Argiope (spider)
Argiope Temporal range:
| |
---|---|
stabilimentum
in Ghana | |
Scientific classification | |
Domain: | Eukaryota |
Kingdom: | Animalia |
Phylum: | Arthropoda |
Subphylum: | Chelicerata |
Class: | Arachnida |
Order: | Araneae |
Infraorder: | Araneomorphae |
Family: | Araneidae |
Genus: | Argiope Audouin, 1826[1]
|
Type species | |
Aranea lobata | |
Species | |
88, see text. | |
Synonyms[1] | |
|
The
Description
As with most orb weavers, they have a third claw which is used to weave their complex webs. There is significant sexual dimorphism among the various species, with females measuring 19mm-28mm (0.75”-1.1”) and males coming in at 5mm-9mm (0.20”-0.35”).[3] Their webs can be quite large, usually containing a signature zig-zag pattern, called a stabilimentum.[4] They sport black and yellow patterning on their abdomen, and occasionally on their legs,[5] although most species have black legs with red or yellow patterning closer to the body. Their cephalothorax is covered with short silver hairs, and they have an egg-shaped abdomen.[3]
Common names
In North America, Argiope aurantia is commonly known as the black and yellow garden spider, zipper spider, corn spider, or writing spider, because of the similarity of the web stabilimenta to writing.
The East Asian species Argiope amoena is known in Japan as kogane-gumo. In the Philippines, they are known as gagambang ekis ("X spider"), and gagambang pari ("priest spider", due to the spider's body resembling a priest's head with a mitre).
Web
The average orb web is practically invisible, and it is easy to blunder into one and end up covered with a sticky web. The visible pattern of banded silk made by Argiope is pure white, and some species make an "X" form, or a zigzag type of web (often with a hollow centre). The spider then aligns one pair of its legs with each of the four lines in the hollow "X", making a complete "X" of white lines with a very eye-catching spider forming its centre.
The zigzag patterns, called stabilimenta, reflect
Other studies suggest that the stabilimenta may actually lead predators to the spider; species such as A. keyserlingi place their web predominantly in closed, complex habitats such as among sedges.
As Argiope sit in the centre of their web during the day, they have developed several responses to predators, such as dropping off the web, retreating to the periphery of the web, or even rapidly pumping the web in bursts of up to 30 seconds, similar to the motion done by the unrelated Pholcus phalangioides.[6]
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Writing spider on stabilimentum in Iowa
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Silver argiope (Argiope argentata) in Jamaica
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Writing spider in South Carolina
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St Andrew's cross spider (Argiope keyserlingi), Australia
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Argiope sp. spider Found in Goose Creek, South Carolina in October of 2019.
Reproduction
The male spider is much smaller than the female,
These eggs hatch in autumn, but the spiderlings
Bite
Like almost all other spiders, Argiope are harmless to humans. As is the case with most garden spiders, they eat
They can potentially bite if grabbed, but other than for defense, they do not attack large animals. Their venom is not regarded as a serious medical problem for humans; it often contains a wide variety of polyamine toxins with potential as therapeutic medicinal agents.[9] Notable among these is the argiotoxin ArgTX-636 (A. lobata).
A bite by the black and yellow garden spider (Argiope aurantia) is comparable to a bee sting, with redness and swelling. For a healthy adult, a bite is not considered an issue.[10][11][12]
Though they are not aggressive spiders, the very young, elderly, those with compromised immune systems, or those with known venom allergies should exercise caution, just as one would around a beehive.[10]
Taxonomy
The first description of the genus Argiope is attributed to
Species
As of April 2019[update], Argiope contains 88 species:[1]
- A. abramovi Logunov & Jäger, 2015 – Vietnam
- A. aemula (Walckenaer, 1841) – India to Philippines, Indonesia (Sulawesi), Vanuatu
- A. aetherea (Walckenaer, 1841) – China to Australia
- A. aetheroides Yin, Wang, Zhang, Peng & Chen, 1989 – China, Japan
- A. ahngeri Spassky, 1932 – Iran, Kyrgyzstan, Turkmenistan, Uzbekistan, Tajikistan?
- A. amoena L. Koch, 1878 – China, Korea, Taiwan, Japan
- A. anasuja Thorell, 1887 – Seychelles to India, Pakistan, Maldives
- A. anomalopalpis Bjørn, 1997 – Congo, South Africa
- A. appensa (Walckenaer, 1841) – Hawaii, Taiwan to New Guinea
- A. argentata (Fabricius, 1775) – USA to Chile, Argentina
- A. aurantia Lucas, 1833 – Canada to Costa Rica
- A. aurocincta Pocock, 1898 – Central, East, Southern Africa
- A. australis (Walckenaer, 1805) – Central, East, Southern Africa, Cape Verde Is.
- A. bivittigera Strand, 1911 – Indonesia
- A. blanda O. Pickard-Cambridge, 1898 – USA to Costa Rica
- A. boesenbergi Levi, 1983 – China, Korea, Japan
- A. bougainvilla (Walckenaer, 1847) – New Guinea to Solomon Is.
