Battle of Jenin (2002)
Battle of Jenin | |||||||
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Part of Operation Defensive Shield and the Second Intifada | |||||||
Aerial photograph of the battle area in Jenin, taken two days after the battle ended | |||||||
| |||||||
Belligerents | |||||||
Palestinian Islamic Jihad Independent Palestinian mujahid factions | |||||||
Commanders and leaders | |||||||
Yehuda Yedidya Eyal Shlein Ofek Buchris |
Hazem Qabha † Zakaria Zubeidi Mahmoud Tawalbe † | ||||||
Strength | |||||||
1 reserve infantry brigade 2 regular infantry battalions Commando teams[3] 12 D9 armored bulldozers | Some 200 – several hundreds[3][4] | ||||||
Casualties and losses | |||||||
23 dead 52 wounded[3] |
52 dead (at least 27 militants and 22 civilians) per HRW[5] 53 dead (48 militants[6] and 5 civilians) per the IDF | ||||||
Dozens of houses destroyed according to the IDF[3] according to HRW at least 140 buildings completely destroyed, severe damage caused 200 additional buildings rendered uninhabitable or unsafe.[5] |
The Battle of Jenin, took place in the
The IDF employed infantry, commando forces, and assault helicopters.
On April 7, senior Palestinian official
Naming
According to Palestinian writer Ramzy Baroud, the event is "known by many as the Jenin massacre".[13]
Background
The
Israel considered the influence of Islamist organizations in the camp to be relatively mild, compared to other camps. [citation needed] Organizational affiliations in the camp differed from those of the city, in that they were based mostly on who could provide financial support, rather than on ideology. [citation needed] Camp militants repelled attempts by PA seniors to exercise authority in the camp. In a February 2002 show of force, residents burned seven vehicles that were sent by the governor of Jenin and opened fire on the PA men. Ata Abu Rumeileh was designated the chief security officer of the camp by its residents. He oversaw access to the entrances to the camp, instituted roadblocks, investigated "suspicious characters" and kept unwanted strangers away.[15]
Known to Palestinians as "the
Prior to the undertaking of the Israeli operation the
Prelude
Israel's Operation Defensive Shield began on March 29 with an incursion into Ramallah, followed by Tulkarem and Qalqilya on April 1, Bethlehem on April 2, and Jenin and Nablus on April 3.[4] By this date, six Palestinian cities and their surrounding towns, villages, and refugee camps, had been occupied by the IDF.[17][23]
Limited Israeli forces had entered the camp along a single route twice in the previous month; they encountered heavy resistance and quickly withdrew. Unlike other camps, the organizations in Jenin had a joint commander: Hazem Ahmad Rayhan Qabha, known as "Abu Jandal," an officer in the
Since the previous Israeli withdrawal, Palestinian militants had prepared by
After an IDF action in Ramallah in March[when?] resulted in television broadcast footage that was considered unflattering, the IDF high command decided not to allow reporters to join the forces.[28] Like other cities targeted in Defensive Shield, Jenin was declared a "closed military zone" and placed under curfew before the entrance of Israeli troops, remaining sealed off throughout the invasion.[17][29] Water and electricity supplies to the city were also cut off and remained unavailable to residents throughout.[30]
According to Efraim Karsh, before the fighting started, the IDF used loudspeakers broadcasting in Arabic to urge the locals to evacuate the camp, and he estimates that some 11,000 left.[31] Stephanie Gutmann also noted that the IDF used bullhorns and announcements in Arabic to inform the residents of the invasion, and that the troops massed outside the camp for a day because of rain. She estimated that 1,200 remained in the camp, but that it was impossible to tell how many of them were fighters.[32] After the battle, Israeli intelligence estimated that half the population of noncombatants had left before the invasion, and 90% had done so by the third day, leaving around 1,300 people.[1] Others estimated that 4,000 people had remained in the camp.[33] Some camp residents reported hearing the Israeli calls to evacuate, while others said they did not. Many thousands did leave the camp, with women and children usually permitted to move into the villages in the surrounding hills or the neighbouring city. However, the men who left were almost all temporarily detained. Instructed by Israeli soldiers to strip before they were taken away, journalists who entered Jenin following the invasion remarked that heaps of discarded clothing in the ruined streets showed where they were taken into custody.[34]
