Sussex Yeomanry
Sussex Yeomanry | |
---|---|
Active | 23 June 1794–1828 28 March 1831–1848 14 June 1901 – present |
Country | Territorial Army |
Type | Yeomanry |
Role | Cavalry Artillery Engineers |
Size | Regiment |
Garrison/HQ | Brighton |
Engagements |
|
Commanders | |
Notable commanders | George Wyndham, 3rd Earl of Egremont Charles Wyndham, 3rd Baron Leconfield Charles Gordon-Lennox, 8th Duke of Richmond |
The Sussex Yeomanry is a
French Revolutionary and Napoleonic Wars
After Britain was drawn into the
- Petworth Cavalry
- Henfield Cavalry
- West Hoathly Cavalry
- Forest Row Cavalry, with a detachment at Ashdown
Other Troops were soon added:[2][3]
- Hastings Cavalry, raised 26 July 1794 as an independent troop, regimented by 1802
- Rye Cavalry, raised 31 July 1794 as an independent troop, regimented by 1802
- Midhurst Cavalry, raised 24 November 1794, with a detachment at Cowdray
- Lewes Cavalry, raised 3 June 1795, with a detachment at Coombes
- Parham Cavalry, raised 8 October 1795 by Sir Cecil Bisshopp, 8th Baronet. It usually exercised at his estate at Parham Park, drilling in the gallery of the house when the weather was wet. The troop reached a strength of 80 officers and men.[5]
- Rape of Chichester Cavalry, raised 17 June 1797, with a detachment at Watergate
- Eastbourne Cavalry, raised 20 June 1798, with a detachment at Willingdon
- Ashburnham Cavalry, raised 27 June 1798
- Brightling Cavalry, raised 27 June 1798 with a detachment at Rose Hill
In 1794, the Churchwardens of the Lewes Visitation pledged to raised the 'Sussex Churchwardens' Corps' with blue uniforms, but in the event the troop was never formed.[6]
A Yeomanry artillery troop, the Duke of Richmond's Light Horse Artillery was raised by
The Treaty of Amiens in 1802 saw most of the Yeomanry disbanded, leaving six troops in Sussex (Petworth, West Hoathly, Midhurst, Lewes, Parham and Chichester). The peace was short-lived and Britain declared war on France again in May 1803, beginning the Napoleonic Wars. The Sussex Yeomanry Cavalry was quickly reformed, including the following additional troops:[2][3]
- Firle Cavalry, raised 28 July 1803
- Ringmer Cavalry, raised 2 September 1803
- Rye Cavalry, reformed 1 October 1803
- Goodwood Artillery Troop, reformed 15 October 1803
- Ashburnham Cavalry, reformed 17 November 1803
By 1806, there was also a cavalry troop forming part of the North Pevensey Legion, but this was raised under the Volunteer Act of 1804 and did not form part of the Yeomanry. The Sussex Cavalry (three troops) and Sussex Guides were raised in 1803, but these were probably also Volunteers.[3] For a while, the Yeomanry and infantry volunteers were combined to form the Sussex Legion, but the Volunteers were disbanded at the end of the Napoleonic Wars, and the Yeomanry reverted to their previous title.[2]
19th Century
The Yeomanry declined in importance and strength after the end of the French wars,[8] and by 1817 only three of the original troops (Petworth, Lewes and Midhurst) survived, joined by a new West Coast Troop raised at Yapton on 30 July 1816. However, a new Goodwood Troop of Yeomanry Artillery was raised on 19 October 1817 by Charles Gordon-Lennox, Earl of March and Darnley (later 5th Duke of Richmond). The unit consisted of four detachments, each of one gun with two pairs of horses, two sergeants and eight gunners. At an inspection in Goodwood Park in 1824, the troop marched past with four 3-pounders (possibly the same guns laid up by the earlier troop) and an ammunition wagon. The troop was disbanded in December 1827.[2][3][7]
The remaining troops of Sussex Yeomanry were disbanded when government support was withdrawn in 1828.[2][3][9] However, a wave of civil unrest across Britain from 1830 led to a revival of the Yeomanry. The Petworth Troop was reformed on 28 March 1831 and the Sussex Yeomanry Cavalry was reformed as a regiment on 18 May that year, with its HQ at Arundel and the following organisation:[2][10]