- A. bruennichi (Scopoli, 1772) – Europe, Turkey, Israel, Russia (Europe to Far East), Iran, Central Asia to China, Korea, Japan
- A. brunnescentia Strand, 1911 – New Guinea, Papua New Guinea (Bismarck Arch.)
- A. buehleri Schenkel, 1944 – Timor
- A. bullocki Rainbow, 1908 – Australia (New South Wales)
- A. butchko LeQuier & Agnarsson, 2016 – Cuba
- A. caesarea Thorell, 1897 – India, Myanmar, China
- A. caledonia Levi, 1983 – New Caledonia, Vanuatu
- A. cameloides Zhu & Song, 1994 – China
- A. carvalhoi (Mello-Leitão, 1944) – Brazil
- A. catenulata (Doleschall, 1859) – India to Philippines, New Guinea, Australia
- A. chloreis Thorell, 1877 – Laos, Indonesia, Papua New Guinea
- A. comorica Bjørn, 1997 – Comoros, Mayotte
- A. coquereli (Vinson, 1863) – Tanzania (Zanzibar), Madagascar
- A. dang Jäger & Praxaysombath, 2009 – Thailand, Laos
- A. dietrichae Levi, 1983 – Australia (Western Australia, Northern Australia)
- A. doboensis Strand, 1911 – Indonesia, New Guinea
- A. doleschalli Thorell, 1873 – Indonesia
- A. ericae Levi, 2004 – Brazil, Argentina
- A. flavipalpis (Lucas, 1858) – Africa, Yemen
- A. florida Chamberlin & Ivie, 1944 – USA
- A. halmaherensis Strand, 1907 – Indonesia (Moluccas) to New Guinea
- A. hinderlichi Jäger, 2012 – Laos
- A. hoiseni Tan, 2018 – Malaysia (Peninsula)
- A. intricata Simon, 1877 – Philippines
- A. jinghongensis Yin, Peng & Wang, 1994 – China, Vietnam, Laos, Thailand
- A. kaingang Corronca & Rodríguez-Artigas, 2015 – Argentina
- A. katherina Levi, 1983 – Northern Australia
- A. keyserlingi Karsch, 1878 – Australia (Queensland, New South Wales, Lord Howe Is.)
- A. kochi Levi, 1983 – Australia (Queensland)
- A. legionis Motta & Levi, 2009 – Brazil
- A. levii Bjørn, 1997 – South Africa, Kenya, Tanzania
- A. lobata (Pallas, 1772) – Southern Europe to Central Asia and China, northern Africa, South Africa, Israel, India, from Myanmar to New Caledonia and northern Australia
- A. luzona (Walckenaer, 1841) – Philippines
- A. macrochoera Thorell, 1891 – India (Nicobar Is.), China
- A. madang Levi, 1984 – New Guinea
- A. magnifica L. Koch, 1871 – Australia (Queensland) to Solomon Is.
- A. mangal Koh, 1991 – Singapore
- A. manila Levi, 1983 – Philippines
- A. mascordi Levi, 1983 – Australia (Queensland)
- A. minuta Karsch, 1879 – Bangladesh, East Asia
- A. modesta Thorell, 1881 – Borneo to Australia
- A. niasensis Strand, 1907 – Indonesia
- A. ocula Fox, 1938 – China, Taiwan, Japan
- A. ocyaloides L. Koch, 1871 – Australia (Queensland)
- A. pentagona L. Koch, 1871 – Fiji
- A. perforata Schenkel, 1963 – China
- A. picta L. Koch, 1871 – Indonesia (Moluccas) to Australia
- A. pictula Strand, 1911 – Indonesia (Sulawesi)
- A. ponape Levi, 1983 – Caroline Is.
- A. possoica Merian, 1911 – Indonesia (Sulawesi)
- A. probata Rainbow, 1916 – Australia (Queensland)
- A. protensa L. Koch, 1872 – New Guinea, Australia, New Caledonia, New Zealand
- A. pulchella Thorell, 1881 – India to China and Indonesia
- A. pulchelloides Yin, Wang, Zhang, Peng & Chen, 1989 – China
- A. radon Levi, 1983 – Northern Australia
- A. ranomafanensis Bjørn, 1997 – Madagascar
- A. reinwardti (Doleschall, 1859) – Malaysia to New Guinea
- Argiope r. sumatrana (Hasselt, 1882) – Indonesia (Sumatra)
- A. sapoa Barrion & Litsinger, 1995 – Philippines
- A. sector (Forsskål, 1776) – North Africa, Middle East, Cape Verde Is.
- A. squallica Strand, 1915 – New Guinea
- A. submaronica Strand, 1916 – Mexico to Bolivia, Brazil
- Chrysanthus, 1971 – New Guinea
- A. tapinolobata Bjørn, 1997 – Senegal, Namibia
- A. taprobanica Thorell, 1887 – Sri Lanka
- A. trifasciata (Forsskål, 1775) – North, Central and South America. Introduced to Africa (Egypt;[17] type locality), Portugal to Israel, Iran, China, Japan, Australia (Tasmania), Pacific Is.
