Abuse
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Abuse is the improper usage or treatment of a thing, often to unfairly or improperly gain benefit.[1] Abuse can come in many forms, such as: physical or verbal maltreatment, injury, assault, violation, rape, unjust practices, crimes, or other types of aggression. To these descriptions, one can also add the Kantian notion of the wrongness of using another human being as means to an end rather than as ends in themselves.[2] Some sources describe abuse as "socially constructed", which means there may be more or less recognition of the suffering of a victim at different times and societies.[3]
Types and contexts of abuse
Abuse of authority
Abuse of authority includes harassment, interference, pressure, and inappropriate requests or favors.[4]
Abuse of corpse
- See: Necrophilia
Necrophilia involves possessing a physical attraction to dead bodies that may led to acting upon sexual urges. As corpses are dead and cannot give consent, any manipulation, removal of parts, mutilation, or sexual acts performed on a dead body is considered abuse.[5]
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Abuse of discretion
An abuse of discretion is a failure to take into proper consideration, the facts and laws relating to a particular matter; an arbitrary or unreasonable departure from precedent and settled judicial custom.[6]
Abuse of dominance
Market dominance by companies is regulated by public and private enforcement of competition law, also known as antitrust or anti-monopoly law.[7][citation needed]
Abuse of indulgences
In the Catholic Church, an indulgence is a way to reduce punishment for sin, often by prayer, pilgrimage or good works. In the Middle Ages, some Church officials demanded money in exchange both for forgiveness of sins and for other rewards such as future salvation.
Abuse of information
Abuse of information typically involves a breach of confidence or plagiarism, or extending the confidence of information beyond those authorised.
In the financial world, Insider trading can also be considered a misuse of internal information that gives an unfair advantage in investment.
Abuse of power
Abuse of power, in the form of "malfeasance in office" or "official misconduct", is the commission of an unlawful act, done in an official capacity, which affects the performance of official duties. Malfeasance in office is often grounds for a
Abuse of process
A cause of action in tort arising from one party making a malicious and deliberate misuse or perversion of regularly issued court process (civil or criminal) not justified by the underlying legal action.
Abuse of rank
Rankism (also called abuse of rank) is treating people of a lower rank in an abusive, discriminatory, or exploitative way.[8] Robert W. Fuller claims that rankism includes the abuse of the power inherent in superior rank, with the view that rank-based abuse underlies many other phenomena such as bullying, racism, sexism, and homophobia.
Abuse of statistics
- See: Abuse of statistics
Abuse of trust
- See: Position of trust
Abusive supervision
Abusive supervision is most commonly studied in the context of the workplace, although can arise in other areas such as in the household and at school. "Abusive supervision has been investigated as an antecedent to negative subordinate workplace outcome".[9][10] "Workplace violence has combination of situational and personal factors". The study that was conducted looked at the link between abusive supervision and different workplace events.[11]
Academic abuse
Academic abuse is a form of workplace bullying which takes place in institutions of higher education, such as colleges and universities. Academia is highly competitive and has a well defined hierarchy, with junior staff being particularly vulnerable.
Adolescent abuse
- See: Parental abuse of adolescents
Adult abuse
Adult abuse refers to the abuse of vulnerable adults.[12]
Alcohol use disorder
Alcohol use disorder, as described in the
Animal abuse
Animal abuse is the infliction of suffering or harm upon animals, other than humans, for purposes other than self-defense. More narrowly, it can be harm for specific gain, such as killing animals for fur. Diverging viewpoints are held by jurisdictions throughout the world.
Anti-social behavior
Anti-social behavior is often seen as public behavior that lacks judgement and consideration for others and may damage them or their property. It may be intentional, as with vandalism or graffiti, or the result of negligence. Persistent anti-social behavior may be a manifestation of an antisocial personality disorder. The counterpart of anti-social behavior is pro-social behavior, namely any behavior intended to help or benefit another person, group or society.[17]
Bullying
Bullying is repeated acts over time that involves a real or perceived imbalance of power with the more powerful individual or group attacking those who are less powerful.[18] Bullying may consist of three basic types of abuse – verbal, physical and emotional. It typically involves subtle methods of coercion such as intimidation. Bullying can be defined in many different ways. Although the UK currently has no legal definition of bullying,[19] some US states have laws against it. Bullying is usually done to coerce others by fear or threat.
Character assassination
Character assassination is an attempt to tarnish a person's reputation. It may involve exaggeration or
Child abuse
Child abuse is the physical or psychological/emotional mistreatment of children. In the United States, the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) define child maltreatment as any act or series of acts of commission or omission by a parent or other caregiver that results in harm, potential for harm, or threat of harm to a child.[20] Most child abuse occurs in a child's home, with a smaller amount occurring in the organisations, schools or communities the child interacts with. There are four major categories of child abuse: neglect, physical abuse, psychological/emotional abuse, and sexual abuse.
Child sexual abuse
Child sexual abuse is a form of
Child-on-child sexual abuse
Child-on-child sexual abuse refers to a form of
Civil rights abuse
Clandestine abuse
Clandestine abuse is sexual, psychological, or physical abuse "that is kept secret for a purpose, concealed, or underhanded."[26]
Clerical abuse
- See: Catholic sex abuse cases
Cyber abuse or cyber bullying
Cyberbullying "involves the use of information and communication technologies to support deliberate, repeated, and hostile behavior by an individual or group, that is intended to harm others." -Bill Belsey[27]
Dating abuse or dating violence
Dating abuse is a pattern of abusive behaviour exhibited by one or both partners in a
Defamation
Defamation is the communication of a statement that makes a claim, expressly stated or implied to be factual, that may give an
Disability abuse
It has been noted that
Discriminatory abuse
Discriminatory abuse involves picking on or treating someone unfairly because something about them is different; for example concerning:
- age
- clothing or appearance
- ethnicity, nationality or culture including traits like language
- gender, including gender-related traits (e.g., Pregnancy)
- health (such as HIV/AIDS) or mental disorders)
- language usage
- lifestyle or occupation
- race or skin colour
- religion or political affiliation
- sexuality and sexual orientation
- social class or creed
- weight or height
Discriminatory laws such as redlining have existed in many countries. In some countries, controversial attempts such as racial quotas have been used to redress negative effects of discrimination.
Other acts of discrimination include
.Domestic abuse or domestic violence
Domestic abuse can be broadly defined as any form of abusive behaviours by one or both partners in an intimate relationship, such as marriage, cohabitation, family, dating, or even friends. Domestic violence has many forms, including:
- physical aggression (hitting, kicking, biting, shoving, restraining, throwing objects), or threats thereof
- sexual abuse
- emotional abuse
- financial abuse (withholding money or controlling all money, including that of other family members)
- social abuse (restricting access to friends and/or family, insulting or threatening friends and/or family), controlling or domineering
- intimidation
- stalking
- passive/covert abuse[34][35] (e.g., neglect)
- economic deprivation
Depending on local statues, the domestic violence may or may not constitute a crime, also depending on the severity and duration of specific acts, and other variables. Alcohol consumption
Economic abuse
Economic abuse is a form of abuse when one intimate partner has control over the other partner's access to economic resources,[38] which diminishes the victim's capacity to support him/herself and forces him/her to depend on the perpetrator financially.[38][39][40]
Elder abuse
Elder abuse is a type of harm to older adults involving abuse by trusted individuals in a manner that "causes harm or distress to an older person".[41] This definition has been adopted by the World Health Organization from a definition put forward by Action on Elder Abuse in the UK. The abuse includes violence, neglect, and other crimes committed against an elderly person and their forms include physical, mental, and financial abuses as well as passive and active neglect.[42]
Emotional abuse
- See: Psychological abuse
While there is an absence of consensus as to the precise definition of emotional abuse, it is classified by the U.S. federal Child Abuse Prevention and Treatment Act as a form of mental injury.[43] The typical legal definition, particularly in the area of child welfare, accepted by the majority of U.S. states describes it as injury to the psychological capacity or emotional stability as evidenced by an observable or substantial change in behavior, emotional response or cognition.[44]
Employee abuse
False accusations
False accusations (or false allegations) can be in any of the following contexts:
- informally in everyday life;
- quasi-judicially;
- judicially.