- Petworth Troop, disbanded by 1843
- Arundel and Bramber Yeomanry Cavalry (two troops), disbanded 1848
In 1871, the 1st Sussex Light Horse Volunteers were formed at Brighton, but these were part of the post-1859 Volunteer Force and not Yeomanry. They were disbanded in 1875.[2][7][11]
Second Boer War
Following a string of defeats during
On 14 June 1901, approval was given for a new regiment of Sussex Imperial Yeomanry (all Yeomanry were designated Imperial Yeomanry from 1901 to 1907) to be formed under the command of Lt-Col
- Regimental HQ (RHQ) at 10 Great College Street, Brighton, moving to 26 Silwood Street in 1902 and Church Street in Autumn 1913
- A Squadron at Hove
- B Squadron at Lewes
- C Squadron at Chichester
- D Squadron at Hastings and Rye, later at Eastbourne
Enlistment for the new unit began on 1 October, and by 2 April 1902 69 men had been sent to South Africa to join the various IY companies still serving there. By the time the regiment carried out its first training camp at Lewes, in May 1902, it had a strength of 413.[22]
Territorial Force
South Eastern Mounted Brigade |
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Organisation on 4 August 1914 |
|
The Imperial Yeomanry were subsumed into the new Territorial Force (TF) under the Haldane Reforms of 1908.[24][25][26] The Sussex Yeomanry (TF) were organised as follows:[2][20][27][28][29][30]
- RHQ at Drill Hall, Church Street, Brighton[31]
- A Squadron at Brighton, with detachments at Horsham, Worthing, Haywards Heath and Crawley
- B Squadron at Lewes, with detachments at Tunbridge Wellsand Haywards Heath
- C Squadron at Chichester, with a detachment at Bognor
- D Squadron at Eastbourne, with detachments at St Leonards, Bexhill and Rye
The Sussex Yeomanry formed part of the TF's South Eastern Mounted Brigade. [22][29][27][28]
First World War
Mobilisation
The Sussex Yeomanry were mobilised on the outbreak of war on 4 August 1914 under the
1/1st Sussex Yeomanry
The 1st Line regiment went to its war station at Canterbury (under
The brigade, with the regiment, was withdrawn to
The brigade was with the Suez Canal Defences when, on 14 January 1917,
On 23 February, the
With the 74th Division, the battalion took part in the invasion of
In May 1918, the battalion landed at
On 14 July 1918, the Yeomanry Division went into the line for the first time, near
With the end of the war, the troops of 74th Division were engaged in railway repair work and education was undertaken while demobilisation began. The division and its subformations were disbanded on 10 July 1919.[41][44]
2/1st Sussex Yeomanry
The 2nd Line regiment was formed at
In July 1916, 4th Mounted Division became
3/1st Sussex Yeomanry
The 3rd Line regiment was formed in July 1915 at
Between the wars
After the First World War, the TF was reformed as the
Second World War
98th Field Regiment (Surrey & Sussex Yeomanry Queen Mary's)
- See main article 98th Field Regiment (Surrey & Sussex Yeomanry Queen Mary's)
On mobilisation in 1939, the Regiment was part of the
144th Field Regiment (Surrey & Sussex Yeomanry Queen Mary's)
Home Defence
On the outbreak of war in September 1939, the regiment mobilised at Brighton as an Army field regiment in
East Africa
After Italy declared war in the summer of 1940, the War Office sent reinforcements to protect the British bases in
