in Italy on 5 May.[32][69]
Italy
The brigade was allotted to XIII Corps, which in turn assigned it to 78th Infantry Division for the Battle of Lake Trasimeno beginning on 20 June. While the fighting continued, 10th Indian Infantry Division of X Corps took up the advance and 9th Armoured Bde was transferred to its command. The brigade protected the corps' right flank during the advance towards Florence, then was switched to the left to support the success of 4th Indian Infantry Division. For the next phase of the campaign, Operation Olive to breach the Gothic Line, 9th Armoured Bde was back with 10th Indian Division in X Corps; Brigade HQ controlled two armoured car regiments patrolling the mountainous country.[69][79][80]
9th Armoured Bde HQ was then pulled out of the line for a new role: commanding specialist armour for the future crossing of the
9th Armoured Bde Group was then selected for operations in the Far East. The personnel were airlifted back to the UK from Italy in August, but before they could reorganise and retrain the Surrender of Japan ended the war.[69]
2nd Armoured Divisional Signals
The second line unit of the Middlesex Yeomanry joined 2nd Armoured Division HQ in Northern Command on 4 March 1940. When the Battle of France was lost and the British Expeditionary Force was being evacuated from Dunkirk (without its equipment) at the end of May, the incomplete 2nd Armoured Division was the only armoured formation available to Home Forces. It was moved into the area between Northampton and Newmarket to be ready to counter-attack in the event of invasion.[83][84][85][86]
However, even at the time of greatest invasion threat, the British Government was prepared to send armoured units to reinforce Middle East Forces facing the Italians. As the threat of invasion of the United Kingdom receded, it became possible to spare more troops and equipment for the Middle East. 2nd Armoured Division (less 22nd Armoured Brigade) was the first significant formation sent. It embarked on 26 October 1940 and landed in Egypt on 1 January 1941.[83][87]
The British offensive into Libya (
22nd Armoured Brigade Signals
North Africa and Italy
22nd Armoured Brigade and its signal squadron had been left in the UK while the rest of 2nd Armoured Division sailed to Egypt. It finally arrived on 2 October, long after 2nd Armoured Division had been captured. The brigade served through the rest of the
Normandy
By 1944 an armoured brigade signal squadron (4 Sqn of divisional signals) was organised as Sqn HQ (2 officers and 23 other ranks (ORs)), W Troop (1 officer and 51 ORs) with brigade HQ, V Trp (19 ORs) with the motor battalion, and X, Y and Z Trps (each of 15 ORs) with the three armoured regiments.[92] 22nd Armoured Brigade was re-equipped and trained in the area round Brandon, Suffolk, to take part in the Allied landings in Normandy (Operation Overlord). The brigade was to sail in assault landing craft and land on D Day and D + 1, followed by the rest of 7th Armoured Division. It embarked on Landing Craft Tank (LCTs) at Felixstowe on 4 June and landed successfully on Gold Beach during the morning of D + 1 (7 June).[7][90][93]
On 10 June, 22nd Armoured Bde led the division's advance towards
Low Countries and Germany
The rest of September and October was spent in probing operations while 21st Army Group's emphasis shifted to Antwerp and Operation Market Garden, where the division was called in to clear XXX Corps' severed supply lines. 22nd Armoured Bde cooperated with 51st (Highland) Division around 's-Hertogenbosch, but much of the country was unsuitable for tanks. It was not until 13 January 1945 that the division participated in a major attack (Operation Blackcock) towards Roermond. The division then rested and prepared for the crossing of the Rhine, Operation Plunder. The infantry began their assault crossing on the night of 23/24 March, followed by an airborne landing (Operation Varsity) next day. By 27 March the Sappers had bridged the river and 7th Armoured began to cross. At first progress was slow, but on 29 March 22nd Armoured Bde fanned out leading the advance; the division made 120 miles (190 km) by 2 April, only halted by the River Ems. 11th Armoured Division having captured a bridge intact, 22nd Armoured Bde resumed its advance, now a pursuit. Hamburg surrendered to 7th Armoured Division on 3 May, and the German surrender at Lüneburg Heath followed next day.[90][102][103]
Postwar
Postwar the unit initially reformed as 40 Signal Regiment, RCS, but when the TA was reconstituted in 1947 it formed 16th Airborne Divisional Signal Regiment (Middlesex Yeomanry) with RHQ at Uxbridge and four squadrons, together with 22 Armoured Brigade Signal Troop in
When 16th Division was reduced to a single parachute brigade in 1956 the airborne part of the regiment was similarly reduced to No 3 Sqn (as 44 Independent Parachute Brigade Signal Squadron) while the rest took on general signal duties including a '
The TA was reduced in 1961, when the regiment amalgamated with
After the '
The squadron amalgamated with 41 (Princess Louise's Kensington) Signal Squadron to form a new entity, 31 (Middlesex Yeomanry and Princess Louise's Kensington) Signal Squadron, in 2014.[111]
Uniforms and insignia
The full dress uniform of the unit raised in 1830 comprised a green
The regiment adopted a Hussar uniform in 1872 but with dark green substituted for the blue of the regular cavalry regiments of that designation. ; the facings were black, and dark blue overalls were on with double scarlet stripes (gold stripes for officers). The headdress was a Busby with a green bag and green-over-red plume. Equipment was black, and knee-boots were worn when mounted; all ranks had black lambskin saddle covers, and officers' chargers had green jowl-plumes tipped with scarlet.[19][6][11][112][113] The Middlesex Yeomanry disregarded War Office instructions to adopt silver braiding (the traditional distinction of volunteer units) and in a display of independence added additional gold braiding to their officers' tunics.[114] The group photograph above shows the range of uniforms worn during the 1890s, with relatively plain service and ordinary duty dress the most commonly worn garments.