Flag abuse
Flag abuse (or flag desecration) is a term applied to various acts that intentionally destroy, damage or mutilate a flag in public, most often a national flag. Often, such action is intended to make a political point against a country or its policies. Some countries have laws forbidding methods of destruction (such as burning in public) or forbidding particular uses (such as for commercial purposes); such laws may distinguish between desecration of the country's own national flag and flags of other countries. Countries may have laws protecting the right to burn a flag as free speech.
Gaming the system
Gaming the system (also called bending the rules, gaming the rules, playing the system, abusing the system, milking the system, or working the system) can be defined as using the rules and procedures meant to protect a system to instead
Gaslighting
Gaslighting is
Gay abuse or gay bashing
Gay bashing and gay bullying are
Harassment
Harassment covers a wide range of offensive behaviour. It is commonly understood as behaviour intended to disturb or upset. In the legal sense, it is behaviour which is found threatening or disturbing.
Power harassment is harassment or unwelcome attention of a political nature, often occurring in the environment of a workplace.
Sexual harassment refers to persistent and unwanted sexual advances, typically in the workplace, where the consequences of refusing sexual requests are potentially very disadvantageous to the victim.
Hate crimes
Hate crimes occur when a perpetrator targets a victim because of his or her perceived membership in a certain
"Hate crime" generally refers to
Hazing
Hazing is considered any activity involving harassment, abuse, or humiliation as a way of initiating a person into a group.
Hazing is seen in many different types of groups; including within
Human rights abuse
Human rights are "basic rights and
Humiliation
Humiliation is the abasement of
Incivility
Incivility is a general term for social behaviour lacking in civility or good
Institutional abuse
Institutional abuse can typically occur in a
- discriminatory abuse
- financial abuse
- neglect
- physical abuse
- psychological and emotional abuse
- sexual abuse
- verbal abuse
Further reading
- Barter, Christine (1998). Investigating Institutional Abuse of Children (Policy, Practice, Research). National Society for the Prevention of Cruelty to Children (NSPCC). ISBN 978-0902498846
- Beker, Jerome (1982). Institutional Abuse of Children and Youth (Child & Youth Services). Routledge.
- Manthorpe J, Penhale B, Stanley N (1999). Institutional Abuse: Perspectives Across the Life Course. Routledge.
- Westcott, Helen L (1991). Institutional Abuse of Children – From Research to Policy: A Review (Policy, Practice, Research S.) National Society for the Prevention of Cruelty to Children (NSPCC).
Insult
An insult is an expression, statement or behaviour considered to be degrading and offensive.
Intimidation
Intimidation involves intentional behavior that would cause a person of reasonable apprehension to fear harm or injury. Within the context of a criminal prosecution it is not necessary to prove that the behavior caused the victim to experience terror or panic.[55] "The calculated use of violence or the threat of violence to attain goals political, religious, or ideological in nature... through intimidation, coercion, or instilling fear" can be defined as terrorism.[56]
Legal abuse
Legal abuse refers to abuses associated with both civil and criminal legal action.
Market abuse
Market abuse may arise in circumstances where financial investors have been unreasonably disadvantaged, directly or indirectly, by others who:[57]
- have used information which is not publicly available (insider dealing)
- have distorted the price-setting mechanism of financial instruments
- have disseminated false or misleading information.
Medical abuse
Military abuse
War crimes are "violations of the laws or customs of war", including "murder, the ill-treatment or deportation of civilian residents of an occupied territory to slave labor camps", "the murder or ill-treatment of prisoners of war", the killing of hostages, "the wanton destruction of cities, towns and villages, and any devastation not justified by military, or civilian necessity".[58]
War rape is rape committed by soldiers, other
Military sexual trauma is
Mind abuse or mind control
Mind abuse or mind control refers to a process in which a group or individual "systematically uses unethically
Misconduct
Misconduct means a wrongful, improper, or unlawful conduct motivated by premeditated or intentional purpose or by obstinate indifference to the consequences of one's acts. Three categories of misconduct are official misconduct, professional misconduct and sexual misconduct.
Mobbing
Mobbing means
Mobbing can take place in any group environment such as a workplace, neighbourhood or family.
Narcissistic abuse
Narcissistic abuse is a term that emerged in the late 20th century, and became more prominent in the 2000s decade. It originally referred specifically to abuse by
Neglect
Neglect is a passive form of abuse in which a caregiver responsible for providing care for a victim (a child, a physically or mentally
Examples of neglect include failing to provide sufficient
Negligence
Negligence is conduct that is culpable (to blame) because it falls short of what a reasonable person would do to protect another individual from foreseeable risks of harm.
Parental abuse by children
Abuse of parents by their children is a common but under-reported and under-researched subject. Parents are quite often subject to levels of
Passive–aggressive behaviour
Passive–aggressive behaviour is a form of
Patient abuse
Patient abuse or neglect is any action or failure to act which causes unreasonable suffering, misery or harm to the patient. It includes physically striking or sexually assaulting a patient. It also includes withholding of necessary food, physical care, and medical attention. It applies to various contexts such as hospitals, nursing homes, clinics and home visits.[64]
Peer abuse
"Peer abuse" is an expression popularised by author Elizabeth Bennett in 2006 to reinforce the idea that it is as valid to identify
Persecution
Persecution is the systematic mistreatment of an individual or group by another group. The most common forms are
Physical abuse
Physical abuse is abuse involving contact intended to cause feelings of intimidation, pain, injury, or other physical suffering or bodily harm.
Torture
Torture is any act by which severe pain, whether physical or psychological, is intentionally inflicted.
Police abuse
Police brutality is the intentional use of excessive force by a police officer. Though usually physical it has the potential to arise in the form of verbal attacks or psychological intimidation. It is in some instances triggered by "contempt of cop", i.e., perceived disrespect towards police officers.
Police corruption is a specific form of police misconduct designed to obtain financial benefits and/or career advancement for a police officer or officers in exchange for not pursuing, or selectively pursuing, an investigation or arrest.
Police misconduct refers to inappropriate actions taken by police officers in connection with their official duties. Police misconduct can lead to a miscarriage of justice and sometimes involves discrimination.
Political abuse
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Prejudice
A prejudice is a preconceived belief, opinion, or judgment toward a group of people or a single person because of
Prison abuse or prisoner abuse
Prisoner abuse is the mistreatment of persons while they are under arrest or incarcerated. Abuse falling into this category includes:
- Physical abuse: hitting, beating, or other unauthorised corporal punishment.
- Psychological abuse: taunting, sleep deprivation, or other forms of psychological abuse, occasionally white noise
- Sexual abuse: forced intercourse, genital mutilation, or other forms of sexual abuse.
- Other abuse: refusal of essential medication, humiliation, etc.
- War on Terrorpurportedly needed to extract information since other techniques would not yield results.
- Torture: any act by which severe pain, whether physical or psychological, is intentionally inflicted
Professional abuse
Professional abusers:[67]
- take advantage of their client or patient's trust
- exploit their vulnerability
- do not act in their best interests
- fail to keep professional boundaries
Abuse may be:
- discriminatory
- financial
- physical/neglectful
- psychological/emotional
- sexual
Professional abuse always involves:
- betrayal of trust
- exploitation of vulnerability
- violation of professional boundaries
Further reading
- Dorpat, Theodore L (1996). Gaslighting, the Double Whammy, Interrogation and Other Methods of Covert Control in Psychotherapy and Analysis. Jason Aronson, Incorporated.
- Penfold, P. Susan (1998). Sexual Abuse by Health Professionals: A Personal Search for Meaning and Healing. University of Toronto Press.