On arrival, 390 Bty (less F Troop) under the command of Major E.C.R. Mansergh, was sent to Mekali Wells to join 'Gazelle Force' on 11 December. Organised around the divisional motor cavalry regiment (Skinner's Horse) and two motor machine gun companies of the Sudan Defence Force, Gazelle Force under the command of Colonel Frank Messervy had been raiding Italian frontier posts since October, and 390 Bty's 25-pounders replaced an earlier battery of 18-pounders. F Troop, which had been detached to Gebeit, rejoined 390 Bty on 17 January.[50][55][61][62]
In January 1941, the British force advanced against Kassala and the Italians withdrew. Gazelle Force was sent in pursuit. On 21 January, it was approaching Keru when D and F Troops of 390 Bty were charged by about 60 Eritrean cavalry led by two Italian officers on grey horses – probably the last time British forces faced a cavalry charge. The horsemen were driven off by the guns firing over open sights and gunners of 25th Fd Rgt using rifles. The battery's observation posts (OPs) also drove off enemy infantry and dismounted cavalry who were working round the position. After the enemy had been winkled out of Keru Gorge, a three-day fight for Agordat followed, with the guns supporting infantry fighting their way up steep hills. By 1 February, the advance was continuing at high speed, the guns driving at 35 mph until they were stopped by artillery fire 1 mile (1.6 km) short of Ponte Mussolini on the Barka River. E Troop unlimbered and put the Italian guns out of action with seven rounds. On 3 February, the battery reached the main Italian defensive position at Dongolass Gorge that shut off the Keren Plateau and began shelling the defences.[50][55][63][64]
Reinforced, Gazelle Force attempted to seize the gorge by scaling the heights either side of it. A company of 2nd Battalion,
Meanwhile, the rest of the regiment with 5th Indian Division had been fighting hard for Barentu, until the defenders withdrew after the fall of Agordat. Now the force was concentrated to take Keren and regiment was reunited.[50][68][69][70] The regiment came into action in the Hagas Valley at 20.30 on 14 February. All the artillery of two divisions was concentrated against Mount Sanchil on 16 March, and the OP on Cameron Ridge was able to bring down F Trp's fire on enemy reinforcements massing for a counter-attack. That night the OP reported the British and Indian troops were only yards for their objectives. F Troop tried to silence the enemy mortars and 390 Bty continued firing against divisional targets all next day. On 18 March the OP reported that the enemy had recaptured Sanchil, and at 05.15 the next morning the Alpini battalion of the Savoia Grenadiers was seen running down the gorge, until an effective Defensive Fire (DF) task was called down on them.[68][71][72]
Meanwhile, 389 Bty under Major A.G. Munn was supporting Brigadier Messervy's attack on Fort Dolgorodoc. Munn accompanied 2nd Bn Highland Light Infantry and was wounded, while his signaller won a Military Medal for laying out a telephone line under fire when the radio failed. 144th Field Rgt was in constant action beating off enemy counter-attacks, but was sustaining casualties from return fire. On 25 March 398 Bty engaged and dispersed a force of enemy tanks, but that day a mobile column broke through the roadblock in the Dongolass gorge and Keren fell two days later.[68][73][74] Afterwards, 144th Fd Rgt was concentrated with 5th Indian Division in the final push on Addis Ababa. At Amba Alagi on 4 May, 29th Indian Infantry Brigade took a series of hill features while covered by a timed artillery fireplan. The following day, Major Munn accompanied 1st Bn Worcestershire Regiment as they took Middle Hill supported by a powerful artillery attack. Further advance on this line was impossible, but the main Italian force in East Africa surrendered on 19 May.[75][76][77]
Tobruk
At the end of the campaign, 5th Indian Division returned to Egypt. 144th Field Rgt sailed from for Suez on 24 June, arriving two days later.
