City of London Yeomanry (Rough Riders)

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The City of London Yeomanry (Rough Riders)
Signals (1969)
SizeRegiment
Garrison/HQ39 Finsbury Square
130 Bunhill Row
Nickname(s)The Roughs
PatronHer Majesty Queen Elizabeth The Queen Mother (1952)
Motto(s)Domine Dirige Nos (Lord, direct us)
Mascot(s)The Lobster
EngagementsSecond Boer War
First World War
Gallipoli 1915
Egypt 1915–16
Macedonia 1916–17
Palestine 1917–18
France and Flanders 1918

Second World War

The Blitz
North Africa
Italy
Commanders
Notable
commanders		Richard Colvin
Frederick Maitland, 14th Earl of Lauderdale
Goland Clarke

The City of London Yeomanry (Rough Riders) was a

Gallipoli Campaign but reverted to the mounted role in the Senussi campaign, at Salonika and in Palestine. It ended the war as a machine gun unit on the Western Front. In the interwar years it was reduced to a battery in a composite Royal Horse Artillery unit in London, but in the period of rearmament before the Second World War it was expanded into a full regiment of light anti-aircraft artillery. It served in this role during The Blitz and later in the Tunisian and Italian campaigns. Postwar it became an armoured regiment. It amalgamated with the Inns of Court Regiment to form the Inns of Court & City Yeomanry in 1961. The lineage is maintained by 68 (Inns of Court & City Yeomanry
) Signal Squadron, part of 71 (Yeomanry) Signal Regiment.

Imperial Yeomanry

Memorial to the 20th (Rough Riders) Battalion, Imperial Yeomanry in the Second Boer War, located in Waltham Abbey Church

Following a string of defeats during

Royal Warrant was issued on 24 December. This officially created the Imperial Yeomanry (IY). The force was organised as county service companies of approximately 115 men signed up for one year, and volunteers from existing Yeomanry Cavalry regiments and civilians (usually middle and upper class) quickly filled the new force, which was equipped to operate as Mounted infantry.[1][2][3]

The 20th (Rough Riders) Battalion, IY, was raised on 17 March 1900 in the

Loyal Suffolk Hussars, with Capt Viscount Maitland (formerly of the Scots Guards) as adjutant. It embarked in April after only one month's training.[4][5][6][7][8][9][10]

The battalion landed in South Africa on 3 May, where the companies were posted to separate formations during the guerrilla war phase of the campaign.

Maj-Gen R.A.P. Clements pursuing Koos de la Rey. In October the company was ordered back to Pretoria.[12][13][14][15]

During the campaign the 20th (Rough Riders) Battalion lost three officers and 27 other ranks killed or died, and 18 seriously wounded,[8] and its members received a number of decorations, including Lt-Col Colvin who was Mentioned in dispatches[16] and awarded a Companionship of the Bath (CB).[17]

The First Contingent of the Imperial Yeomanry completed their year's term of service in 1901 but enough of the Rough Riders signed on for a second term for two companies (76th and 78th) of the battalion to continue in service.

3rd (Fermanagh Militia) Battalion, Royal Inniskilling Fusiliers, with Maj Viscount Dungarvan (lieutenant-colonel of the North Somerset Yeomanry) as his second-in-command. On arrival in South Africa the battalion was joined by 76th and 78th Companies from the First Contingent. The battalion was disbanded at the end of the war in 1902.[5][7][11][18][19][20]

The Imperial Yeomanry concept was considered a success: before the war ended the existing Yeomanry regiments at home were converted into Imperial Yeomanry, and some of the war-raised battalions were established as permanent regiments. The Rough Riders were established on 27 July 1901 as 1st County of London Imperial Yeomanry (Rough Riders) under the command of Viscount Maitland, promoted to lieutenant-colonel, while Lt-Col Colvin was invited to raise and command a separate new regiment of

London Guildhall, later transferring to Finsbury Square.[21][a] The establishment of a regiment of the IY was four squadrons and a machine gun section, totalling 596 men.[8] The new regiment was granted the Battle honour South Africa 1900–02 in view of the service of its predecessor units.[9][21][24]

Territorial Force

London Mounted Brigade
Organisation on 4 August 1914
Assigned units
HQ and 4 squadrons
HQ and 4 squadrons
HQ and 4 squadrons
  • Brigade troops
Ammunition Column, Armoury House, Finsbury
Transport and Supply Column, ASC,
Holborn
Training attachments
HQ and 4 squadrons

Under the Haldane Reforms of 1908,[29][30] the Imperial Yeomanry was subsumed into the new Territorial Force (TF) and the regiments dropped the 'Imperial' part of their titles.[5][24][31][32]

The regiment formed part of the

London Mounted Brigade of the TF.[23][33][34][35] The regiment also provided the personnel for the London Mounted Brigade Signal Section.[36]

First World War

Mobilisation

On the outbreak of war on 4 August 1914 the regiment mobilised at Finsbury Square under the command of Lt-Col O.E. Boulton,

7 Edw. 7, c.9) which brought it into being, the TF was intended to be a home defence force for service during wartime and members could not be compelled to serve outside the country. However, the units were invited to volunteer for Imperial Service on 10 August and most did so. TF units were therefore split in August and September 1914 into 1st Line units for overseas service and 2nd Line reserve units composed of recruits under training and those unable or unwilling to serve overseas. In 1915 the 2nd Line were prepared for active service (though not all went overseas) and 3rd Line units were formed to provide trained replacements for the 1st and 2nd Line, while the home service-only men were transferred to provisional brigades for home defence.[5][23][31][37][38][39]