Psychological abuse
Psychological abuse, also referred to as emotional abuse or mental abuse, is a form of abuse characterized by a person subjecting or exposing another to behavior that is psychologically harmful. Such abuse is often associated with situations of power imbalance, such as
.Racial abuse
Racism is abusive attitudes or treatment of others based on the belief that
Ragging
Ragging is a form of abuse on newcomers to educational institutions in India, Sri Lanka, and Australia. It is similar to the American phenomenon known as hazing. Currently, Sri Lanka is said to be its worst affected country in the world.[68][69]
Rape
Rape, a form of sexual assault, is an assault by a person involving sexual intercourse (with or without sexual penetration) of another without the other's consent (this includes those who are considered unable to consent, e.g., if they were inebriated or asleep)
The rate of reporting, prosecution and convictions for rape varies considerably in different jurisdictions. The US Bureau of Justice Statistics (1999) estimated that 91% of US rape victims are female and 9% are male, with 99% of the offenders being male.[70] In one survey of women, only two percent of respondents who stated they were sexually assaulted said that the assault was perpetrated by a stranger.[71] For men, male-male rape in prisons has been a significant problem.[72][73]
Relational aggression
Relational aggression, also known as covert aggression[74] or covert bullying[75] is a type of aggression in which harm is caused through damage to relationships or social status within a group rather than physical violence.[75][76] Relational aggression is more common and has been studied more among girls than boys.[76]
Religious abuse
Religious abuse refers to:
- use of religious teachings in an abusive manner that causes psychological harm
- harassment or humiliation on the basis of the victim's religion, (see religious discrimination)
- misuse of a religion for selfish, secular or ideologicalends, see
- religion and politics
- abuse of a clerical position to perpetrate non-religiously motivated abuse, such as in the Catholic sex abuse cases[77]
- any form of religious violence, including:
- human sacrifice
- violent initiation rites
Rudeness
Rudeness (also called impudence or effrontery) is the disrespect and failure to behave within the context of a society or a group of people's social laws or etiquette.
Satanic ritual abuse
Satanic ritual abuse (SRA, sometimes known as ritual abuse, ritualistic abuse, organised abuse, sadistic ritual abuse and other variants) was a moral panic that originated in the United States in the 1980s, spreading throughout the country and eventually to many parts of the world, before subsiding in the late 1990s.
School bullying
School bullying is a type of bullying that occurs in connection with education, either inside or outside of school. Bullying can be physical, verbal, or emotional and is usually repeated over a period of time.[78][79]
Sectarian abuse
Self-abuse
Self-destructive behaviour is a broad set of extreme actions and emotions including
Sexual abuse
Sexual abuse is the forcing of undesired sexual behaviour by one person upon another, when that force falls short of being considered a sexual assault. The offender is referred to as a sexual abuser or – more pejoratively – molester.[80] The term also covers any behaviour by any adult towards a child to stimulate either the adult or child sexually. When the victim is younger than the age of consent, it is referred to as child sexual abuse.
Sexual bullying
Sexual bullying is "any bullying behaviour, whether physical or non-physical, that is based on a person's sexuality or gender. It is when sexuality or gender is used as a weapon by boys or girls towards other boys or girls – although it is more commonly directed at girls. It can be carried out to a person's face, behind their back or through the use of technology."[81]
Sibling abuse
Sibling abuse is the
It is estimated
Smear campaign
A "smear campaign", "smear tactic" or simply "smear" is a
Spiritual abuse
Spiritual abuse occurs when a person in religious authority or a person with a unique spiritual practice misleads and maltreats another person in the name of God(s), religion, or in the mystery of any spiritual concept. Spiritual abuse often refers to an abuser using spiritual or religious rank in taking advantage of the victim's spirituality (mentality and passion on spiritual matters) by putting the victim in a state of unquestioning obedience to an abusive authority.
Stalking
Stalking is unwanted attention towards others by individuals (and sometimes groups of people). Stalking behaviours are related to
Structural abuse
Structural abuse is
Substance use disorder
A substance use disorder is a patterned use of a drug in which the person consumes the substance in amounts or with methods which are harmful to themselves or others, and is a form of
Surveillance abuse
Surveillance abuse is the use of surveillance methods or technology to monitor the activity of an individual or group of individuals in a way which violates the social norms or laws of a society. Mass surveillance by the state may constitute surveillance abuse if not appropriately regulated. Surveillance abuse often falls outside the scope of lawful interception. It is illegal because it violates peoples' right to privacy.
Taunting
A taunt is a
Teacher abuse
- See: Teacher abuse
Teasing
Teasing is a word with many meanings. In human interactions, teasing comes in two major forms, playful and hurtful. In mild cases, and especially when it is reciprocal, teasing can be viewed as playful and friendly. However, teasing is often unwelcome and then it takes the form of
Telephone abuse
- See: Nuisance call
Terrorism
Terrorism is the systematic use of terror especially as a means of coercion.[90] At present, there is no internationally agreed
Transgender abuse or trans bashing
Trans bashing is the act of
Umpire abuse
Umpire abuse refers to the act of abuse towards an
Verbal abuse or verbal attacks
Verbal abuse is a form of abusive behaviour involving the use of language. It is a form of profanity that can occur with or without the use of expletives. While oral communication is the most common form of verbal abuse, it also includes abusive words in written form.
Verbal abuse is a pattern of behaviour that can seriously interfere with one's positive emotional development and can lead to significant detriment to one's self-esteem, emotional well-being, and physical state. It has been further described as an ongoing emotional environment organised by the abuser for the purposes of control.
Whispering campaign
A whispering campaign is a method of persuasion in which damaging rumours or innuendo are spread about the target, while the source of the rumours seeks to avoid being detected while spreading them (for example, a political campaign might distribute anonymous flyers attacking the other candidate).
Workplace abuse or workplace bullying
Workplace bullying, like
Characteristics and styles of abuse
Some important characteristics and styles of abuse are:[94]
- overt abuse
- covert (or controlling) abuse
- unpredictability
- disproportional (exaggerated) reactions
- dehumanisation and objectification
- abuse of information
- impossible situations (setting up to fail)
- control by proxy
- ambient abuse (gaslighting)
Abusive power and control
Abusive power and control (or controlling behaviour or coercive control) is the way that abusers gain and maintain
Controlling abusers may use multiple tactics to exert power and control over their victims. The tactics themselves are psychologically and sometimes physically abusive. Control may be helped through
The
Isolation, gaslighting, mind games, lying, disinformation, propaganda, destabilisation, brainwashing and divide and rule are other strategies that are often used. The victim may be plied with alcohol or drugs or deprived of sleep to help disorientate them.[104][105]
Certain personality types feel particularly compelled to control other people.
Psychological characteristics of abusers
In their review of data from the Dunedin Multidisciplinary Health and Development Study (a longitudinal birth cohort study; n = 941) Moffitt et al.[106] report that while men exhibit more aggression overall, gender is not a reliable predictor of interpersonal aggression, including psychological aggression. The study found that whether male or female, aggressive people share a cluster of traits, including high rates of suspicion and jealousy; sudden and drastic mood swings; poor self-control; and higher than average rates of approval of violence and aggression (in American society, females are, on average, excused when violent against males). Moffitt et al. also argue that antisocial men exhibit two distinct types of interpersonal aggression (one against strangers, the other against intimate female partners), while antisocial women are rarely aggressive against anyone other than intimate male partners.
Male and female perpetrators of emotional and physical abuse exhibit high rates of personality disorders.[107][108][109] Rates of personality disorder in the general population are roughly 15%–20%, while roughly 80% of abusive men in court-ordered treatment programmes have personality disorders.[110] Female perpetrators have been found to possess personality disorders revolving around narcissistic and compulsive behaviors.[111] in the data gathering procedure. The only statistics available are the reports on child maltreatment,[112] which show that mothers use physical discipline on children more often than fathers, while severe injury and sexual abuse are more often perpetrated by men.[113]
Abusers may aim to avoid household chores or exercise total control of family finances. Abusers can be very
Effects of abuse on victims
English et al.
