Adult animation in the United States
In the United States, before the enforcement of the
Pre-Code animation
The earliest cartoon series were based upon popular
The
The latter cartoons came at time when the U.S. military began to commission animated films to train recruits.[8] This morphed into the U.S. Army's First Motion Picture Unit, which existed from 1942 to 1945, located at Hal Roach Studios in Culver City, California. The unit included filmmakers like Frank Capra, Looney Tunes creator Rudolf Ising, animator Frank Thomas, and cartoonist Dr. Seuss. It produced hundreds of animated "training films on a continuous schedule."[8][9][10][11] Animation was integral in these films, helping pilots fly airplanes,[12] soldiers learn the fine points of military camouflage,[10] or train others how to correctly use hand-held weapons.[13]
In addition, the Betty Boop series was known for its use of jokes that would eventually be considered taboo following the enforcement of the Hays Code, including the use of nudity.[6]
This included the short
After the Hays Code
By 1968, the Hays Office had been eliminated, and the former guidelines were replaced by the
Many of the adult animated series on broadcast television have featured LGBTQ characters. Fox's The Simpsons has included gay characters,[27][28] some of which were one-offs,[28][29][30][31] an on-and-off-again gay couple,[32] and lesbian characters.[33] Additionally, gay characters appeared in Family Guy,[34][35] King of the Hill[36] Duncanville,[37] have done the same. Additionally, bisexual characters appeared in Sit Down, Shut Up, which aired from April to November 2009,[38][39][40] while gay characters headlined the short-lived show, Allen Gregory.[41][42] The FOX adult animated sitcom, The Great North, which began airing in January 2021, included gay characters,[43][44] as did the late 2006 series Freak Show,[45] Brickleberry, which aired from 2012 to 2015, featured lesbian characters[46][47][48] while South Park included gay and lesbian characters,[49][50][51][52] as did Drawn Together.[53][54][55][56]
Some depictions of LGBTQ people were criticized, like those in Family Guy and Bob's Burgers, as stereotypical, when it came to trans people[57][58][59] In the case of Bob's Burgers, in June 2020, series creator Loren Bouchard committed to recasting a trans female sex worker character so it is voiced by a Black actor rather than a White male actor, currently David Herman.[60][57] LGBTQ characters also headlined the series Rick & Steve: The Happiest Gay Couple in All the World, which aired on Logo TV from 2007 to 2009, including gay[61] and lesbian[62][63] couples as characters.[64][65] and gay characters appeared in Chozen.[66] Lesbian characters also appeared in The Goode Family,[67][68][69]
Programming blocks
There are various
and Fox's Animation Domination.[1]In the Adult Swim programming block, many of the animated series have featured LGBTQ characters. This includes gay characters in
Streaming services
Some critics have argued that the streaming platforms are in a "war" with one another, during which adult animation is growing, as the genre changes, demand increases, and companies participate in production of these series.[109][110][111] Companies such as Paramount Global, Hulu, Netflix, Apple TV+, Paramount+, Max, Disney+, and Crunchyroll have worked to expand their adult animation slates and offerings,[112][113][114] There were even panels hosted on the topic, noting the companies producing adult animations.[115][116] This competition has led some to argue that the adult animation field is in a "golden age"[117] and that there is a post-pandemic boom.[118]
In the 2020s,
In early July 2020, Hulu hosted the first ever Hilarious Animated Hulu Awards (HAHA) which is meant to celebrate "adult cartoons, characters, and moments" from those animations streaming on the streaming site. Viewers were allowed to vote on the winners, with awards for the Most Epic Battle Scene, Best Hangover Performance, Best New Show, Best Dance Performance, Best Talking Pet, Most Awkward Moment, Most Insulting Insult, Best Catchphrase, Breakout Star of the Year, and even Best Fart Performance.[128] In later July, the HAHA winners were announced, with characters from Family Guy, Bob's Burgers, Futurama, American Dad!, Archer, Cake, and Solar Opposites winning awards.[129]
Cancellations
Many adult animations have been cancelled over the years, often when these series were either in development or before they received a second season. In 2017, Adult Swim cancelled a cartoon by Rick Moranis about him as a demon slayer titled The Gatekeeper, saying they were concerned about their "target audiences."[130]
Animated feature films
Ralph Bakshi
By the late-1960s, animator
Bakshi's next film,
Other animated features
Although some adult-oriented animated films achieved success, very few animation studios in the United States produced explicitly adult animation during the 1970s, and much of the adult-oriented animation produced in the 1980s and 1990s was critically and commercially unsuccessful.
Animated films portraying serious stories began to regain notice from mainstream audiences in the beginning of the 21st century.
Some years later, in December 2015,
The 2016 film
Festivals
In 1988,
In 1990, Mellow Manor Productions began screening films under the title
In 2003, Judge and Hertzfeldt created a new touring festival of animation marketed towards adults and college students. The Animation Show brought animated shorts into more North American theaters than any previous commercial festival.[157]
Young adult animation
For years,
Fast forward to the 2010s, when more critics and companies would begin talking about young adult animation. In 2015, one critic stated that the executives in the
In 2020, young adult animation came to the forefront once more.
In later October 2020, it was announced that
On December 8, 2020, Sechrist still expressed support for
In August 2021, Animation World Network and Deadline described the upcoming Adventure Time: Fionna and Cake series as a "young adult animated show."[174][175] In October 2021, a reviewer for The Geekiary argued that High Guardian Spice was a young adult animation.[176]
In 2022,
In July 2022, Hamish Steele, creator of Dead End: Paranormal Park, agreed with an interviewer from The Hollywood Reporter and called the series a young adult animation. He noted that even cartoon shows like Infinity Train had to pitch to a younger audiences and declared that Dead End is "a YA kids' show."[178]
Series in development
In the 2020s, it was announced that Netflix, Comedy Central, Disney, and HBO Max were developing adult animated series.[179][180][181][182] This included development of a Game of Thrones animated series by HBO Max,[182] based on the live-action Game of Thrones TV series, along with eight other adult animated series: Scavengers Reign,[183] Creature Commandos[184] Noonan's,[185] Fired on Mars,[186][187] a revival of Clone High,[188] Hello Paul by musician Sean Solomon, Obi by Michael B. Jordan's Outlier Society, Uncanny Valley by Brendan Walter and Greg Yagolnitzer, and Cover by Brian Michael Bendis and David Mack.[189][190] In December 2020, it was reported that a new series by Disney/Pixar, Light Year will focus on Buzz Lightyear in Toy Story but have a "more adult sci-fi imprint"[191] In 2020, it was noted that Netflix had series such as Blue Eye Samurai[192] and Mulligan,[193] among other original programming.
In 2020 and 2021, it was reported that
In addition, Amazon Studios was noted as producing an animated series titled "Oaklandia", starring the rapper
See also
- Animation in the United States during the silent era
- Animation in the United States in the television era
- Modern animation in the United States
- List of adult animated films
- List of adult animated television series
- List of adult animated internet series
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