1/1st City of London Yeomanry

The 1st Line regiment concentrated with the London Mounted Brigade at its war station of Cavalry Barracks, Hounslow. It joined 2nd Mounted Division on 2 September at Streatley, Berkshire, where the brigades dispersed for training and because of lack of water supplies. The division moved to East Anglia in November 1914, with the London Mtd Bde stationed round North Walsham.[23][34][35][37][40] Early in March 1915 the division was warned to prepare for overseas service.[34]

Gallipoli

On 11 April 1915, the regiment embarked on the

Ismaïlia) by the middle of May and its parent brigade was designated 4th (London) Mounted Brigade.[34][41] The division was dismounted in August 1915 for service at Gallipoli. Each regiment left a squadron headquarters and two troops (about 100 officers and men) in Egypt to look after the horses.[34][42]

The dismounted regiment embarked at Alexandria aboard the Caledonia on 14 August and sailed for

Turkish positions on Hill 112 (the Battle of Scimitar Hill).[34][35][41] The Yeomanry brigades advancing in squadron columns 'presented such a target as artillerymen dream of' and suffered heavy casualties as they 'stumbled blindly forward into battle'.[43] The 1/1st CoLY reached Green Hill and occupied the trenches there, finding them 'chock full of dead and dying' from the earlier attack by 86th Brigade. It was ordered to retire during the night and the survivors were back at Lala Baba by 04.30.[41][44]

Due to the losses at Hill 112 and from battle

Mudros on 2 November and returned to Egypt in December where it was reformed and remounted.[5][31][34][41][45][b]

Egypt

The composite regiment was immediately engaged with the

Senussi force in the 'Affair of the Wadi Majid' on 25 December 1915, when two troops of Rough Riders were in the mounted Left Column that made a wide outflanking move. Although the Senussis broke and ran from the direct attack, communication difficulties meant that the mounted column was too late to cut them off.[46]

The 2nd Mounted Division was broken up early in 1916 and 4th (London) Mtd Bde with 1/1st CoLY left on 18 January 1916 for

Sinai Desert. The force marched out on the evening of 13 October, and after two night marches it attacked on the morning of 15 October and drove the Turks from their advanced position. After a two-hour engagement, the British commander decided that taking the second position would incur unacceptable losses, and withdrew to the Canal.[47]

Salonika

In November 1916 the regiment was shipped via

Palestine.[49][50]

Rough Riders in Egypt

Palestine

Yeomanry on patrol in the Palestinian desert, 1918.

The Rough Riders arrived back in Egypt from Salonika with 8th Mtd Bde on 8 June 1917. They moved up into Palestine and joined the newly formed Yeomanry Mounted Division on 21 July 1917 at El Fuqari.[51][52] The EEF was preparing for an attack at Gaza (the Third Battle of Gaza) to be launched on 31 October.[53] On the night of 26 October the 8th Mtd Bde took over a 40 miles (64 km) long outpost line with two regiments, while 1/1st CoLY was in reserve. At 04.10 the following morning the outposts came under heavy attack and a troop of the Middlesex Yeomanry was almost cut off. A squadron of the CoLY under Maj L.P. Stedall rode up in support, reaching a hummock 200 yards (180 m) from the outpost before it was itself pinned down, dismounted, behind this slight cover. However, its presence prevented the Middlesex from being completely surrounded, and the outpost held out all day until infantry arrived to drive off the enemy late in the afternoon. Another Middlesex outpost was less fortunate and was wiped out after seven hours' resistance.[54] Major Stedall was later awarded the Distinguished Service Order (DSO) for leading his men galloping over 500 yards (460 m) of open country under heavy rifle and machine gun fire despite being wounded twice.[55][56]

The EEF began its advance to contact on 28/29 October, the columns moving mainly by night, and the concentration was complete on 30 October. During the early days of the fighting (the Battle of Beersheba) the Yeomanry Mtd Division remained in reserve holding an observation line until 5 November when it was moved to fill a gap on the flank of the formations attacking the Sheria position. On 7 November it held the captured positions in the hills north of Beersheba while the rest of the Desert Mounted Corps (DMC) was launched through the Turks' broken centre. On 8 November the fresh Yeomanry were ordered to rejoin the tiring DMC as quickly as possible and take up the pursuit. The division carried out a long march from water point to water point as it moved towards the coast, 8th Mtd Bde arriving at Majdal on the evening of 11 November. Here the division took up positions to support the Australian Mounted Division against a Turkish counter-attack.[51][57]

On 13 November the Yeomanry Mtd Division attacked Yibna, followed through to El Maghar and then occupied Junction Station (the

1/3rd County of London Yeomanry (Sharpshooters) were sent up in succession to help. The official historian comments that 'the horses of practically two brigades were now massed below the hill. The Turks strove continually to reach this tempting target, but the sides of the ravine were too steep and deep for their shrapnel to do any harm'. Turkish reinforcements eventually drove the Bucks Yeomanry off the Beitunye, and 8th Mtd Bde covered the withdrawal to Beit Ur al-Fauqa that night[60][61]

The

Jerusalem was captured on 9 December; indeed, it was unable to move for lack of artillery, ammunition, food and water, and took no further part in the winter fighting.[63]

In early 1918 the EEF was required to send reinforcements to the British Expeditionary Force (BEF) fighting on the Western Front.[64] Many of these units were found by 'Indianising'[c] British formations in the EEF, which released British units for France. In March 1918, the 1st Indian Cavalry Division was broken up in France: while the British units[d] remained with the BEF, the Indian elements were sent to Egypt.[65] This allowed the EEF to 'Indianise' the Yeomanry Mtd Division when the Indian Army units arrived in theatre.[66][67][e]

France

The Rough Riders and the Sharpshooters left 8th Mtd Bde on 7 April ahead of its 'Indianisation'[f] and were merged to form E Battalion of the Machine Gun Corps (MGC).[5][23][31][37][51][69]

E Battalion, MGC, was posted to France, arriving on 1 June 1918. On 17 August 1918 it was renumbered as 103rd (City & 3rd County of London Yeomanry) Battalion, MGC.