Namie's study
A study of college students (n = 80) by Goldsmith and Freyd[121] report that many who have experienced emotional abuse do not characterise the mistreatment as abusive. Additionally, Goldsmith and Freyd show that these people also tend to exhibit higher than average rates of alexithymia (difficulty identifying and processing their own emotions).
Jacobson et al.[122] found that women report markedly higher rates of fear during marital conflicts. However, a rejoinder[123] argued that Jacobson's results were invalid due to men and women's drastically differing interpretations of questionnaires. Coker et al.[124] found that the effects of mental abuse were similar whether the victim was male or female. Pimlott-Kubiak and Cortina[125] found that severity and duration of abuse were the only accurate predictors of aftereffects of abuse; sex of perpetrator or victim were not reliable predictors.
Analysis of a large survey (n = 25,876) by LaRoche[126] found that women abused by men were slightly more likely to seek psychological help than were men abused by women (63% vs. 62%).
In a 2007 study, Laurent, et al.,[127] report that psychological aggression in young couples (n = 47) is associated with decreased satisfaction for both partners: "psychological aggression may serve as an impediment to couples development because it reflects less mature coercive tactics and an inability to balance self/other needs effectively." A 2008 study by Walsh and Shulman[128] reports that psychological aggression by females is more likely to be associated with relationship dissatisfaction for both partners, while withdrawal by men is more likely to be associated with relationship dissatisfaction for both partners.
See also
- Abuse defence
- Abuse prevention program
- Aggression
- Anger
- Child grooming
- Destabilisation
- Dissociation
- Exploitation of labour
- Forced labour
- Human trafficking
- International Federation for Human Rights
- Narcissistic rage
- Pejorative
- Rage (emotion)
- Re-victimization
- School violence prevention through education
- Sexual slavery
- Slavery
- Social undermining
- Terms of abuse
- Victimisation
Notes
- defense of justificationfor the public benefit), the truth of the defamatory statement was irrelevant, and it continues to be sufficient that it is published to the defamed person alone.
- ^ Economic capital, cultural capital, and social capital, according to sociologist Pierre Bourdieu[88]
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- ^ Cathy Meyer (19 December 2009). "Passive Aggressive Behavior, a Form of Covert Abuse". Divorcesupport.about.com. Archived from the original on 13 February 2010.
- ^ "Damm Violence". Damnviolence.com. Archived from the original on 17 June 2009. Retrieved 24 January 2010.
- JSTOR 1061471.
- S2CID 35155731. Retrieved 8 December 2013. (the URL listed isn't the original source, but a reprint)
- ^ S2CID 36997173.
- S2CID 38354784.
- ^ Sanders, Cynthia. "Organizing for Economic Empowerment of Battered Women: Women's Savings Accounts" (PDF). Center for Social Development, George Warren Brown School of Social Work, Washington University. Retrieved 19 September 2011.
- ^ Gary FitzGerald. "Action on Elder Abuse Home". Elderabuse.org.uk. Retrieved 5 December 2013.
- ISBN 9780875530505.
- ISBN 978-0761910084.
- ISBN 9781138831780.
- ^ Joseph Potvin. "The Great Due Date of 2008, slide 5" (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on 26 June 2016.
- ^ "Oxford Dictionary definition of 'gaslighting'". Oxford Dictionaries. Oxford University Press. Archived from the original on 24 July 2012. Retrieved 20 April 2016.
- ^ Dorpat, T.L. (1994). "On the double whammy and gaslighting". Psychoanalysis & Psychotherapy. 11 (1): 91–96.
- ISBN 978-1-56821-828-1. Retrieved 6 January 2014.
- ISBN 978-0-684-81447-6. Retrieved 6 January 2014.
- ^ Stotzer, R. (June 2007). "Comparison of Hate Crime Rates Across Protected and Unprotected Groups" (PDF). Williams Institute. Archived from the original (PDF) on 11 August 2007. Retrieved 9 August 2007.
- ^ "Home Office – Hate crime". Homeoffice.gov.uk. 26 November 2005. Archived from the original on 26 November 2005. Retrieved 5 December 2013.
- ^ "Human rights – Easy to understand definition of human rights by Your Dictionary". The American Heritage Dictionary of the English Language (retrieved through Your Dictionary web site) (4 ed.). Houghton Mifflin Harcourt Publishing Company. 2010. Retrieved 8 December 2013.
The basic rights and freedoms to which all humans are entitled, often held to include the right to life and liberty, freedom of thought and expression, and equality before the law.
- AskOxford. Archived from the originalon 30 March 2007. Retrieved 25 November 2006.
- ^ "Institutional abuse". Surreycc.gov.uk. 18 January 2007. Archived from the original on 22 June 2011. Retrieved 24 January 2010.
- ISBN 9780314199508.
- ^ "Terrorism defined in U.S. Army Regulation 190-52 [in Glossary – US Army Manuals, Field Manual 33-1]" (PDF). Library.enlisted.info. U.S. Department of Army. Archived from the original (PDF) on 26 July 2011.
[Terrorism is] [t]he calculated use of violence or the threat of violence to attain goals, political, religious, or ideological in nature. This is done through intimidation, coercion, or fear. Terrorism involves a criminal act often symbolic in nature and intended to influence an audience beyond the immediate victims. (AR 190-52)
- ^ "Market abuse". Europa (web portal). Retrieved 5 December 2013.
- ISBN 978-0-674-07608-2. (see also: The Black Book of Communism)
- ^ Dawn Fratangelo (7 May 2007). "Military sexual trauma – the new face of PTSD". NBC News. Retrieved 31 December 2007.
- ^ Langone, Michael. "Cults: Questions and Answers". Csj.org. Archived from the original on 3 August 2016. Retrieved 27 December 2009.
Mind control (also referred to as 'brainwashing,' 'coercive persuasion,' 'thought reform,' and the 'systematic manipulation of psychological and social influence') refers to a process in which a group or individual systematically uses unethically manipulative methods to persuade others to conform to the wishes of the manipulator(s), often to the detriment of the person being manipulated.
- ISBN 9780967180304.
- ^ "Parentline Plus – Growing levels of concern from parents and carers experiencing aggression from their children". Parentlineplus.org.uk. Archived from the original on 20 November 2010. Retrieved 5 December 2013.
- ^ "When Family Life Hurts" (PDF). Familylives.org.uk. 31 October 2010. Archived from the original (PDF) on 19 June 2012. Retrieved 5 December 2013.
- ^ "What is Patient Abuse and Neglect? – NHDOJ". New Hampshire Department of Justice. 24 February 2004. Archived from the original on 24 February 2004. Retrieved 5 December 2013.
- ISBN 978-0741432650.
- ^ Rosnow, Ralph L. (March 1972). "Poultry and Prejudice". Psychologist Today: 53.
- ^ "Professional abuse". Surreycc.gov.uk. Archived from the original on 11 February 2009. Retrieved 24 January 2010.
- ^ "Ragging: History and Evolution". Noragging.com. 13 January 2010. Archived from the original on 18 June 2009. Retrieved 24 January 2010.
- ^ "Stop murder by ragging!". Sunday Observer. sundayobserver.lk. 1 July 2007. Archived from the original on 14 November 2009. Retrieved 24 January 2010.
- ^ "UCSC Rape Prevention Education: Rape Statistics". 2.ucsc.edu. Archived from the original on 23 December 2007. Retrieved 1 January 2008. The study was conducted in Detroit, USA.
- PMID 26257466. Archived from the original(PDF) on 8 January 2013. Retrieved 7 December 2013.
- ^ "No Escape: Male Rape in U.S. Prisons – Anomaly Or Epidemic: The Incidence of Prisoner-On-Prisoner Rape". Human Rights Watch. Retrieved 5 December 2013.
- ^ "Forcible Rape – Crime in the United States 2007". Fbi.gov. 16 September 2008. Archived from the original on 16 September 2008. Retrieved 5 December 2013.
- ISBN 9780965169608.
- ^ ISBN 978-1-4129-1571-7. Retrieved 4 September 2008.