As the fighting started, Ali Safouri, a commander of the Islamic Jihad's Al-Quds Brigades in the camp, said: "We have prepared unexpected surprises for the enemy. We are determined to pay him back double, and teach him a lesson he will not forget. ... We will attack him on the home front, in Jerusalem, in Haifa, and in Jaffa, everywhere. We welcome them, and we have prepared a special graveyard in the Jenin camp for them. We swore on the martyrs that we would place a curfew on the Zionist cities and avenge every drop of blood spilled upon our sacred land. We call on the soldiers of Sharon to refuse his orders, because entering the [Jenin] camp... the capital of the martyrs' [operations], will, Allah willing, be the last thing they do in their lives".[25]
The Israeli command sent in three thrusts consisting mainly of the reservist 5th Infantry Brigade from the town of Jenin to the north, as well as a company of the
Battle
Israeli forces entered Jenin on April 2. On the first day, reserve company commander Major Moshe Gerstner was killed in a PIJ sector. This caused a further delay.[15] By April 3, the city was secured, but the fighting in the camp was just beginning.[1] Israeli sources say that the IDF incursion into the camp relied primarily on infantry to minimize civilian casualties, but interviews with eyewitnesses suggest that tanks and helicopters were also used in the first two days.[4] Captured Palestinian fighters subsequently told their interrogators that they had anticipated greater use of Israeli air power, not expecting the Israelis to risk heavier casualties in house-to-house fighting. Ata Abu Roumileh, a Fatah leader in the camp, later said that it was only when his forces saw the Israelis advancing on foot that they decided to stay and fight.[1] Thabet Mardawi recalled that "I couldn't believe it when I saw the soldiers. The Israelis knew that any soldier who went into the camp like that was going to get killed.[27]
To reach the camp, a
On the third day, the Palestinians were still dug in, defying Israeli expectations, and by then seven Israeli soldiers had been killed.
On April 6, Mahmoud Tawalbe and two other militants went into a house so as to get close enough to a tank or armored D-9 bulldozer to plant a bomb. Tawalbe and another militant were killed during the action. A British military expert working in the camp for Amnesty International reported that a D9 driver saw him, and subsequently rammed a wall down onto him and one of his fighters.[1] The Islamic Jihad website announced that Tawalbe had died when he blew up in his booby-trapped home on the Israeli soldiers inside it, and that he "had thwarted all attempts by the occupation to evacuate the camp residents to make it easier for the Israelis to destroy [the camp] on the heads of the fighters."[25] On that same day, IDF attack helicopters reportedly increased their missile attacks, which slowed but did not cease the next day.
IDF chief of staff (
Buchris continued to employ the tactics of softening up enemy resistance with antitank fire and extensive use of bulldozers, developing a method to expose IDF soldiers to less risk: first, a bulldozer would ram the corner of a house, opening a hole, and then an IDF Achzarit troop carrier would arrive to disembark troops into the house, where they would clear it of any militants found inside.[36] Buchris' battalion was advancing faster than the reserve forces, creating a bridgehead within the camp that attracted most of the Palestinian fire. During the first week of fighting, the battalion suffered five casualties. On April 8, the Golani Brigade's commander, Colonel Moshe Tamir, arrived from Nablus. Having crawled with Buchris to the front line, he warned that the fighting style must be changed completely – call in more troops and perhaps take the command out of the reserve brigade's hand. By evening, division commander Brigadier General Eyal Shlein told his men that the mission must be accomplished by 6:00 PM on April 9.[37] Buchris himself was later badly wounded.[38]
At 6:00 AM on April 9, reserve battalion 7020's support company was ordered to form a new line, west of the former one. Its commander, Major Oded Golomb, set out with a force to take a position in a new house. He strayed from the original path, perhaps for tactical considerations, but failed to report to his commander. The force walked into a Palestinian ambush, finding themselves in an inner courtyard surrounded by tall houses (later nicknamed "the bathtub") and under fire from all directions, and were also attacked by a suicide bomber. Rescue forces from the company and the battalion hurried to the location and were attacked with small-arms fire and explosive charges. The exchange of fire went on for several hours.[37]
A reconnaissance aircraft documented much of the fight and the footage was transmitted live and was watched in the