Armistice, it was serving as Army Troops with First Army.[37][71]

103rd Battalion MGC was disbanded in 1919.[5]

2/1st City of London Yeomanry

The 2nd Line regiment was formed in London in August 1914.

12th (2/1st London) Mtd Bde and the division as 3rd Mounted Division.[23][37][72][73]

In July 1916, the regiment was converted to a

The Cyclist Division. In January 1918 the regiment moved to Wingham and remained there, still in 5th Cyclist Bde, until the end of the war.[23][37][74]

3/1st City of London Yeomanry

The 3rd Line regiment was formed in 1915 and in the summer it was affiliated to a

1st Reserve Cavalry Regiment (Lancers) at The Curragh.[5][23][37][76][77]

Interwar

Following the experience of the war, it was decided that only the fourteen most senior yeomanry regiments would be retained as horsed cavalry,

Territorial Army in 1921 and C Bty was redesignated 1st Bty on 29 October that year, the HAC batteries retaining their traditional A and B. At first the HQ of 11th RHA was at the old CoLY drill hall at 39 Finsbury Square, but by 1930 brigade HQ and the HAC batteries were at Finsbury Barracks (next to the HAC at Armoury House), with 1st (CoLY) Bty a short distance away at 130 Bunhill Road. In August 1937 1st Bty dropped its number and became simply City of London Battery (The Roughriders).[5][21][24][31][80][81]

11th (HAC & CoLY) Brigade formed part of the TA's 2nd Cavalry Division.[82]

By the mid-1930s the army's requirement for light anti-aircraft (LAA) defence was being addressed, and the first TA LAA units were formed in 1938. Initially they were armed with

Bofors 40 mm gun was on order.[83] The senior TA LAA unit was formed at Bunhill Row on 29 September 1938 by splitting the CoLY Battery from 11th HAC and expanding it to full strength as 11th (City of London Yeomanry) (Rough Riders) LAA Brigade, RA, with 31, 32 and 33 LAA Btys. On 1 January 1939 it was redesignated as a regiment rather than a brigade, in line with the RA's modernisation of its terminology, and an additional 43 LAA Bty was formed within the regiment on 17 January.[5][21][24][31][80][81][84]

Second World War

Mobilisation

The TA's AA units were mobilised on 23 September 1938 during the

Munich Crisis, with units manning their emergency positions within 24 hours, even though many did not yet have their full complement of men or equipment. The emergency lasted three weeks, and they were stood down on 13 October.[85] In February 1939 the existing AA defences came under the control of a new Anti-Aircraft Command. In June, as the international situation worsened, a partial mobilisation of the TA was begun in a process known as 'couverture', whereby each AA unit did a month's tour of duty in rotation to man selected AA sites. On 24 August, ahead of the declaration of war, Anti-Aircraft Command was fully mobilised at its war stations, with LAA units distributed to defend Vulnerable Points (VPs) such as factories and airfields.[86]

11th (CoLY) LAA Regiment mobilised under the command of Lt-Col M.B.P. Stedall and immediately moved to its war stations at a variety of VPs across

Thames Haven and Coryton oil refineries, Sheerness Dockyard and Canewdon radar station.[87] The regiment formed part of a new 56th Light Anti-Aircraft Brigade that was forming in 6th Anti-Aircraft Division, which was responsible for defending South East England.[88][89][90][91]

Phoney War

Before the end of the day on 24 August, regimental headquarters (RHQ) had been established at the King's Head Hotel at Stanford-le-Hope in Essex, where embodiment of TA soldiers and recruits and the attached women of the Auxiliary Territorial Service (ATS) continued. General mobilisation was announced on 1 September and war was declared on 3 September. RHQ moved to the Collegiate School at Stanford-le-Hope on 10 September, and the regiment formally came under command of 56th LAA Brigade on 30 September. On 10 October the 1st Bedford Company, ATS, was attached to the regiment. There had been a number of false air raid alarms soon after the declaration of war, but from late November occasional Luftwaffe reconnaissance aircraft began passing over Stanford-le-Hope too high for the LAA to engage them.[87]

At this stage of the war AA Command was very short of equipment, particularly for its LAA units, and a variety of old and makeshift guns were in use. On 9 October, 43 LAA Bty, which had been manning Lewis guns as AALMGs at Tilbury Docks, handed them over to 285 Bty of 90th Heavy AA Rgt and took over the defences at Enfield Power Station from a detachment of 32 LAA Bty; this VP was equipped with three 3-inch naval guns and one Bofors gun, as well as a number of Lewis guns. In January 1940, naval 2-pounder multiple pom-pom guns were withdrawn from Canvey Island and Thameshaven for conversion to Mk VIII state and were replaced by Lewis guns until 3-inch guns arrived a month later.[87][92]

In February 43 LAA Bty left (see below) and the regiment also had to take over additional commitments at Tilbury from

55th (Devon) LAA Rgt before it joined the BEF, while the Royal Navy was demanding the return of some of its 2-pounders.[87][93]

43 (City of London Yeomanry) LAA Battery

Main article:
101st Light Anti-Aircraft/Anti-Tank Regiment, Royal Artillery

While the rest of the regiment remained in AA Command during the

60th (Royal Welch Fusiliers) Anti-Tank Rgt to form 101st LAA/AT Rgt. This composite unit, the first of its kind, was part of 1st Support Group (1st Sp Gp) in 1st Armoured Division, which was rushed to France to join the BEF after the German invasion of the Low Countries. Armed only with Lewis guns, its Bofors not having arrived, 43 (CoLY) LAA Bty fought in the Battle of Abbeville as 1st Armoured Division attempted to break through to the surrounded BEF. The division was evacuated from western France two weeks after the rest of the BEF had been evacuated from Dunkirk.[5][84][87][94][95][96][97][98][99][100][101][102]