- ^ ISBN 978-1-57230-865-7. Retrieved 4 September 2008.
- ^ Wright, Keith (2001). Religious Abuse. Wood Lake Publishing Inc.
- ^ "Stop Bullying Now! Information, Prevention, Tips, and Games". Stopbullyingnow.hrsa.gov. Archived from the original on 20 February 2009. Retrieved 24 January 2010.
- ^ "Teen Bully". Parentingteens.about.com. 22 October 2009. Retrieved 24 January 2010.
- S2CID 102340546.
Child molester is a pejorative term applied to both the paedophile and incest offender.
- NSPCC. Archived from the original(PDF) on 13 June 2010. Retrieved 22 April 2010.
- ^ "Sibling Abuse". YourChild: University of Michigan Health System. Archived from the original on 15 January 2010. Retrieved 24 January 2010.
- ISBN 978-0072319637.
- ISBN 0-323-01430-5.
- OCLC 883855097.
- PMID 25157930.
- PMID 15777460.
- ^ Pierre Bourdieu (1986). "The Forms of Capital". Marxists.org. Retrieved 11 March 2014.
- S2CID 143789640.
- ^ "Terrorism". Merriam-Webster's Dictionary. 20 April 2024.
First known usage: 1795
- ^ Angus Martyn (12 February 2002). "The Right of Self-Defence under International Law-the Response to the Terrorist Attacks of 11 September". Australian Law and Bills Digest Group, Parliament of Australia Web Site. Archived from the original on 29 April 2009.
- ^ Thalif Deen (25 July 2005). "POLITICS: U.N. Member States Struggle to Define Terrorism". Inter Press Service. Archived from the original on 11 June 2011.
- ^ Mariza O'Keefe (17 November 2006). "Guilty plea over transsexual bashing". Herald Sun. Archived from the original on 2 May 2008.
- ^ "Abuse Types". Abusefacts.com. Archived from the original on 23 August 2006. Retrieved 24 January 2010.
- ^ Economic abuse wheel. Women's Domestic Abuse Helpline. Retrieved 13 December 2016.
- ISBN 978-0-9686016-0-0. p. 30.
- ^ ISBN 978-0-07-144672-3.
- ISBN 978-1-935166-30-6.
- ISBN 978-0-275-98798-5.
- ISBN 978-1-84642-811-1
- ISBN 978-0-205-40183-3.
- ISBN 978-0121631055. Retrieved 6 April 2016.
- ISBN 978-1843103356. Retrieved 6 April 2016.
- ^ Sleep Deprivation Used as Abuse Tactic
- ^ Family and Domestic Violence – Healthy Work Healthy Living Tip Sheet
- ^ Moffitt, T.E.; Caspi, A.; Rutter, M.; Silva, P.A. (2001). Sex differences in antisocial behavior: Conduct Disorder, Delinquency, and Violence in the Dunedin Longitudinal Study. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
- ^ Dutton D, Bodnarchuk M. Through a psychological lens: Personality disorder and spouse assault. In Loseke D, Gelles R, Cavanaugh M (eds.). Current Controversies on Family Violence, Thousand Oaks: Sage Publications 2005.
- S2CID 35495960.
- S2CID 8409012.
- S2CID 35155731. Archived from the original(PDF) on 29 December 2014. Retrieved 7 December 2013.
- S2CID 142608536.
- ^ "CDC – Injury – Child Maltreatment Home Page". Cdc.gov. 1 September 2009. Retrieved 7 December 2013.
- ^ "Child abuse and neglect by parents and other caregivers" (PDF). World Report on Violence and Health. World Health Organisation. August 2002. p. 67. Retrieved 25 January 2010.
- ISBN 978-0-399-14844-6.
- ISBN 978-1-885586-99-5.
- S2CID 39288807.
- PMID 16757091.
- ^ Hines, D. A., & Malley-Morrison, K. (August 2001). Effects of emotional abuse against men in intimate relationships. Paper presented at the Annual Convention of the American Psychological Association, San Francisco, CA
- ^ Namie, G. (October 2000). U.S. Hostile Workplace Survey 2000. Paper presented at the New England Conference on Workplace Bullying, Suffolk University Law School, Boston.
- S2CID 144725132.
- PMID 7806730.
- ^ Dutton, D. G. (2006). Rethinking domestic violence. Vancouver: University of British Columbia Press.
- PMID 12406480.
- PMID 12795576.
- ^ Laroche, D. (2005). "Aspects of the context and consequences of domestic violence. Situational couple violence and intimate terrorism in Canada in 1999." Quebec City: Government of Quebec.
- PMID 18164053.
- PMID 18986697.
Further reading
- Macpherson, Michael Colin The psychology of abuse (1985) Search for this book: (Amazon | wp gwp g)
- Behera, Navnita Chadha Perpetuating the divide: Political abuse of history in South Asia journal Contemporary South Asia, Volume 5, Issue 2 July 1996, Pages 191–205
- Birley, J. Political abuse of psychiatry Psychiatry, Volume 3, Issue 3, Pages 22–25
- Bonnie, Richard J. Political Abuse of Psychiatry in the Soviet Union and in China: Complexities and Controversies J Am Acad Psychiatry Law 30:136–44, 2002[1]
- Zwi, AB. The political abuse of medicine and the challenge of opposing it. Soc Sci Med. 1987;25(6):649-57.
External links
- Abuse at Curlie
Types and contexts of abuse
Abuse of authority
Abuse of authority includes harassment, interference, pressure, and inappropriate requests or favors.[2]
Abuse of corpse
- See: Necrophilia
Necrophilia involves possessing a physical attraction to dead bodies that may led to acting upon sexual urges. As corpses are dead and cannot give consent, any manipulation, removal of parts, mutilation, or sexual acts performed on a dead body is considered abuse.[3]
This section needs expansion with: scope and summary. You can help by adding to it. (April 2024) |
Abuse of discretion
An abuse of discretion is a failure to take into proper consideration, the facts and laws relating to a particular matter; an arbitrary or unreasonable departure from precedent and settled judicial custom.[4]
Abuse of dominance
Market dominance by companies is regulated by public and private enforcement of competition law, also known as antitrust or anti-monopoly law.[citation needed]
Abuse of indulgences
In the Catholic Church, an indulgence is a way to reduce punishment for sin, often by prayer, pilgrimage or good works. In the Middle Ages, some Church officials demanded money in exchange both for forgiveness of sins and for other rewards such as future salvation.
Abuse of information
Abuse of information typically involves a breach of confidence or plagiarism, or extending the confidence of information beyond those authorised.
In the financial world, Insider trading can also be considered a misuse of internal information that gives an unfair advantage in investment.
Abuse of power
Abuse of power, in the form of "malfeasance in office" or "official misconduct", is the commission of an unlawful act, done in an official capacity, which affects the performance of official duties. Malfeasance in office is often grounds for a
Abuse of process
A cause of action in tort arising from one party making a malicious and deliberate misuse or perversion of regularly issued court process (civil or criminal) not justified by the underlying legal action.
Abuse of rank
Rankism (also called abuse of rank) is treating people of a lower rank in an abusive, discriminatory, or exploitative way.[5] Robert W. Fuller claims that rankism includes the abuse of the power inherent in superior rank, with the view that rank-based abuse underlies many other phenomena such as bullying, racism, sexism, and homophobia.
Abuse of statistics
- See: Abuse of statistics
Abuse of trust
- See: Position of trust
Abusive supervision
Abusive supervision is most commonly studied in the context of the workplace, although can arise in other areas such as in the household and at school. "Abusive supervision has been investigated as an antecedent to negative subordinate workplace outcome".[6][7] "Workplace violence has combination of situational and personal factors". The study that was conducted looked at the link between abusive supervision and different workplace events.[8]
Academic abuse
Academic abuse is a form of workplace bullying which takes place in institutions of higher education, such as colleges and universities. Academia is highly competitive and has a well defined hierarchy, with junior staff being particularly vulnerable.