Khaki uniforms with Slouch hats were laid down for the Imperial Yeomanry after the Second Boer War, but they were allowed coloured facings and plumes. A form of full dress was reinstated in 1905, the Middlesex Yeomanry wearing blue jackets with the slouch hat and khaki drab breeches (blue overalls with yellow/gold stripes when mounted). Slouch hats were replaced by service caps in 1907 (see photo of Major Lafone above). The old full dress was reinstated in 1910, but with the Busby bag changed to scarlet and the overall stripes to yellow for all ranks.[11][19][115][116] The khaki service dress of the regular cavalry was adopted for training and ordinary duties about 1907, becoming the standard uniform worn on all occasions following the outbreak of the First World War.[117]
When the Middlesex Yeomanry converted to Royal Signals they retained their cap badge[1][19] and wore the brass Royal Corps of Signals shoulder title with 'Y' above to indicate yeomanry.[7][56] During the Second World War, signals units would have worn the formation badge of their respective HQs as a shoulder flash. Since the Second World War, parachute signal units have worn a 'Drop Zone' (DZ) flash in the RCS colours of white over blue. 16 Airborne Signal Rgt (Middlesex Yeomanry) adopted a non-standard DZ flash with yellow and green vertical stripes over which the red letters TA appeared (the T on the green stripe). 44 Parachute Brigade Signal Sqn and 305 (Middlesex Yeomanry) Parachute Signal Sqn wore the red numbers 44 or 305 on the white over blue DZ flash.[118]
47 (Middlesex Yeomanry) Signal Rgt 1961–67 wore the Middlesex Yeomanry cap and collar badges on battledress, but Royal Signals collar badges on Service Dress or No 1 Dress. The former red-yellow-green shoulder flash of the Middlesex Yeomanry was replaced by an eight-pointed star derived from the divisional flash of the 47th (1/2nd London) Division in the First World War. The regiment had its own system of rank badges: corporals and lance corporals both wore two chevrons with a crown above; sergeants and lance sergeants wore three chevrons with a crown above; staff sergeants and the Squadron Quartermaster Sergeant (SQMS) wore four chevrons and a crown.[7]
47 (Middlesex Yeomanry) Signal Sqn wear a lanyard of parachute cord in dull green and gold to remember their service as airborne signals. The squadron collar badges and buttons are those of the Middlesex Yeomanry, and the squadron has retained Middlesex Yeomanry Stable belts and Side caps. Officers wear a woven wire Middlesex Yeomanry badge with the side cap. The SQMS has the distinction of wearing four chevrons.[7]
Commanders
Commanding officers
The following officers have commanded the regiment and its successors:[8][11]
Uxbridge Volunteer Cavalry
- Sir Christopher Baynes, Bt
Middlesex Yeomanry
- Capt, later Lt-Col Hubert de Burgh, 5 January 1831
- Lt-Col Frederick Cox, 3 August 1872
- Lt-Col William H. Harfield, 7 June 1880
- Lt-Col W.H. Mitford, 23 April 1892
- Lt-Col F. Heygate-Lambert, 28 October 1903
- Lt-Col W. Duncan, 28 April 1910
2nd Cavalry Divisional Signals
- Maj W.D. Marcuse, TD, 1920
- Maj A.L. Brodrick, 1921
- Maj H.D. Roberts, MC, TD, 23 February 1929
- Lt-Col G.S. Sale, MC, TD, 1932
- Maj L.F. Messel, 1938
1st Cavalry Divisional Signals
- Lt-Col L.F. Messel, 1939
- Lt-Col Hon MP, 1941–42
2nd Armoured Divisional Signals
- Lt-Col W.P. Doyle, 1939
- Lt-Col B.B. Kennett, MBE, 1940–41
16th Airborne Divisional Signals
- Lt-Col Viscount Malden, TD, 1947
- Lt-Col N.E. Pease, MBE, TD, 1950
- Lt-Col J.J. Collins, MC, TD
Honorary Colonels
The following officers have served as Honorary Colonel of the unit:[5][11]
- Frederick Cox, former CO, appointed 23 March 1878
- FM The Duke of Cambridge, who had given his name to the regiment 10 years earlier, appointed 6 January 1894
- FM Earl Kitchener of Khartoum, appointed 5 July 1910