While it refitted in the UK, 101st LAA/AT Rgt was broken up on 1 November to form

Gazala Line, a series of fortified 'boxes' defended by a brigade group, usually including an LAA battery deployed in separate Troop positions.[97][104][105][106]

When Rommel attacked on 27 May 1942 (the Battle of Gazala), D Trp of 43 (CoLY) LAA Bty under Lt Beachman distinguished itself in the defence of 1st Free French Brigade's box at Bir Hakeim in the extreme south of the line, which held out until ordered to withdraw on 10 June.[107][108][109]

After the Battle of Gazala Eighth Army retreated to a fall-back position at El Alamein. Here 61st LAA Rgt and its batteries came under the command of 7th Armoured Division.[110] However, the regiment had been withdrawn from the front line by the time the Second Battle of El Alamein was fought in October 1942. From January 1943, 43 (CoLY) LAA Bty was defending the army's bases in Egypt, which increasingly became a back area.[111][112] 61st LAA Rgt was broken up in the Middle East on 1 August 1944 to provide infantry reinforcements for Eighth Army in Italy.[103][95][113][114]

Battle of Britain

Bofors gun at Stanmore June 1940.

On 1 May 1940, shortly before the Phoney War ended with the German invasion of Holland, 31 LAA Bty with its towed Bofors guns was sent to

Thames under the commander of 49 AA Bde, while another CoLY Troop was assigned as a mobile reserve north of the river equipped with Lewis guns. These reserves were envisaged as having an anti-parachutist role in addition to AA defence. 'N' Mobile Bde was transferred to HQ 2 AA Bde after it returned from Dunkirk, and was broken up at the end of June.[115][116]

In late May both RHQ at Stanford-le-Hope and 32 Bty HQ (BHQ) at Leigh-on-Sea moved to

Weald Hall, at South Weald near Brentwood, Essex, where the regiment established a camp. The rest of the regiment, its batteries, and even individual troops were split up and widely dispersed across southern England, mainly to defend airfields of Fighter Command: on 20 May 33 LAA Bty was ordered to move its Bofors detachments from Canewdon to RAF Hornchurch and RAF Martlesham Heath; in June 31 LAA Bty received additional Bofors, bringing it up to its establishment of 12 guns, but the three troops were scattered between Gravesend Airport in Kent, RAF Kenley in Surrey and RAF Tangmere in Sussex; in July 32 LAA Bty sent a Troop to defend the Hawker Aircraft factory at Langley Airfield in Buckinghamshire.[87]

However, there was a pause between the Dunkirk evacuation and the beginning of serious German air operations against Southern England, and during June and July several of the regiment's detachments were able to carry out gunnery training at Cark Practice Camp, before returning to Weald Park Camp and being assigned to airfields. On 29 July the regiment received its first draft of 238 Militiamen for training, but the medical officers considered only 43 of them to be of A1 medical category.[87][117][118][119]

RAF Kenley was attacked on 3 July by a single Luftwaffe bomber flying too high for the regiment's Bofors to reply. However, these airfields were under constant attack once the

RAF North Weald on 10 September and three days later 31 LAA Bty deployed its troops to RAF Debden, RAF Coltishall and RAF Wittering (Left Trp). On 24 September the troop of 32 LAA Bty at Langley was redeployed to various sites around Woolwich.[87][120][121][122][123][124]

Blitz

By now the daylight Battle of Britain had been won, and the Luftwaffe switched to night bombing of London and other cities (

Kingston-upon-Thames and briefly to ordnance factories at Woolwich and Plumstead, with BHQ at Staines. A second draft of 230 militiamen had been posted to the regiment in late September, but at the end of October it was ordered to adopt the official War Establishment, which meant that it could post out around 314 unwanted other ranks to 49th LAA Rgt. The following month 31 LAA Bty was redeployed with AALMGs to RAF Benson (two trps) and Walters Ash (one trp defending RAF Bomber Command HQ); 33 LAA Bty with Bofors to Stanmore (two trps defending RAF Fighter Command HQ) and Weybridge (one trp defending the Vickers aircraft factory at Brooklands). With the regiment's gunsites now all west of London, an advanced RHQ was established at Staines on 1 December, and the regiment was now part of 49 AA Bde in 1st AA Division defending London, with which it remained until after the end of the Blitz in May 1941.[87][128][129][130]

AA Command continued to expand and Maj John Anderson Armstrong, commanding 33 LAA Bty, was promoted from the regiment to command a new

Sir Charles Shuckburgh, Bt, was later transferred from the regiment as adjutant of 73rd LAA Rgt.[87][131]

In January 1941 11th (CoLY) LAA Rgt was warned of a new mobile role in

Inverary in Scotland. The regiment adopted the organisation for a mobile unit in March. The batteries and troops continued to be shuffled around VPs in the Home counties and RHQ moved from South Weald and Staines to Bracknell, Berkshire. On 1 May 33 LAA Bty was ordered to mobilise, leaving the regiment and joining the War Office Reserve.[87][132]

To replace 33 LAA Bty the regiment was joined in June by a new 283 Bty formed within 16th LAA Rgt. It quickly embraced the CoLY identity, even though it left again in September 1941. Later it was converted into 1 (City of London Yeomanry) Airlanding LAA Battery (see below).[84][24] 11th (CoLY) LAA Regiment (less 283 Bty, joining 73rd LAA Rgt) received its mobilisation orders on 21 August 1941 and proceeded to the mobilisation centre at Leeds, then to 'A' Camp at Pollok, near Glasgow, where 33 LAA Bty rejoined and the regiment began intensive training. It moved to Ayr Racecourse in November.[87][132][133]