Adolescent abuse
- See: Parental abuse of adolescents
Adult abuse
Adult abuse refers to the abuse of vulnerable adults.[9]
Alcohol use disorder
Alcohol use disorder, as described in the
Animal abuse
Animal abuse is the infliction of suffering or harm upon animals, other than humans, for purposes other than self-defense. More narrowly, it can be harm for specific gain, such as killing animals for fur. Diverging viewpoints are held by jurisdictions throughout the world.
Anti-social behavior
Anti-social behavior is often seen as public behavior that lacks judgement and consideration for others and may damage them or their property. It may be intentional, as with vandalism or graffiti, or the result of negligence. Persistent anti-social behavior may be a manifestation of an antisocial personality disorder. The counterpart of anti-social behavior is pro-social behavior, namely any behavior intended to help or benefit another person, group or society.[14]
Bullying
Bullying is repeated acts over time that involves a real or perceived imbalance of power with the more powerful individual or group attacking those who are less powerful.[15] Bullying may consist of three basic types of abuse – verbal, physical and emotional. It typically involves subtle methods of coercion such as intimidation. Bullying can be defined in many different ways. Although the UK currently has no legal definition of bullying,[16] some US states have laws against it. Bullying is usually done to coerce others by fear or threat.
Character assassination
Character assassination is an attempt to tarnish a person's reputation. It may involve exaggeration or
Child abuse
Child abuse is the physical or psychological/emotional mistreatment of children. In the United States, the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) define child maltreatment as any act or series of acts of commission or omission by a parent or other caregiver that results in harm, potential for harm, or threat of harm to a child.[17] Most child abuse occurs in a child's home, with a smaller amount occurring in the organisations, schools or communities the child interacts with. There are four major categories of child abuse: neglect, physical abuse, psychological/emotional abuse, and sexual abuse.
Child sexual abuse
Child sexual abuse is a form of
Child-on-child sexual abuse
Child-on-child sexual abuse refers to a form of
Civil rights abuse
Clandestine abuse
Clandestine abuse is sexual, psychological, or physical abuse "that is kept secret for a purpose, concealed, or underhanded."[23]
Clerical abuse
- See: Catholic sex abuse cases
Cyber abuse or cyber bullying
Cyberbullying "involves the use of information and communication technologies to support deliberate, repeated, and hostile behavior by an individual or group, that is intended to harm others." -Bill Belsey[24]
Dating abuse or dating violence
Dating abuse is a pattern of abusive behaviour exhibited by one or both partners in a
Defamation
Defamation is the communication of a statement that makes a claim, expressly stated or implied to be factual, that may give an
Disability abuse
It has been noted that
Discriminatory abuse
Discriminatory abuse involves picking on or treating someone unfairly because something about them is different such as:
- age
- clothing or appearance
- ethnicity, nationality or culture including traits like language
- gender, including gender-related traits (e.g., Pregnancy)
- health (such as HIV/AIDS) or mental disorders)
- language usage
- lifestyle or occupation
- skin colour
- religion or political affiliation
- sexuality and sexual orientation
- social class or creed
- weight or height
Discriminatory laws such as redlining have existed in many countries. In some countries, controversial attempts such as racial quotas have been used to redress negative effects of discrimination.
Other acts of discrimination include
.Domestic abuse or domestic violence
Domestic abuse can be broadly defined as any form of abusive behaviours by one or both partners in an intimate relationship, such as marriage, cohabitation, family, dating, or even friends. Domestic violence has many forms, including:
- physical aggression (hitting, kicking, biting, shoving, restraining, throwing objects), or threats thereof
- sexual abuse
- emotional abuse
- financial abuse (withholding money or controlling all money, including that of other family members)
- social abuse (restricting access to friends and/or family, insulting or threatening friends and/or family), controlling or domineering
- intimidation
- stalking
- passive/covert abuse[31][32] (e.g., neglect)
- economic deprivation
Depending on local statues, the domestic violence may or may not constitute a crime, also depending on the severity and duration of specific acts, and other variables. Alcohol consumption
Economic abuse
Economic abuse is a form of abuse when one intimate partner has control over the other partner's access to economic resources,[35] which diminishes the victim's capacity to support him/herself and forces him/her to depend on the perpetrator financially.[35][36][37]
Elder abuse
Elder abuse is a type of harm to older adults involving abuse by trusted individuals in a manner that "causes harm or distress to an older person".[38] This definition has been adopted by the World Health Organization from a definition put forward by Action on Elder Abuse in the UK. The abuse includes violence, neglect, and other crimes committed against an elderly person and their forms include physical, mental, and financial abuses as well as passive and active neglect.[39]
Emotional abuse
- See: Psychological abuse
While there is an absence of consensus as to the precise definition of emotional abuse, it is classified by the U.S. federal Child Abuse Prevention and Treatment Act as a form of mental injury.[40] The typical legal definition, particularly in the area of child welfare, accepted by the majority of U.S. states describes it as injury to the psychological capacity or emotional stability as evidenced by an observable or substantial change in behavior, emotional response or cognition.[41]
Employee abuse
False accusations
False accusations (or false allegations) can be in any of the following contexts:
- informally in everyday life;
- quasi-judicially;
- judicially.
Flag abuse
Flag abuse (or flag desecration) is a term applied to various acts that intentionally destroy, damage or mutilate a flag in public, most often a national flag. Often, such action is intended to make a political point against a country or its policies. Some countries have laws forbidding methods of destruction (such as burning in public) or forbidding particular uses (such as for commercial purposes); such laws may distinguish between desecration of the country's own national flag and flags of other countries. Countries may have laws protecting the right to burn a flag as free speech.
Gaming the system
Gaming the system (also called bending the rules, gaming the rules, playing the system, abusing the system, milking the system, or working the system) can be defined as using the rules and procedures meant to protect a system to instead
Gaslighting
Gaslighting is
Gay abuse or gay bashing
Gay bashing and gay bullying are
Harassment
Harassment covers a wide range of offensive behaviour. It is commonly understood as behaviour intended to disturb or upset. In the legal sense, it is behaviour which is found threatening or disturbing.
Power harassment is harassment or unwelcome attention of a political nature, often occurring in the environment of a workplace.
Sexual harassment refers to persistent and unwanted sexual advances, typically in the workplace, where the consequences of refusing sexual requests are potentially very disadvantageous to the victim.
Hate crimes
Hate crimes occur when a perpetrator targets a victim because of his or her perceived membership in a certain
"Hate crime" generally refers to
Hazing
Hazing is considered any activity involving harassment, abuse, or humiliation as a way of initiating a person into a group.
Hazing is seen in many different types of groups; including within
Human rights abuse
Human rights are "basic rights and
Humiliation
Humiliation is the abasement of
Incivility
Incivility is a general term for social behaviour lacking in civility or good
Institutional abuse
Institutional abuse can typically occur in a
- discriminatory abuse
- financial abuse
- neglect
- physical abuse
- psychological and emotional abuse
- sexual abuse
- verbal abuse
Further reading
- Barter, Christine (1998). Investigating Institutional Abuse of Children (Policy, Practice, Research). National Society for the Prevention of Cruelty to Children (NSPCC). ISBN 978-0902498846
- Beker, Jerome (1982). Institutional Abuse of Children and Youth (Child & Youth Services). Routledge.
- Manthorpe J, Penhale B, Stanley N (1999). Institutional Abuse: Perspectives Across the Life Course. Routledge.
- Westcott, Helen L (1991). Institutional Abuse of Children – From Research to Policy: A Review (Policy, Practice, Research S.) National Society for the Prevention of Cruelty to Children (NSPCC).
Insult
An insult is an expression, statement or behaviour considered to be degrading and offensive.
Intimidation
Intimidation involves intentional behavior that would cause a person of reasonable apprehension to fear harm or injury. Within the context of a criminal prosecution it is not necessary to prove that the behavior caused the victim to experience terror or panic.[52] "The calculated use of violence or the threat of violence to attain goals political, religious, or ideological in nature... through intimidation, coercion, or instilling fear" can be defined as terrorism.[53]
Legal abuse
Legal abuse refers to abuses associated with both civil and criminal legal action.