- Lt-Col Lord Denman, GCMG, KCVO, former officer in 11th Bn IY and Middlesex Imperial Yeomanry, appointed 11 April 1923
- Maj H.D. Roberts, MC, TD, former CO , appointed 6 April 1935
- Brig B.B. Kennett, CBE, former CO
- Lt-Col Reginald Capell, Viscount Malden (later 9th Earl of Essex), TD, former CO, appointed 6 April 1957
Honours
Victoria Crosses
Major
Major
Battle honours
The Middlesex Yeomanry was awarded the following
Second Boer War | South Africa 1900–01
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First World War | Palestine 1917–18
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Battle honours of Yeomanry regiments are held by their descendant units, irrespective of their current arm or service, even if they (like the Royal Signals) do not themselves display battle honours.[122]
Memorial
The regiment's memorial, designed by Basil Gotto, is in the Nelson Chamber of the crypt of St Paul's Cathedral in the City of London. Unveiled in 1906, the plaque commemorated the 55 members of the Middlesex Yeomanry's Imperial Yeomanry companies who were killed in action in the Second Boer war. Subsequently, flanking panels were added for the First World War, and a panel underneath for the Second World War.[123]
The Church of St Martin-within-Ludgate is the Middlesex Yeomanry's Regimental Chapel; it is the starting point for the regiment's annual Lafone Day service and parade up Ludgate Hill to St Paul's, where a wreath is laid at the memorial in the crypt.[124]
See also
- County of London Yeomanry
- Imperial Yeomanry
- List of Yeomanry Regiments 1908
- Yeomanry
- Yeomanry order of precedence
- British yeomanry during the First World War
- Second line yeomanry regiments of the British Army
Footnotes
- ^ Divisional signal units of the Royal Signals 1920–45 were battalion-sized and commanded by a Major or Lieutenant-Colonel; they were not termed 'regiments' until 1946.[55]
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{{cite web}}
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- ^ H. Stafford Northcote, 'Desert Tragedy: The Conquest of Vichy Syria', in Purnell's History of the Second World War, pp. 550–60.
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- ^ Joslen, p. 573.
- ^ Playfair & Molony, Vol IV, pp. 7–9, 37–8, 46, 57, 64–7.
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- ^ Jackson, Vol VI, Pt II, pp. 5, 23, 39, 42, 46–7, 76–7, 145–8, 225–6.
- ^ Jackson, Vol VI, Pt II, pp. 234, 298.
- ^ Jackson, Vol VI, Pt III, pp. 209, 222, Appendix 6.
- ^ a b c Joslen, p. 16.
- ^ Collier Chapter VII.
- ^ Collier, Chapter VIII.
- ^ Collier, Chapter XIV.
- ^ Playfair, Vol I, pp. 190, 244–7.
- ^ Playfair, Vol I, pp. 291, 355, 357, 365.
- ^ Playfair, Vol II, pp. 2–7, 19–30.
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- ^ Lindsay & Johnstone, pp. 46–8.
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- ^ Lindsay & Johnstone, pp. 59–88.
- ^ Ellis, Vol II, p. 6.
- ^ Lindsay & Johnstone, pp. 89–158.
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- ^ Lord & Watson, p. 268.
- ^ 16 Airborne Division at Stepping Forward London.
- ^ a b Lord & Watson, pp. 202–3.
- ^ a b Lord & Watson, pp. 308–9.
- ^ Lord & Watson, p. 282.
- ^ Lord & Watson, pp. 167–8.
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- ^ "31 Signal Squadron". Ministry of Defence. Retrieved 5 November 2017.
- ^ Ryan 1957.
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- ^ St Martin's in the wider community.
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External links
- Anglo Boer War site
- Commonwealth War Graves Commission
- The Long, Long Trail
- Imperial War Museum, War Memorials Register
- Land Forces of Britain, the Empire and Commonwealth – Regiments.org (archive site)
- Roll of Honour
- Stepping Forward: A Tribute to the Volunteer Military Reservists and Supporting Auxiliaries of Greater London