During that day, the IDF censored reports on the events, leading to a wave of rumors. Partial information leaked through phone calls made by reservists and internet sites. By evening, when Chief of Central Command, Brigadier General Yitzhak Eitan, had a press conference, there were rumors of a helicopter carrying dozens of troops shot down, the death of the Ramatkal's deputy, and a heart attack suffered by the
After the ambush, all Israeli forces began to advance by Buchris' tactics, utilizing armored bulldozers and Achzarit APCs in their push. Israeli forces also relied heavily on increased missile strikes from helicopters. Several officers demanded that
As the Palestinian fighters' resistance faltered against the sheer force of the Israeli assault and their supplies of food and ammunition dwindled, Israeli troops mopped up the final resistance.[41][42] At 7:00 AM on April 11, the Palestinians began to surrender. Qabha refused to surrender and was killed, being among the last to die.[40] Most of the Palestinian fighters were either killed or captured. Some managed to escape the city and slip through the ring of Israeli troops and tanks around it. Among them was Zakaria Zubeidi who moved through the houses and left.[43] Mardawi surrendered along with Ali Suleiman al-Saadi, known as "Safouri", and thirty-nine others.[1] He later said that "There was nothing I could do against that bulldozer".[27]
Battle aftermath
The battle ended on April 11. Medical teams from Canada, France, and Italy, as well as UN and ICRC officials, with trucks carrying supplies and water waited outside the camp for clearance to enter for days, but were denied entry, with Israel citing ongoing military operations.[44] The first independent observers were granted access to the camp on April 16.[45] Israeli troops began withdrawing from the camp itself on April 18.[46][47] Tanks ringed the perimeter of the camp for a few more days, but by April 24, Israeli troops had withdrawn from the autonomous zone of Jenin.[48][49]
Removal of bodies
The IDF announced that it would not withdraw its troops from the Jenin camp until it had collected the bodies of the Palestinian dead.[50] The army would not confirm Palestinian reports that military trucks had removed dozens of bodies, nor would it comment on whether or not burials had taken place.[51]
According to
The same day, in response to a petition presented by the
On April 15 humanitarian aid organizations were granted access to the camp for the first time since the invasion had begun.
Tanya Reinhart notes that later Israeli media reports attempted to conceal and reinterpret their intention to transfer the bodies to the special cemetery in the Jordan Valley. As an example, she cites a July 17, 2002 article by Ze'ev Schiff in Haaretz which provided a wholly different explanation for the presence of the refrigerator trucks posted outside the city on April 11. Schiff's article said: "Toward the end of the fighting, the army sent three large refrigerator trucks into the city. Reservists decided to sleep in them for their air-conditioning. Some Palestinians saw dozens of covered bodies lying in the trucks and rumors spread that the Jews had filled the trucks full of Palestinian bodies."[52]
Invasion aftermath
Military analyses
The Israelis said they found explosive-making labs and factories for assembling Qassam II rockets.[55] One Israeli special forces commander who fought in the camp said that "the Palestinians were admirably well prepared. They correctly analyzed the lessons of the previous raid".[36] Mardawi told CNN from prison in Israel, that after learning the IDF was going to use troops, and not planes, "It was like hunting ... like being given a prize. ... The Israelis knew that any soldier who went into the camp like that was going to get killed. ... I've been waiting for a moment like that for years".[27]
General
PLO Chairman Yasser Arafat, who left the compound in Ramallah for the first time in five months on May 14, 2002 to visit Jenin and other West Bank cities affected in Operation Defensive Shield, praised the refugees' endurance and compared the fighting to the Battle of Stalingrad.[56] Addressing a gathering of about 200 people in Jenin, he said: "People of Jenin, all the citizens of Jenin and the refugee camp, this is Jenin-grad. Your battle has paved the way to the liberation of the occupied territories".[57] The battle became known among the Palestinians as "Jeningrad".[58]
The battle attracted the interest of the US military, which was trying to build a doctrine for urban warfare as the 2003 invasion of Iraq loomed. US military observers were sent to study the fighting. US officers dressed in IDF uniforms were reportedly present during the final stages of the battle. The United States Marine Corps Warfighting Laboratory studied the battle, and a Joint Chiefs of Staff delegation was sent to Israel to make changes to US Marine Corps doctrine based on the battle.[59]
Damages
The BBC reported that ten percent of the camp was "virtually rubbed out by a dozen armoured Israeli bulldozers."