On arrival, the regiment took over an assortment of old guns from 2/12th Australian Fd Rgt, which had been the garrison's primary counter-battery unit:[50][79][81]
- 389 Bty
- A Trp: 4 x 100mm Italian guns (pre-1914)
- B & C Trps: 4.5-inch howitzers (1904 vintage)
- 390 Bty
- D Trp: 18-pounders in the anti-tank (A/T) role
- E Trp: 105mm Italian guns (1914)
- F Trp: 4 x 60-pounders (First World War)
The CO, Lt-Col Clements, described these as 'what must have been the most extraordinary collection of junk with which any British regiment went into battle'.[79] In October there was a rearrangement, with E Trp taking over 4.5-inch, D Trp 100mm, B & C Trps 18-pdrs, and RHQ manning Austrian-made 150mm howitzers.[50]
On 21 November, 70th Division began its breakout from Tobruk to link up with Eighth Army's Operation Crusader. 144th Field Rgt's FOOs were able to watch the capture of key enemy positions such as 'Tiger', and to direct the 18-pounders of B and C Trps against enemy A/T guns.[82][83] After hard fighting, covered by 144th Fd Rgt, 70th Division broke through and XIII Corps' HQ entered the town on 29 November. Fighting continued: on 30 November, the regiment halted an enemy infantry counter-attack with a DF programme, though one gun of D Trp was knocked out by a direct hit. The full link-up between Eighth Army and the Tobruk garrison was achieved on 5 December, and by 10 December all enemy troops had withdrawn from the perimeter.[84][85]
On 28 January 1942, the regiment came under the command of
Middle East
144th (S&SY) Field Rgt left 5th Indian Division for the last time on 10 May 1942 and was sent to
Royal Artillery field regiments had adopted a three-battery organisation earlier in the war, and 144th Fd Rgt finally reorganised its 24 guns into three batteries (389, 390 and 552) in January 1943. In October 1943, 31st Indian Armoured Division moved to Egypt, apparently to join the
144th (Surrey & Sussex Yeomanry QMR) Field Regiment was placed in suspended animation at Almaza, Egypt, in September 1945.[50][47]
74th Medium Regiment
The cadre that provided the basis for 74th Medium Regiment was supplied by 144th (S&SY) Fd Rgt, but it was considered a war-formed unit, not part of the TA, and was not granted the Yeomanry subtitle. The cadre was formed on 5 December 1939 and the new regiment came into existence at Preston Park, Brighton, on 2 January 1940. Its two batteries were initially lettered A and B, changing to P and Q on 11 March 1942[53][91] At this stage of the war each battery of a medium regiment would consist of eight guns, either 6-inch howitzers or 60-pounders of First World War vintage.[92][93]
The regiment was formed too late for the Battle of France, but by the end of 1940 it was serving in
74th Medium Regiment served in North Africa with First Army as part of the new style Army Groups Royal Artillery (AGRAs), developed by the gunnery tacticians as powerful artillery brigades, usually comprising three medium regiments and one heavy regiment, which could be rapidly moved about the battlefield, and had the punch to destroy enemy artillery. The first AGRA HQs had been formed in August 1942 and officially sanctioned in November in time for Torch.[102][103][104][105]
74th Heavy Regiment served in
In February 1944, 2nd AGRA was sent to support the
The regiment was disbanded on 1 December 1945.[53][91]
Postwar
When the TA was reconstituted in 1947, the two regiments were reformed as 298th (Surrey Yeomanry, Queen Mary's) Field Regiment, RA and 344th (Sussex Yeomanry) Light Anti-Aircraft Regiment, RA. In 1950, the 344th absorbed 605th (Sussex) Heavy Anti-Aircraft Regiment, RA. On 10 March 1955, Anti-Aircraft Command was disbanded and there was a reduction in the number of TA anti-aircraft units. On that day, 344 (Sussex Yeomanry) LAA Rgt merged with 258 (Sussex) LAA Rgt, 313 (Sussex), and 641 (Sussex) Heavy Anti-Aircraft Regiments to form 258 (Sussex Yeomanry) Light Anti-Aircraft Regiment, RA. The former 344 LAA Rgt provided RHQ and P Battery at Brighton to the new regiment. In 1961, this regiment in turn merged with 257 (County of Sussex) Field Rgt to form 257 (Sussex Yeomanry) Field Rgt, with RHQ at Brighton.[47][40][112][113][114][115]