Tunisia

A year later the regiment was still in the UK, finally about to embark for North Africa (Operation Torch) as part of First Army with the following organisation:[134]

The Torch landings began on 8 November and the build-up of forces continued over succeeding weeks as V Corps pushed eastwards towards Tunis. It was halted short of the city by Axis forces, and there was a pause while the build-up continued. By mid-January the 11th CoLY LAA Rgt had arrived and moved up to defend V Corps' assets in the forward area, where German and Italian divebombing and 'tank-busting' attacks were frequent. However the concentration of British LAA guns drove the enemy aircraft to bomb from higher altitude. AA ammunition expenditure was high, and supply was erratic over the poor roads of Tunisia.[135][136] V Corps and the air forces continued their build-up, and by mid-March one of 11th (CoLY) LAA Rgt's batteries had been detached under 22 AA Bde as part of the defences for Souk-el-Khemis Airfield where the first Spitfires had been deployed and begun to win air superiority.[137][138] First Army renewed its offensive at the end of March with massive air support and by the time of the Fall of Tunis in May 1943, the whole regiment was assigned to airfield protection under 22 AA Bde.[139][140]

Self-propelled (SP) Bofors gun of 11th (CoLY) LAA Rgt in Italy, 16 January 1944.
11th (CoLY) LAA Rgt convoy in Italy, 16 January 1944.
Lance Bombardier Ian Hopkins, one of the crew of an SP Bofors of 11th (CoLY) LAA Rgt in Italy, 16 January 1944: note his 'Rough Riders' shoulder title.

Italy

11th (CoLY) LAA Regiment was not involved in the

Adriatic coast with V Corps, mainly deployed to protect airfields and field gun areas.[141][142]

After a short period of refitting and re-training at

3-inch or 4.2-inch mortars and heavy machine guns for infantry support, as 2 AA Bde held a section of the line as an independent formation. From November to January 11 (CoLY) LAA Rgt supported 1st Division with one battery deployed in AA defence of bridges, the rest in a variety of roles, including Provost duties, ammunition transport, and assisting the Royal Engineers and Pioneers in bridging and smoke making. In February 1945 the regiment was reduced from nine to six troops (54 to 36 guns).[141][142]

When Eighth Army's spring offensive opened in March 1945, 2 AA Bde had been expanded with medium and mountain artillery under its command to form 'Macforce' (named after

57th (Home Counties) Field Rgt and 11th (CoLY) LAA Rgt with five troops of 3-inch and 4.2-inch mortars; only one troop retained Bofors guns to defend the gun areas.[141][142]

2 AA Brigade's last AA action was on 20 April 1945. It then went into reserve until hostilities ended on 2 May with the Surrender of Caserta. After the end of the campaign, 2 AA Bde including 11th (CoLY) LAA Rgt was reorganised as a motor transport group based at Forlì and Faenza.[141][142] At the conclusion of hostilities, 11th (CoLY) LAA Rgt was commanded by Lt-Col H.S.O.P. Stedall, brother of the regiment's commander on the outbreak of war, and for long his second-in-command.[87][142]

1 (City of London Yeomanry) Airlanding LAA Battery

283 LAA Battery was formed on 9 June 1941 at Gillingham, Kent, from the fourth troops of 45 46 and 83 LAA Btys of 16th LAA Rgt, with the BHQ supplied by 11th (CoLY) LA Rgt. It joined the latter and embraced the CoLY identity, even though it left and joined 17th LAA Rgt on 12 September 1941. This regiment was serving in the West of Scotland with 63 AA Bde in 12th AA Division.[143] The battery transferred to 1st Airborne Division on 2 July 1942, being converted into 1st (City of London Yeomanry) Air Landing LAA Bty on 4 December.[5][24][84][144][145]

1st Airborne Division's HQ and divisional troops left the UK on 13 April 1943 and went by sea to North Africa, where they arrived on 26 April at the end of the

Tunisian Campaign (though one of its brigades had been engaged for some months). Its brigades were dropped to seize river crossings during the Allied invasion of Sicily (Operation Husky). However, none of 1st (CoLY) A/L LAA Bty seem to have flown in with the gliders of 1st Airlanding Bde in the disastrous attempt to seize the Ponte Grande (Operation Ladbroke) on 10 July. 1st Airborne Division was withdrawn from Sicily back to North Africa by 16 July.[145][146]

After the landings on the Italian mainland began on 3 September, 1st Airborne Division was sent to make a subsidiary seaborne landing from warships at Taranto (Operation Slapstick) on 9 September. The division quickly took over the port and airfield at Taranto and brought in its heavier equipment as the leading echelons set off in pursuit of the retreating German 1st Parachute Division. Shortly afterwards the division took the Adriatic ports of Bari and Brindisi and the important Foggia Airfield Complex. It then settled to defend Foggia, where a large AA defence organisation was built up, initially by 2 AA Bde, which arrived by 30 September.[145][147][148]

1st Airborne Division embarked from Italy on 22 November and on 10 December arrived back in the UK, where after refitting it spent the first part of 1944 training for the Allied invasion of Normandy (Operation Overlord). However, 1st (CoLY) A/L LAA Bty left the division on 21 February 1944 and reverted to its former title of 283 LAA Bty for the rest of the war. It was placed in suspended animation on 4 February 1946.[144][145]

Postwar

35 LAA Regiment

When the TA was reconstituted on 1 January 1947, the personnel then serving in the regiment were transferred to a new war-formed 11th LAA Rgt with 31–33 Btys. On 1 April 1947 this was redesignated 35 LAA Regiment in the Regular Army with the following organisation:[5][84][149]