Market abuse
Market abuse may arise in circumstances where financial investors have been unreasonably disadvantaged, directly or indirectly, by others who:[54]
- have used information which is not publicly available (insider dealing)
- have distorted the price-setting mechanism of financial instruments
- have disseminated false or misleading information.
Medical abuse
Military abuse
War crimes are "violations of the laws or customs of war", including "murder, the ill-treatment or deportation of civilian residents of an occupied territory to slave labor camps", "the murder or ill-treatment of prisoners of war", the killing of hostages, "the wanton destruction of cities, towns and villages, and any devastation not justified by military, or civilian necessity".[55]
War rape is rape committed by soldiers, other
Military sexual trauma is
Mind abuse or mind control
Mind abuse or mind control refers to a process in which a group or individual "systematically uses unethically
Misconduct
Misconduct means a wrongful, improper, or unlawful conduct motivated by premeditated or intentional purpose or by obstinate indifference to the consequences of one's acts. Three categories of misconduct are official misconduct, professional misconduct and sexual misconduct.
Mobbing
Mobbing means
Mobbing can take place in any group environment such as a workplace, neighbourhood or family.
Narcissistic abuse
Narcissistic abuse is a term that emerged in the late 20th century, and became more prominent in the 2000s decade. It originally referred specifically to abuse by
Neglect
Neglect is a passive form of abuse in which a caregiver responsible for providing care for a victim (a child, a physically or mentally
Examples of neglect include failing to provide sufficient
Negligence
Negligence is conduct that is culpable (to blame) because it falls short of what a reasonable person would do to protect another individual from foreseeable risks of harm.
Parental abuse by children
Abuse of parents by their children is a common but under-reported and under-researched subject. Parents are quite often subject to levels of
Passive–aggressive behaviour
Passive–aggressive behaviour is a form of
Patient abuse
Patient abuse or neglect is any action or failure to act which causes unreasonable suffering, misery or harm to the patient. It includes physically striking or sexually assaulting a patient. It also includes withholding of necessary food, physical care, and medical attention. It applies to various contexts such as hospitals, nursing homes, clinics and home visits.[61]
Peer abuse
"Peer abuse" is an expression popularised by author Elizabeth Bennett in 2006 to reinforce the idea that it is as valid to identify
Persecution
Persecution is the systematic mistreatment of an individual or group by another group. The most common forms are
Physical abuse
Physical abuse is abuse involving contact intended to cause feelings of intimidation, pain, injury, or other physical suffering or bodily harm.
Torture
Torture is any act by which severe pain, whether physical or psychological, is intentionally inflicted.
Police abuse
Police brutality is the intentional use of excessive force by a police officer. Though usually physical it has the potential to arise in the form of verbal attacks or psychological intimidation. It is in some instances triggered by "contempt of cop", i.e., perceived disrespect towards police officers.
Police corruption is a specific form of police misconduct designed to obtain financial benefits and/or career advancement for a police officer or officers in exchange for not pursuing, or selectively pursuing, an investigation or arrest.
Police misconduct refers to inappropriate actions taken by police officers in connection with their official duties. Police misconduct can lead to a miscarriage of justice and sometimes involves discrimination.
Political abuse
This section needs expansion. You can help by adding to it. (January 2010) |
Prejudice
A prejudice is a preconceived belief, opinion, or judgment toward a group of people or a single person because of
Prison abuse or prisoner abuse
Prisoner abuse is the mistreatment of persons while they are under arrest or incarcerated. Abuse falling into this category includes:
- Physical abuse: hitting, beating, or other unauthorised corporal punishment.
- Psychological abuse: taunting, sleep deprivation, or other forms of psychological abuse, occasionally white noise
- Sexual abuse: forced intercourse, genital mutilation, or other forms of sexual abuse.
- Other abuse: refusal of essential medication, humiliation, etc.
- War on Terrorpurportedly needed to extract information since other techniques would not yield results.
- Torture: any act by which severe pain, whether physical or psychological, is intentionally inflicted
Professional abuse
Professional abusers:[64]
- take advantage of their client or patient's trust
- exploit their vulnerability
- do not act in their best interests
- fail to keep professional boundaries
Abuse may be:
- discriminatory
- financial
- physical/neglectful
- psychological/emotional
- sexual
Professional abuse always involves:
- betrayal of trust
- exploitation of vulnerability
- violation of professional boundaries
Further reading
- Dorpat, Theodore L (1996). Gaslighting, the Double Whammy, Interrogation and Other Methods of Covert Control in Psychotherapy and Analysis. Jason Aronson, Incorporated.
- Penfold, P. Susan (1998). Sexual Abuse by Health Professionals: A Personal Search for Meaning and Healing. University of Toronto Press.
Psychological abuse
Psychological abuse, also referred to as emotional abuse or mental abuse, is a form of abuse characterized by a person subjecting or exposing another to behavior that is psychologically harmful. Such abuse is often associated with situations of power imbalance, such as
.Racial abuse
Racism is abusive attitudes or treatment of others based on the belief that
Ragging
Ragging is a form of abuse on newcomers to educational institutions in India, Sri Lanka, and Australia. It is similar to the American phenomenon known as hazing. Currently, Sri Lanka is said to be its worst affected country in the world.[65][66]
Rape
Rape, a form of sexual assault, is an assault by a person involving sexual intercourse (with or without sexual penetration) of another without the other's consent (this includes those who are considered unable to consent, e.g., if they were inebriated or asleep)
The rate of reporting, prosecution and convictions for rape varies considerably in different jurisdictions. The US Bureau of Justice Statistics (1999) estimated that 91% of US rape victims are female and 9% are male, with 99% of the offenders being male.[67] In one survey of women, only two per cent of respondents who stated they were sexually assaulted said that the assault was perpetrated by a stranger.[68] For men, male-male rape in prisons has been a significant problem.[69][70]
Relational aggression
Relational aggression, also known as covert aggression[71] or covert bullying[72] is a type of aggression in which harm is caused through damage to relationships or social status within a group rather than physical violence.[72][73] Relational aggression is more common and has been studied more among girls than boys.[73]
Religious abuse
Religious abuse refers to:
- use of religious teachings in an abusive manner that causes psychological harm
- harassment or humiliation on the basis of the victim's religion, (see religious discrimination)
- misuse of a religion for selfish, secular or ideologicalends, see
- religion and politics
- abuse of a clerical position to perpetrate non-religiously motivated abuse, such as in the Catholic sex abuse cases[74]
- any form of religious violence, including:
- human sacrifice
- violent initiation rites
Rudeness
Rudeness (also called impudence or effrontery) is the disrespect and failure to behave within the context of a society or a group of people's social laws or etiquette.
Satanic ritual abuse
Satanic ritual abuse (SRA, sometimes known as ritual abuse, ritualistic abuse, organised abuse, sadistic ritual abuse and other variants) was a moral panic that originated in the United States in the 1980s, spreading throughout the country and eventually to many parts of the world, before subsiding in the late 1990s.
School bullying
School bullying is a type of bullying that occurs in connection with education, either inside or outside of school. Bullying can be physical, verbal, or emotional and is usually repeated over a period of time.[75][76]
Sectarian abuse
Self-abuse
Self-destructive behaviour is a broad set of extreme actions and emotions including
Sexual abuse
Sexual abuse is the forcing of undesired sexual behaviour by one person upon another, when that force falls short of being considered a sexual assault. The offender is referred to as a sexual abuser or – more pejoratively – molester.[77] The term also covers any behaviour by any adult towards a child to stimulate either the adult or child sexually. When the victim is younger than the age of consent, it is referred to as child sexual abuse.