- Argiope t. deserticola Simon, 1906 – Sudan
- Argiope t. kauaiensis Simon, 1900 – Hawaii
- A. truk Levi, 1983 – Caroline Is.
- A. versicolor (Doleschall, 1859) – China to Indonesia (Java)
- A. vietnamensis Ono, 2010 – Vietnam
Injury and pain
Argiope use
Footnotes
- ^ a b c d e "Gen. Argiope Audouin, 1826". World Spider Catalog. Natural History Museum Bern. Retrieved 2019-05-11.
- ^ ISBN 9780643107076.
- ^ a b c Hammond, George. "Argiope aurantia". Animal Diversity Web. Retrieved 2022-09-07.
- ^ "In Your Face Spiders and Other Orb Weavers". bygl.osu.edu. 2020-09-11. Retrieved 2024-05-11.
- ^ "Argiope spp". extensionentomology.tamu.edu. Retrieved 2022-09-07.
- ^ Blamires, Hochuli & Thompson (2007).
- ^ Levi, Herbert W. (1983). "The orb-weaver genera Argiope, Gea, and Neogea from the western Pacific region (Araneae: Araneidae, Argiopinae)" (PDF). Bulletin of the Museum of Comparative Zoology. 150 (5): 247–338 [253]. Archived (PDF) from the original on 2022-10-09.
- ^ Timm & Losilla (2007).
- S2CID 24802888.
- ^ a b Hawkinson, Candice. "Beneficials in the Garden: Black-and-Yellow Argiope Spider". www.tamu.edu. Texas A&M University. Retrieved 2014-09-24.
- ^ "Garden Spiders: Facts, Identification & Control". orkin.com. 11 April 2018. Retrieved 2019-11-16.
- ^ Spencer, Jill (2018-10-29). "The Yellow Garden Spider (Argiope Aurantia)". owlcation.com. Retrieved 2019-11-16.
- ^ a b Audouin (1826), p. 121.
- ^ Audouin (1827), p. 328.
- ^ Melville, R.V. (1975). "Opinion 1038 Argiope Audouin (Arachnida, Aranea): placed on the official list of generic names in zoology". Bulletin of Zoological Nomenclature. 32 (2): 105–109. Retrieved 2017-08-21.
- S2CID 85930723.
- ^ PMID 16593325.
- ^ S2CID 26181117.
References
- Audouin, Victor (1826) [title page 1809]. "Explication sommaire des planches d'arachnides de l'Egypte et de la Syrie". In Savigny, Jules-César (ed.). Description de l'Egypte : Histoire Naturelle (in French). Vol. 1 (1st [Imperial] ed.). pp. 99–186. Retrieved 2017-08-21. (The actual date of publication to be used in zoological nomenclature is explained in Tollitt, M.E. (1986). "Dates and authorship of the text volumes of the Histoire Naturelle section of Savigny's Description de l'Egypte. Z.N.(S.) 2515". Bulletin of Zoological Nomenclature. 43: 107–112. . Retrieved 2017-08-21.)
- Audouin, Victor (1827). "Explication sommaire des planches d'arachnides de l'Egypte et de la Syrie". In Savigny, Jules-César (ed.). Description de l'Egypte : Histoire Naturelle (in French). Vol. 22 (2nd [Panckoucke] ed.). pp. 291–430. Retrieved 2017-08-21.
- Rodríguez, R.L. & Gamboa, E. (2000). "Memory of captured prey in three web spiders (Araneae: Araneidae, Linyphiidae, Tetragnathidae)" (PDF). Animal Cognition. 3 (2): 91–97. (PDF) from the original on 2022-10-09. Retrieved 2017-08-21. (Argiope argentata)
- Craig, C.L.; Wolf, S.G.; Davis, J.L.D.; Hauber, M.E. & Maas, J.L. (2001). "Signal polymorphism in the web-decorating spider Argiope argentata is correlated with reduced survivorship and the presence of stingless bees, its primary prey". Evolution. 55 (5): 986–993. S2CID 221734793.
- Blamires, Sean J.; Hochuli, Dieter F. & Thompson, Michael B. (2007). "Does decoration building influence antipredator responses in an orb-web spider (Argiope keyserlingi) in its natural habitat?". Australian Journal of Zoology. 55: 1–7. doi:10.1071/ZO06098.
- Timm, Robert M. & Losilla, Mauricio (2007). "Orb-weaving spider, Argiope savignyi (Araneidae), predation on the proboscis bat Rhynchonycteris naso (Emballonuridae)" (PDF). Caribbean Journal of Science. 43 (2): 282–284. (PDF) from the original on 2022-10-09.
- Fromhage, L.; Uhl, G. & Schneider, J. (2003). "Fitness consequences of sexual cannibalism in female Argiope bruennichi". Behavioral Ecology and Sociobiology. 55: 60–64. S2CID 9215208.
External links
- Pictures of Argiope species — Forestry Images, University of Georgia (free for noncommercial use)
- St. Andrews Cross Spider Argiope keyserlingii — Museum Victoria