  • 31 LAA Bty – disbanded to resuscitate 13 Bty unlinked from 9/13 Medium Bty in 4th Medium Rgt as 90 LAA Bty
  • 32 LAA Bty – disbanded to resuscitate 15 Bty unlinked from 15/17 Medium Bty in 5th Medium Rgt as 92 LAA Bty
  • 33 LAA Bty – disbanded to resuscitate 7 Bty from 4/7 Medium Bty in 2nd Medium Rgt as 99 LAA Bty

35 LAA Regiment was equipped with the more powerful L/70 model Bofors gun and formed part of 8 AA Bde in AA Command's 5 AA Group. It was converted into 35 LAA/Searchlight Rgt on 16 March 1949, and by 1950 was serving in British Army of the Rhine (BAOR), stationed at Crerar Barracks, Oldenburg, and by June 1955 at St Barbara Barracks in Adelheide.[150][151][152][153] The regiment was converted back to LAA on 1 November 1955. It was disbanded on 1 October 1958 and its batteries placed in permanent suspended animation.[149]

City of London Yeomanry (Rough Riders), RAC

The City of London Yeomanry (Rough Riders) was reformed on 1 January 1947 as an armoured regiment of the

56th (London) Armoured Division.[155]

56th (London) Division was converted back into an infantry formation in 1956, and the City of London Yeomanry (Rough Riders) became an infantry battalion of the

Rifle Brigade on 1 October 1956 without changing its title.[5][24][31][154]

When the TA was reduced on 1 May 1961, the Rough Riders amalgamated with the

36 (Essex Yeomanry) Signal Squadron to form 68 (Inns of Court & City and Essex Yeomanry) Signal Squadron and, following the Strategic Defence and Security Review, 68 Signal Squadron reverted to the name of 68 (Inns of Court & City Yeomanry) Signal Squadron in 2015.[31][157]

Uniforms and insignia

The Imperial Yeomanry's service dress was

overall stripes in purple. Officers (and all ranks from the Coronation of 1911) wore a lance cap (Chapka) in French grey with a light blue plume, the plate carrying the City of London arms with its dragon supporters.[8][9][21]

On its formation 11th (CoLY) LAA Rgt adopted as its cap badge the old Rough Riders' collar badge with the letters RR in brass on a white metal spur. In place of the usual RA shoulder title on the battledress blouse, the regiment used a purple title with the words ROUGH RIDERS embroidered in white (see photo above).[81] Lieutenant-Colonel M.B.P. Stedall's CoLY battledress uniform ca 1943 is in the collection of the National Army Museum, London.[158]

After the Second World War, the regiment was granted as a special distinction on its guidon the gun badge of the Royal Artillery inscribed '1942–45' upon two scrolls inscribed 'North Africa' and 'Italy' (see below).[8][24][31]

Honorary colonels

The following served as Honorary Colonel of the regiment:

Other prominent members

Memorials

A white marble tablet flanked by two grieving female figures, inscribed with the names of the 30 men of 20th (Rough Riders) Battalion, IY, who died in South Africa 1900–02, is in the Abbey Church of Holy Cross & St Lawrence, Waltham Abbey.[184] The First World War memorial to the regiment is in St Bartholomew-the-Great Church, Smithfield, with 96 names; two side panels were added with eight names from the Second World War.[23][185] The regiment is also listed on the London Troops War Memorial in front of the Royal Exchange.[186]

Battle honours

Honorary Distinction awarded to the Shropshire Yeomanry for service as a Royal Artillery regiment. The Rough Riders Honorary Distinction would be similar.

The City of London Yeomanry was awarded the following battle honours:[24][31]

Second Boer War

South Africa 1900–02

First World War

Palestine 1917–18

Second World War

The Royal Artillery does not carry battle honours;[g] instead units that were temporarily converted to the RA were awarded an honorary distinction to be borne upon their colours or guidons (see above).

See also

Notes

  1. ^ The regiment was based at 39 Finsbury Square, a building which was demolished in the 1920s.[26] The site is now occupied by City Gate House which was designed by Frederick Gould and Giles Gilbert Scott and completed in 1930.[27]
  2. ^ The dismounted regiment departed Alexandria for Gallipoli on 14 August 1915 with a strength of 17 officers and 315 other ranks. By the time it left Gallipoli (2 November 1915) its strength had fallen to 5 officers and 46 other ranks.[41]
  3. ^ British divisions were converted to the British Indian Army establishment whereby brigades only retained one British regiment or battalion and most support units were Indian (artillery excepted).
  4. Q and U Batteries RHA
    )
  5. ^ By an EEF GHQ Order of 12 April 1918, the mounted troops of the EEF were reorganised. On 24 April 1918, the Yeomanry Mounted Division was 'Indianised'and its title changed to 1st Mounted Division[51] (the third distinct division to bear this title – see 1st Mounted Division and 3rd Mounted Division). The 8th Mtd Bde was merged with elements of the 8th (Lucknow) Cavalry Brigade
  6. 29th Lancers (Deccan Horse) and 36th Jacob's Horse from 8th (Lucknow) Cavalry Brigade.[68]
  7. William IV awarded the motto Ubique (meaning "everywhere") in place of all battle honours.[187]