Human Rights Watch (HRW) and Amnesty International (AI) reported that an estimated 4,000 people, more than a quarter of the population of the camp, were rendered homeless because of this destruction. HRW listed 140 buildings, most of which housed multiple families, as completely destroyed, and 200 other buildings as sustaining damage rendering them uninhabitable or unsafe for use. AI said complete destruction affected 164 houses with 374 apartment units, and that other buildings had been partially destroyed. Israel said those numbers were exaggerations.[62]
On May 31, 2002, the Israeli newspaper
"I didn't see, with my own eyes, people dying under the blade of the D-9 and I didn't see house[s] falling down on live people. But if there were any, I wouldn't care at all ...
"But the real thing started the day 13 of our soldiers were killed up that alley in the Jenin refugee camp.
"If we had moved into the building where they were ambushed, we would have buried all those Palestinians alive.
"I kept thinking of our soldiers. I didn't feel sorry for all those Palestinians who were left homeless. I just felt sorry for their children, who were not guilty. There was one wounded child, who was shot by Arabs. A Golani paramedic came down and changed his bandages, till he was evacuated. We took care of them, of the children. The soldiers gave them candy. But I had no mercy for the parents of these children. I remembered the picture on television, of the mother who said she will bear children so that they will explode in Tel Aviv. I asked the Palestinian women I saw there: 'Aren't you ashamed?'" [63][64]
Casualties
Reporting of casualty numbers during the invasion varied widely and fluctuated day to day. On April 10, the BBC reported that Israel estimated 150 Palestinians had died in Jenin, and Palestinians were saying the number was far higher.[65] That same day, Saeb Erekat, on a phone interview to CNN from Jericho, estimated that there were a total of 500 Palestinians killed during Operation Defensive Shield, this figure also including fatalities outside of the Jenin camp, in other areas of the West Bank.[66] On April 11, Ben Wedeman of CNN reported that Palestinians were reporting 500 dead, while international relief agencies were saying possibly as many as 200; he noted that his efforts to independently verify the claims had so far come to naught since people were being prevented from entering the camp by Israeli soldiers.[67]
On April 12, Brigadier-General Ron Kitri said on Army Radio that there were apparently hundreds of Palestinians killed in Jenin. He later retracted this statement.[68] Secretary-General of the Palestinian Authority, Ahmed Abdel Rahman, said that thousands of Palestinians had been killed and buried in mass graves, or lay under houses destroyed in Jenin and Nablus.[69] On April 13, Palestinian Information Minister, Yasser Abed Rabbo, accused Israel of killing 900 Palestinians in the camp and burying them in mass graves.[70] On April 14, Haaretz reported that the exact number of Palestinian dead was still unknown, but that the IDF placed the toll between 100 and 200.[50] On April 18, Zalman Shoval, adviser to Sharon, said that only about 65 bodies had been recovered, five of them civilians.[47] On April 30, Qadoura Mousa, director of the Fatah for the northern West Bank, said the number of dead was 56.[71]
Based on figures provided by the Jenin hospital and the IDF, the UN report placed the Palestinian death toll at 52 Palestinian, around half of whom were thought to be civilians.[72] In 2004, Haaretz journalists Amos Harel and Avi Isacharoff wrote that 23 Israeli soldiers had died and 52 had been wounded; Palestinian casualties were 53 dead, hundreds wounded and about 200 captured.[3] Human Rights Watch reported that at least 52 Palestinians died of whom at least 22 were civilians and at least 27 were suspected militants, and that it was unable to conclusively determine the status of the remaining three.[5] According to retired IDF General Shlomo Gazit, the death toll was 55 Palestinians.[73] Israeli officials estimated that 52 Palestinians were killed: 38 armed men and 14 civilians.[17]
Human Rights Watch reported that of the Palestinians killed, "many of them were killed willfully or unlawfully, and in some cases constituted
IDF and Israeli government sources reported that 23 Israeli soldiers were killed and 75 wounded. The UN report also noted that 23 IDF soldiers had been killed. The only exception was retired IDF General Shlomo Gazit, who initially said that 33 soldiers had died in Jenin.[73] This contradicted not only most IDF and other sources, but also IDF figures of 30 Israeli deaths total in Operation Defensive Shield.