When the TA was converted into the
In April 1993, 200 (Sussex Yeomanry) Battery converted to become 127 (Sussex Yeomanry) Field Squadron, 78 (Fortress) Engineer Regiment
Uniforms and insignia
The several units that made up the Sussex Troops of Gentlemen and Yeomanry in 1794, favoured light cavalry helmets with feather plumes, short dark green jackets with black facings and white breeches. The Arundel and Bramber Troop raised in 1831 followed contemporary Light Dragoon fashion with bell-topped
The newly formed Regiment of Sussex Imperial Yeomanry of 1901 wore
Between 1922 and 1930, 98th Field Brigade is believed to have worn an embroidered arm badge with '98' over 'Bde' in a circle in red. on a dark blue background. The RA cap badge was at first worn by all batteries of 98th Field Bde, but after 1930 the batteries wore their Surrey or Sussex Yeomanry cap and collar badges as appropriate. This continued during the Second World War, with both regiments also wearing an embroidered shoulder title with 'SURREY & SUSSEX' over 'YEOMANRY Q.M.R.' in yellow on navy blue. In the Middle East, they wore brass shoulder titles on khaki drill jackets, with 'S&Sx.Yeo' for 98th Field Rgt and 'SSY' for 144th Field Rgt. After the war, both regiments retained their respective Surrey or Sussex Yeomanry cap badges and yellow on navy shoulder titles, 'SURREY YEOMANRY Q.M.R.' for 298th Field Rgt and 'SUSSEX YEOMANRY' for 344th LAA/SL Rgt.[47]
Honorary Colonels
The following served as Honorary Colonel of the unit:[20][32]
- William Nevill, 1st Marquess of Abergavenny 28 September 1901[119]
- St John Brodrick, 1st Earl of Midleton, appointed (to Surrey Yeomanry) 28 September 1901 (joint Hon Col from 1922)
- Charles Wyndham, 3rd Baron Leconfield, appointed (to joint regiment) 13 December 1922
Memorials
A brass plaque commemorating eight members of 69th (Sussex) Company IY who died during the Second Boer War is on the west wall of St Mary the Virgin Church at Battle.[120]
Memorial tablets to the regiment's dead in the First and Second World Wars are set into a wall in the village of Charlton, near Chichester.[121]
Museum
There is a small collection of items associated with the Surrey and Sussex Yeomanry hosted at Newhaven Fort.[122][123]
See also
- Imperial Yeomanry
- List of Yeomanry Regiments 1908
- Yeomanry
- Yeomanry order of precedence
- British yeomanry during the First World War
- Second line yeomanry regiments of the British Army
- List of British Army Yeomanry Regiments converted to Royal Artillery
Footnotes
- ^ No battle honours were awarded. It is tradition within artillery units that the Regiment's guns represent its colours. The Royal Regiment of Artillery has but one battle honour 'Ubique', meaning 'Everywhere'.
- ^ Although one source[51] suggests that each regiment had one Surrey and one Sussex battery, the last detailed Monthly Army List published before the war (May 1939) confirms that 389 and 390 Btys (144th Fd Rgt) were titled 'Sussex Yeomanry' and 391 and 392 (98th Fd Rgt) were 'Surrey Yeomanry'.
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{{cite web}}
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- ^ a b Maj A. McK, Annand, 'Sir Cecil Bysshopp, Bart. (later 12th Baron Zouche) and the Parham Troop of Sussex Yeomanry, c. 1798', Journal of the Society for Army Historical Research, Vol XLV, No 181, Spring 1967, pp. 17–23.