References

  1. ^ Dunlop, pp. 104–18.
  2. ^ Rogers, p. 228.
  3. ^ Spiers, p. 239.
  4. ^ a b Foakes & McKenzie-Bell, p. 8.
  5. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q r s t u Frederick, p.41.
  6. ^ Amery, Vol IV, Appendix.
  7. ^ a b c "Imperial Yeomanry at Regiments.org". Archived from the original on 26 December 2005. Retrieved 26 December 2005.
  8. ^ a b c d e f Barnes, pp. 262–3.
  9. ^ a b c d Ryan.
  10. ^ London Gazette, 20 March 1900.
  11. ^ a b IY Companies at Roll of Honour.
  12. ^ Ross, 'With Mahon'.
  13. ^ Ross, 'With Clements part 1'.
  14. ^ Ross, 'With Clements part 2'.
  15. ^ Ross, 'With Clements part 3'.
  16. ^ London Gazette 10 September 1901.
  17. ^ London Gazette, 27 September 1901.
  18. ^ London Gazette, 30 May 1893.
  19. ^ April 1901 shipping records at Anglo-Boer War.
  20. ^ Burke's: 'Cork' and 'Stewart of Athenree'.
  21. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p Monthly Army List, various dates.
  22. ^ London Gazette, 15 November 1901.
  23. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n CoLY at Long, Long Trail.
  24. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m CoLY at Regiments.org.
  25. ^ "No. 27424". The London Gazette. 11 April 1902. p. 2421.
  26. ^ London Borough of Islington at Drill Hall Register, Steppng Forward London.
  27. ^ "City Gate House". Brookfield Properties. Retrieved 3 June 2017.
  28. ^ Conrad, Mark (1996). "The British Army, 1914".
  29. ^ Dunlop, Chapter 14.
  30. ^ Spiers, Chapter 10.
  31. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n CoLY at Stepping Forward London.
  32. ^ London Gazette 20 March 1908.
  33. ^ Conrad.
  34. ^ a b c d e f g h i j Becke, pp. 9–17.
  35. ^ a b c d 2nd Mounted Division at Long, Long Trail.
  36. ^ Army Council Instructions for 1917, Appendix 65D.
  37. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p James, pp. 22–3.
  38. ^ James, Appendix IV, p. 130.
  39. ^ Rinaldi 2008, p. 35
  40. ^ Rinaldi 2008, p. 58
  41. ^ a b c d e f Westlake, pp. 263–4.
  42. ^ James, Appendix II, p. 34.
  43. ^ North, pp. 182–6.
  44. ^ Aspinall-Oglander, pp. 350–4.
  45. ^ MacMunn & Falls, p. 87.
  46. ^ MacMunn & Falls, pp. 107, 113–8.
  47. ^ MacMunn & Falls, pp. 245–6.
  48. ^ Wakefield & Moody, Appendix.
  49. ^ Wakefield & Moody, pp. 63–98.
  50. ^ Bullock, p. 67.
  51. ^ a b c d e f g Becke, pp. 31–4.
  52. ^ MacMunn & Falls, p. 357.
  53. ^ Bullock, pp. 67–8, 73.
  54. ^ a b Falls, Vol II, Pt I, pp. 36–9.
  55. ^ a b London Gazette, 18 January 1918.
  56. ^ a b Creagh & Humphris, p. 89.
  57. ^ Falls, Vol II, Pt I, pp. 39–41, 91, 94, 9, 107, 111, 124–7, 144, 149.
  58. ^ Bullock, pp. 80–1.
  59. ^ Falls, Vol II, Pt I, pp. 166–8, 173, 175.
  60. ^ Falls, Vol II, Pt I, pp. 188–200.
  61. ^ Bullock, p. 90.
  62. ^ Falls, Vol II, Pt I, pp. 205–7.
  63. ^ Falls, Vol II, Pt I, pp. 219–21, 227, 229–31, 290.
  64. ^ Falls, Vol II, Pt II, p. 411.
  65. ^ Perry 1993, p. 16
  66. ^ Falls, Vol II, Pt I, pp. 364–5.
  67. ^ Falls, Vol II, Pt II, pp. 414–6.
  68. ^ Perry 1993, p. 22
  69. ^ a b MGC at Long, Long Trail.
  70. ^ BEF GHQ 1918, p. 104
  71. ^ BEF GHQ 1918, p. 10
  72. ^ a b c d Becke, pp. 19–26.
  73. ^ James, Appendix III, pp. 35–6.
  74. ^ a b c Becke, pp. 1–7.
  75. ^ Frederick, p. 23.
  76. ^ Army Council Instruction (ACI) 742 of 5 April 1916, Appendix 65.
  77. ^ ACI 381 of 1917, Appendix 66.
  78. ^ Mileham 1994, p. 48
  79. ^ Mileham 1994, p. 50
  80. ^ a b Litchfield, p. 147.
  81. ^ a b c d Litchfield, p.149.
  82. ^ Titles & Designations 1927.
  83. ^ Routledge, pp. 52–5, 60.
  84. ^ a b c d e Frederick, pp. 800, 821.
  85. ^ Routledge, pp. 62–3.
  86. ^ Routledge, pp. 65–6, 371.
  87. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q 11th (CoLY) LAA Rgt War Diary, 1939–41, The National Archives (TNA), Kew, file WO 166/2681.
  88. ^ Routledge, Table LX, p. 378.
  89. ^ AA Command 3 September 1939 at Patriot Files.
  90. ^ "6 AA Division at British Military History" (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on 23 September 2015. Retrieved 2 March 2014.
  91. ^ Barton, Derek. "11 (City of London) Light AA Regiment RA(TA)". The Royal Artillery 1939–45. Retrieved 4 January 2021.
  92. ^ Routledge, pp. 372, 375.
  93. ^ Routledge, p. 373.
  94. ^ Farndale, Years of Defeat, pp. 86–7; Annex A.
  95. ^ a b c d Farndale, Annex M.
  96. ^ a b Frederick, pp. 846, 920.
  97. ^ a b c Joslen, pp. 13–5, 215.
