Alethinophidia
| Alethinophidia Temporal range: Cenomanian to Present[1]
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| Grass snake, Natrix natrix
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Scientific classification 
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| Domain: | Eukaryota |
| Kingdom: | Animalia |
| Phylum: | Chordata |
| Class: | Reptilia |
| Order: | Squamata |
| Suborder: | Serpentes |
| Infraorder: | Alethinophidia Nopcsa, 1923 |
| Subclades | |
- Common names: advanced snakes.
The Alethinophidia are an
) is arbitrary.Etymology
The infraorder name Alethinophidia derives from the two Ancient Greek words ἀληθινός (alēthinós), meaning "truthful, genuine", and ὄφις (óphis), meaning "snake".[12][13]
Fossil record
Fossils of alethinophidians were found in
Palaeocene of Niger. The genus Eoanilius (belongs to Aniliidae) appeared in the Eocene. It is also existed in Oligocene and early Miocene.[1] The extinct marine Simoliophidae are known from the Cenomanian of North Africa, the Middle East, and Eastern Europe, indicating a Tethyan distribution; they are notable for preserving evidence of vestigial hindlimbs.[14]
Systematics
- Family †Simoliophidae Nopsca, 1925
- Family †Palaeophiidae Lydekker, 1888
- Family †Nigerophiidae Rage, 1975
- Superfamily Amerophidia
- Family: Stejneger, 1907—red pipesnake
- Family: Tropidophiidae Brongersma, 1951—Caribbean dwarf "boas" or thunder snakes
- Family:
- Superfamily Booidea
- Superfamily Pythonoidea
- Family: Pythonidae Fitzinger, 1826—pythons
- Family: Loxocemidae Cope, 1861—Mexican burrowing pythons
- Family: Xenopeltidae Bonaparte, 1845—sunbeam snakes
- Superfamily Uropeltoidea
- Family: Uropeltidae Müller, 1832—shield-tailed snakes
- Family: Cylindrophiidae Fitzinger, 1843—Asian pipe snakes
- Family: Anomochilidae Cundall, Wallach and Rossman, 1993—dwarf pipe snakes
- Family: Bolyeriidae Hoffstetter, 1946—Splitjaw snakes
- Family: XenophidiidaeWallach & Günther, 1998—Spine-jawed snakes
- Family: Acrochordidae Bonaparte, 1831—wart or file snakes
- Family: Xenodermidae Oppel, 1811—odd-scaled snakes
- Family: Pareidae Oppel, 1811—snail-eating snakes
- Family: Viperidae Oppel, 1811—vipers (including pit vipers)
- Family: Homalopsidae Günther, 1864—Asian mudsnakes
- Superfamily: Elapoidea F. Boie, 1827 (merged with Colubroidea by the Reptile Database)[15]
- Family: Cyclocoridae Weinell & Brown, 2017—Philippine snakes
- Family: MicrelapidaeDas et al., 2023—two-headed snakes
- Family: sea snakes, and others
- Family: Pseudaspididae Cope, 1893—mole snake, western keeled snake, and mock vipers
- Family: Prosymnidae Gray, 1849—shovel-snouted snakes
- Family: Psammophiidae Dowling, 1967—sand snakes and allies
- Family: Atractaspididae Günther, 1858—African burrowing asps, stiletto snakes, harlequin snakes
- Family: Pseudoxyrhophiidae Dowling, 1975—Malagasy hognose snakes, brook snakes, and allies
- Family: Lamprophiidae Fitzinger, 1843—lamprophiids
- Superfamily: Colubroidea Oppel, 1811
- Family: Colubridae Oppel, 1811—colubrids, typical snakes (subfamilies sometimes considered distinct families)
- Subfamily: Sibynophiinae Dunn, 1928—hinged-teeth snakes
- Subfamily: Natricinae Bonaparte, 1838—keelbacks
- Subfamily: Pseudoxenodontinae McDowell, 1987
- Subfamily: Dipsadinae Bonaparte, 1838
- Family: Colubridae Oppel, 1811—colubrids, typical snakes (subfamilies sometimes considered distinct families)
See also
- Scolecophidia, blind snakes, thread snakes.
- List of snakes, overview of all snake genera.
References
- ^ a b c d J.-C. Rage and C. Werner. 1999."Mid-Cretaceous (Cenomanian) snakes from Wadi Abu Hashim, Sudan: The earliest snake assemblage". 35, 85-110
- ^ "Alethinophidia". Integrated Taxonomic Information System. Retrieved 14 May 2018.
- PMID 23627680.
- PMID 24315866. Archived from the original(PDF) on 2015-12-02. Retrieved 2018-05-14.
- ISBN 9780470015902.
- PMID 27603205.
- PMID 26475614.
- ^ Scanlon, J. D.; Lee, M. S. Y. (2011). Aldridge, R. D.; Sever, D. M. (eds.). The Major Clades of Living Snakes: Morphological Evolution, Molecular Phylogeny, and Divergence Dates in Reproductive Biology and Phylogeny of Snakes. Enfield, NH: Science Publishers. pp. 55–95.
- ^ Vidal, N.; Delmas, A. S.; Hedges, S. B. (2007). Henderson, R. W.; Powell, R. (eds.). The higher-level relationships of alethinophidian snakes inferred from seven nuclear and mitochondrial genes. Eagle Mountain, Utah, USA: Eagle Mountain Publishing. pp. 27–33.
- ^ Vitt, L. J.; Caldwell, J. P. (2014). Herpetology: an introductory biology of amphibians and reptiles (4th ed.). Burlington: Academic Press. pp. 108–109.
- ^ Uetz, Peter. "Serpentes at The Reptile Database". The Reptile Database. EMBL. Retrieved 14 May 2018.
- OCLC 461974285.
- ^ Bailly, Anatole. "Greek-french dictionary online". www.tabularium.be. Retrieved January 7, 2019.
- PMID 25989795.
- ^ "Search results | The Reptile Database". reptile-database.reptarium.cz. Retrieved 2022-07-21.
External links
Wikimedia Commons has media related to Alethinophidia.
- Alethinophidia at Palaeos. Accessed 14 August 2007.