Sexual bullying
Sexual bullying is "any bullying behaviour, whether physical or non-physical, that is based on a person's sexuality or gender. It is when sexuality or gender is used as a weapon by boys or girls towards other boys or girls – although it is more commonly directed at girls. It can be carried out to a person's face, behind their back or through the use of technology."[78]
Sibling abuse
Sibling abuse is the
It is estimated
Smear campaign
A "smear campaign", "smear tactic" or simply "smear" is a
Spiritual abuse
Spiritual abuse occurs when a person in religious authority or a person with a unique spiritual practice misleads and maltreats another person in the name of God(s), religion, or in the mystery of any spiritual concept. Spiritual abuse often refers to an abuser using spiritual or religious rank in taking advantage of the victim's spirituality (mentality and passion on spiritual matters) by putting the victim in a state of unquestioning obedience to an abusive authority.
Stalking
Stalking is unwanted attention towards others by individuals (and sometimes groups of people). Stalking behaviours are related to
Structural abuse
Structural abuse is
Substance use disorder
A substance use disorder is a patterned use of a drug in which the person consumes the substance in amounts or with methods which are harmful to themselves or others, and is a form of
Surveillance abuse
Surveillance abuse is the use of surveillance methods or technology to monitor the activity of an individual or group of individuals in a way which violates the social norms or laws of a society. Mass surveillance by the state may constitute surveillance abuse if not appropriately regulated. Surveillance abuse often falls outside the scope of lawful interception. It is illegal because it violates peoples' right to privacy.
Taunting
A taunt is a
Teacher abuse
- See: Teacher abuse
Teasing
Teasing is a word with many meanings. In human interactions, teasing comes in two major forms, playful and hurtful. In mild cases, and especially when it is reciprocal, teasing can be viewed as playful and friendly. However, teasing is often unwelcome and then it takes the form of
Telephone abuse
- See: Nuisance call
Terrorism
Terrorism is the systematic use of terror especially as a means of coercion.[87] At present, there is no internationally agreed
Transgender abuse or trans bashing
Trans bashing is the act of
Umpire abuse
Umpire abuse refers to the act of abuse towards an
Verbal abuse or verbal attacks
Verbal abuse is a form of abusive behaviour involving the use of language. It is a form of profanity that can occur with or without the use of expletives. While oral communication is the most common form of verbal abuse, it also includes abusive words in written form.
Verbal abuse is a pattern of behaviour that can seriously interfere with one's positive emotional development and can lead to significant detriment to one's self-esteem, emotional well-being, and physical state. It has been further described as an ongoing emotional environment organised by the abuser for the purposes of control.
Whispering campaign
A whispering campaign is a method of persuasion in which damaging rumours or innuendo are spread about the target, while the source of the rumours seeks to avoid being detected while spreading them (for example, a political campaign might distribute anonymous flyers attacking the other candidate).
Workplace abuse or workplace bullying
Workplace bullying, like
Characteristics and styles of abuse
Some important characteristics and styles of abuse are:[91]
- overt abuse
- covert (or controlling) abuse
- unpredictability
- disproportional (exaggerated) reactions
- dehumanisation and objectification
- abuse of information
- impossible situations (setting up to fail)
- control by proxy
- ambient abuse (gaslighting)
Abusive power and control
Abusive power and control (or controlling behaviour or coercive control) is the way that abusers gain and maintain
Controlling abusers may use multiple tactics to exert power and control over their victims. The tactics themselves are psychologically and sometimes physically abusive. Control may be helped through
The
Isolation, gaslighting, mind games, lying, disinformation, propaganda, destabilisation, brainwashing and divide and rule are other strategies that are often used. The victim may be plied with alcohol or drugs or deprived of sleep to help disorientate them.[101][102]
Certain personality types feel particularly compelled to control other people.
Psychological characteristics of abusers
In their review of data from the Dunedin Multidisciplinary Health and Development Study (a longitudinal birth cohort study; n = 941) Moffitt et al.[103] report that while men exhibit more aggression overall, gender is not a reliable predictor of interpersonal aggression, including psychological aggression. The study found that whether male or female, aggressive people share a cluster of traits, including high rates of suspicion and jealousy; sudden and drastic mood swings; poor self-control; and higher than average rates of approval of violence and aggression (in American society, females are, on average, excused when violent against males). Moffitt et al. also argue that antisocial men exhibit two distinct types of interpersonal aggression (one against strangers, the other against intimate female partners), while antisocial women are rarely aggressive against anyone other than intimate male partners.
Male and female perpetrators of emotional and physical abuse exhibit high rates of personality disorders.[104][105][106] Rates of personality disorder in the general population are roughly 15%–20%, while roughly 80% of abusive men in court-ordered treatment programmes have personality disorders.[107] Female perpetrators have been found to possess personality disorders revolving around narcissistic and compulsive behaviors.[108] in the data gathering procedure. The only statistics available are the reports on child maltreatment,[109] which show that mothers use physical discipline on children more often than fathers, while severe injury and sexual abuse are more often perpetrated by men.[110]
Abusers may aim to avoid household chores or exercise total control of family finances. Abusers can be very
Effects of abuse on victims
English et al.
Namie's study
A study of college students (n = 80) by Goldsmith and Freyd[118] report that many who have experienced emotional abuse do not characterise the mistreatment as abusive. Additionally, Goldsmith and Freyd show that these people also tend to exhibit higher than average rates of alexithymia (difficulty identifying and processing their own emotions).
Jacobson et al.[119] found that women report markedly higher rates of fear during marital conflicts. However, a rejoinder[120] argued that Jacobson's results were invalid due to men and women's drastically differing interpretations of questionnaires. Coker et al.[121] found that the effects of mental abuse were similar whether the victim was male or female. Pimlott-Kubiak and Cortina[122] found that severity and duration of abuse were the only accurate predictors of aftereffects of abuse; sex of perpetrator or victim were not reliable predictors.
Analysis of a large survey (n = 25,876) by LaRoche[123] found that women abused by men were slightly more likely to seek psychological help than were men abused by women (63% vs. 62%).
In a 2007 study, Laurent, et al.,[124] report that psychological aggression in young couples (n = 47) is associated with decreased satisfaction for both partners: "psychological aggression may serve as an impediment to couples development because it reflects less mature coercive tactics and an inability to balance self/other needs effectively." A 2008 study by Walsh and Shulman[125] reports that psychological aggression by females is more likely to be associated with relationship dissatisfaction for both partners, while withdrawal by men is more likely to be associated with relationship dissatisfaction for both partners.
See also
- Abuse defence
- Abuse prevention program
- Aggression
- Anger
- Child grooming
- Destabilisation
- Dissociation
- Exploitation of labour
- Forced labour
- Human trafficking
- International Federation for Human Rights
- Narcissistic rage
- Pejorative
- Rage (emotion)
- Re-victimization
- School violence prevention through education
- Sexual slavery
- Slavery
- Social undermining
- Terms of abuse
- Victimisation
Notes
- defense of justificationfor the public benefit), the truth of the defamatory statement was irrelevant, and it continues to be sufficient that it is published to the defamed person alone.
- ^ Economic capital, cultural capital, and social capital, according to sociologist Pierre Bourdieu[85]
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Further reading
- Macpherson, Michael Colin The psychology of abuse (1985) Search for this book: (Amazon | wp gwp g)
- Behera, Navnita Chadha Perpetuating the divide: Political abuse of history in South Asia journal Contemporary South Asia, Volume 5, Issue 2 July 1996, Pages 191–205
- Birley, J. Political abuse of psychiatry Psychiatry, Volume 3, Issue 3, Pages 22–25
- Bonnie, Richard J. Political Abuse of Psychiatry in the Soviet Union and in China: Complexities and Controversies J Am Acad Psychiatry Law 30:136–44, 2002[1]
- Zwi, AB. The political abuse of medicine and the challenge of opposing it. Soc Sci Med. 1987;25(6):649-57.
External links
- Abuse at Curlie
- ^ "Political Abuse of Psychiatry in the Soviet Union and in China : Complexities and Controversies" (PDF). Jappl.org. Archived from the original (PDF) on 28 September 2011. Retrieved 5 December 2013.