  98. ^ Ellis, Appendix I.
  99. ^ Ellis, Chapter X.
  100. ^ Ellis, Chapter XVII.
  101. ^ Ellis, Chapter XIX.
  102. ^ Ellis, Chapter XXI.
  103. ^ a b Frederick, p. 829.
  104. ^ Farndale, pp. 199, 202.
  105. ^ Playfair, Vol III, pp. 4, 73, 136–44.
  106. ^ Routledge, pp. 135–8.
  107. ISBN 978-2410015812
  108. ^ Playfair, Vol III, pp. 230–1, 235–7, Map 25.
  109. ^ Routledge, pp. 136–7.
  110. ^ Order of Battle of Eighth Army, August 1942, TNA file WO 201/692.
  111. ^ Routledge, Table XXIV, p. 162; , Table XXV, p. 164; Table XXVI, p. 165.
  112. ^ Joslen, pp. 484–5.
  113. ^ Molony, Vol V, pp. 421–3.
  114. ^ Routledge, p. 278.
  115. ^ 2 AA Bde War Diary, May–October 1940, TNA file WO 166/2221.
  116. ^ Routledge, p. 382.
  117. ^ Collier, Chapter IX.
  118. ^ Collier, Chapter X.
  119. ^ Routledge, p. 374.
  120. ^ 149 LAA Bty War Diary1939–41, TNA file WO 166/2890.
  121. ^ Collier, Chapter XII.
  122. ^ Collier, Chapter XIII.
  123. ^ Collier, Chapter XV.
  124. ^ Routledge, p. 383.
  125. ^ Collier, Chapter XVI.
  126. ^ Collier, Chapter XVII.
  127. ^ Routledge, pp. 387–8.
  128. ^ Farndale, Annex D.
  129. ^ Routledge, Table LXV, p. 396.
  130. ^ Order of Battle of Non-Field Force Units in the United Kingdom, Part 27: AA Command, 12 May 1941, with amendments, TNA file WO 212/79.
  131. ^ 73 LAA Rgt War Diary 1941, TNA file WO 166/2746.
  132. ^ a b Order of Battle of the Field Force in the United Kingdom, Part 3: Royal Artillery (Non-Divisional Units), 25 March 1941, with amendments, TNA files WO 212/5 and WO 33/2323.
  133. ^ Order of Battle of the Field Force in the United Kingdom, Part 3: Royal Artillery (Non-Divisional units), 22 October 1941, TNA files WO 212/6 and WO 33/1883.
  134. ^ Order of Battle of the Field Force in the United Kingdom, Part 3: Royal Artillery (Non-Divisional Units), 22 November 1942, TNA file WO 212/8.
  135. ^ Playfair & Molony, Vol IV, pp. 142, 183–4, 186–8, 276.
  136. ^ Routledge, pp. 182–4; Table XXX, p. 188.
  137. ^ Playfair & Molony, Vol IV, pp. 282–3.
  138. ^ Routledge, Table XXXI, p. 189.
  139. ^ Playfair & Molony, Vol IV, pp. 315, 358, 450–9.
  140. ^ Routledge, Table XXXII, p. 190.
  141. ^ a b c d Routledge, p. 282; Table XLIV, p. 293.
  142. ^ a b c d e f 2 AA Brigade, 'History of the Italian Campaign for the Period August 1944–April 1945', TNA file WO 204/7240.
  143. ^ Order of Battle of Non-Field Force Units in the United Kingdom, Part 27: AA Command, 2 December 1941, TNA file WO 212/80.
  144. ^ a b Frederick, pp. 804, 808.
  145. ^ a b c d Joslen, pp 104–5.
  146. ^ Molony, Vol V, pp. 26, 76–81.
  147. ^ Molony, Vol V, pp. 242–3, 433.
  148. ^ Routledge, pp. 277, 281.
  149. ^ a b Frederick, pp. 726–7, 949.
  150. ^ Routledge, p. 436; Table LXXIV, p. 441.
  151. ^ 35 Rgt RA at British Army 1945 on.
  152. ^ Crerar Barracks at BAOR Locations.
  153. ^ St Barbara Barracks at BAOR Locations.
  154. ^ a b c CoLY at British Army 1945 on.
  155. ^ Watson, TA 1947.
  156. ^ Inns of Court & CoLY at Regiments.org.
  157. ^ "68 Signal Squadron (V)". Ministry of Defence. Retrieved 1 October 2017.
  158. ^ NAM Accession number 1978-05-17.
  159. ^ Burke's: 'Lauderdale'.
  160. ^ Burke's: 'Limerick'.
  161. ^ a b Burke's: 'Waterlow of Harrow Weald'.
  162. ^ Burke's: 'Queen Elizabeth The Queen Mother'.
  163. ^ London Gazette, 11 June 1907.
  164. ^ Grace's Guides: 'Stedall & Co'.
  165. ^ Cecil Pemberton Stedall at Geni.com.
  166. ^ London Gazette, 3 November 1914.
  167. ^ London Gazette, 11 August 1914.
  168. ^ Leigh Pemberton Stedall at Geni.com.
  169. ^ London Gazette, 5 January 1915.
  170. ^ Marcus Pemberton Stedall at Geni.com.
  171. ^ London Gazette, 21 September 1943.
  172. ^ London Gazette, 17 August 1943.
  173. ^ London Gazette, 3 June 1938.
  174. ^ London Gazette, 13 December 1945.
  175. ^ Henry Pemberton Stedall at Geni.com.
  176. ^ London Gazette, 24 March 1925.
  177. ^ London Gazette, 22 March 1955.
  178. ^ Burke's: 'Camrose'.
  179. ^ Burke's: 'Shuckburgh'.
  180. ^ Burke's: 'Phillimore'.
  181. ^ London Gazette, 1 July 1938.
  182. ^ Burke's: 'Westminster'.
  183. ^ Catalogue description of Baron Hailes' papers in the Churchill Archives Centre, Cambridge University.
  184. ^ IWM WMR Ref 2236.
  185. ^ IWM WMR Ref 11636.
  186. ^ IWM WMR Ref 11796
  187. ^ RA at Regiments.org.

Bibliography

External links
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