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- ^ a b c Barlow & Smith, p. 7.
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- Brig E.A. James, British Regiments 1914–18, London: Samson Books, 1978, ISBN 0-906304-03-2/Uckfield: Naval & Military Press, 2001, ISBN 978-1-84342-197-9.
- Lt-Col H.F. Joslen, Orders of Battle, United Kingdom and Colonial Formations and Units in the Second World War, 1939–1945, London: HM Stationery Office, 1960/London: London Stamp Exchange, 1990, ISBN 0-948130-03-2/ Uckfield: Naval & Military Press, 2003, ISBN 1-843424-74-6.
- Norman E.H. Litchfield, The Territorial Artillery 1908–1988 (Their Lineage, Uniforms and Badges), Nottingham: Sherwood Press, 1992, ISBN 0-9508205-2-0.
- Mileham, Patrick (1994). The Yeomanry Regiments; 200 Years of Tradition. Edinburgh: Canongate Academic. ISBN 1-898410-36-4.
- Brig C.J.C. Molony,History of the Second World War, United Kingdom Military Series: The Mediterranean and Middle East, Vol V: The Campaign in Sicily 1943 and the Campaign in Italy 3rd September 1943 to 31st March 1944, London: HM Stationery Office, 1973/Uckfield, Naval & Military Press, 2004, ISBN 1-845740-69-6.
- Brig C.J.C. Molony, History of the Second World War, United Kingdom Military Series: The Mediterranean and Middle East, Vol VI: Victory in the Mediterranean, Part I: 1st April to 4th June 1944, London: HM Stationery Office, 1987/Uckfield, Naval & Military Press, 2004, ISBN 1-845740-70-X.
- Maj-Gen ISBN 1-845740-65-3.
- Maj-Gen I.S.O. Playfair, History of the Second World War, United Kingdom Military Series: The Mediterranean and Middle East, Vol III: (September 1941 to September 1942) British Fortunes reach their Lowest Ebb, London: HMSO, 1960 /Uckfield, Naval & Military Press, 2004, ISBN 1-845740-67-X
- Maj-Gen ISBN 1-845740-68-8.
- Rinaldi, Richard A (2008). Order of Battle of the British Army 1914. Ravi Rikhye. ISBN 978-0-9776072-8-0.
- Col H.C.B. Rogers, The Mounted Troops of the British Army 1066–1945, London: Seeley Service, 1959.
- Edward M. Spiers, The Army and Society 1815–1914, London: Longmans, 1980, ISBN 0-582-48565-7.
- Titles and Designations of Formations and Units of the Territorial Army, London: War Office, 7 November 1927 (RA sections also summarised in Litchfield, Appendix IV).
- Westlake, Ray (1996). British Regiments at Gallipoli. Barnsley: Leo Cooper. ISBN 0-85052-511-X.
External links
- Anglo Boer War Archived 20 October 2018 at the Wayback Machine
- Chris Baker, The Long, Long Trail Archived 7 March 2022 at the Wayback Machine
- Derek Barton, Royal Artillery 1939–45 Archived 1 March 2021 at the Wayback Machine
- Mark Conrad, The British Army, 1914 (archive site)
- British Army units from 1945 on Archived 29 August 2015 at the Wayback Machine
- The Drill Hall Project Archived 13 August 2015 at the Wayback Machine
- Imperial War Museum, War Memorials Register Archived 10 January 2018 at the Wayback Machine
- T.F. Mills, Land Forces of Britain, the Empire and Commonwealth – Regiments.org (archive site)
- The Regimental Warpath 1914–1918 (archive site)
- Roll of Honour Archived 18 October 2018 at the Wayback Machine
- contact us on the official sussex yeomanry website: sussexyeomanry.org Archived 4 June 2016 at the Wayback Machine