Massacre allegations
The battle attracted widespread international attention due to allegations by Palestinians that a massacre had been committed. Reporters from various international media outlets quoted local residents who described houses being bulldozed with families still inside, helicopters firing indiscriminately into civilian areas, ambulances being prevented from reaching the wounded,[75] summary executions of Palestinians,[76] and stories of bodies being driven away in trucks or left in the sewers and bulldozed.[77] Saeb Erekat, a Palestinian cabinet minister, accused the Israelis of trying to cover up the killing of civilians.[78] The CNN correspondent noted that due to the IDF closure of the camp, there was "no way of confirming" the stories.[77] During and immediately after the battle, the United Nations and several human rights NGOs also expressed concern about the possibility of a massacre. A British forensic expert who was part of an Amnesty International team granted access to Jenin on April 18 said, "the evidence before us at the moment doesn't lead us to believe that the allegations are anything other than truthful and that therefore there are large numbers of civilian dead underneath these bulldozed and bombed ruins that we see."[47]
Israel denied charges of a massacre, and a lone April 9 report in the Israeli press stating Foreign Minister Shimon Peres privately referred to the battle as a "massacre"[79] was immediately followed by a statement from Peres expressing concern that "Palestinian propaganda is liable to accuse Israel that a 'massacre' took place in Jenin rather than a pitched battle against heavily armed terrorists."[80]
Subsequent investigations and reports by the United Nations, Amnesty International, Human Rights Watch, Time magazine, and the BBC all concluded there was no massacre of civilians, with estimated death tolls of 46–55 people among reports by the IDF, the Jenin office of the United Nations, and the Jenin Hospital.[81] A team of four Palestinian-appointed investigators reporting to Fatah numbered total casualties of 56,[71] as disclosed by Kadoura Mousa Kadoura, the director of Yasser Arafat's Fatah movement for the northern West Bank.
The UN report to the Secretary General noted "Palestinians had claimed that between 400 and 500 people had been killed, fighters and civilians together. They had also claimed a number of summary executions and the transfer of corpses to an unknown place outside the city of Jenin. The number of Palestinian fatalities, on the basis of bodies recovered to date, in Jenin and the refugee camp in this military operation can be estimated at around 55."[82] While noting the number of civilian deaths might rise as rubble was cleared, the report continued, "nevertheless, the most recent estimates by UNRWA and ICRC show that the number of missing people is constantly declining as the IDF releases Palestinians from detention."[4] Human Rights Watch completed its report on Jenin in early May, stating "there was no massacre," but accusing the IDF of war crimes,[83] and Amnesty International's report concluded "No matter whose figures one accepts, "there was no massacre."[1] Amnesty's report specifically observed that "after the IDF temporarily withdrew from Jenin refugee camp on April 17, UNRWA set up teams to use the census lists to account for all the Palestinians (some 14,000) believed to be resident of the camp on April 3, 2002. Within five weeks all but one of the residents was accounted for."[84] A BBC report later noted, "Palestinian authorities made unsubstantiated claims of a wide-scale massacre,"[16] and a reporter for The Observer opined that what happened in Jenin was not a massacre.[85]
War crimes allegations
At the same time, Human rights organizations and some media reports
On the other side, Israeli media sources and analysts suggested media bias and propaganda efforts were the source of the allegations. Haaretz editor Hanoch Marmari stated, "some correspondents might have been obsessive in their determination to unearth a massacre in a refugee camp".
Harel and Issacharoff wrote that the IDF's misconduct with the media, including Kitri's statement, contributed to the allegations of massacre. Mofaz later admitted that the limitations imposed on the media were a mistake. Head of the Operations Directorate, General
In Pierre Rehov's documentary The Road to Jenin, a Palestinian doctor claimed that on the second day, the city's hospital was hit by eleven tank shells. However, in both Rehov's film and Richard Landes's 2005 film Pallywood, the supposed hits shown on Jenin hospital were compared to an actual building hit by Merkava tank shelling, suggesting that the supposed hit marks were staged.[96]
Lorenzo Cremonesi, the correspondent for the Italian newspaper
UN fact-finding mission
On April 18, as Israeli troops began pulling out of Jenin and Nablus, UN envoy
The composition of the fact-finding team was announced on April 22. Led by former
Official Israeli sources expressed surprise that they were not consulted as to the composition of the team, adding that, "We expected that the operational aspects of the fact-finding mission would be carried out by military experts." On April 22,
On April 23,
Annan initially refused to delay the mission. Expressing Israeli sentiment that the world ignored its victims, Ben-Eliezer said: "In the last month alone, 137 people were slaughtered by Palestinians and nearly 700 wounded. Is there any one who is investigating that?"[105] Saeb Erekat accused Israel of "trying to sabotage the mission. I believe that they have a big thing to hide."[105] On April 25, the UN agreed to postpone the arrival of the team by two days, and acceded to an Israeli request that two military officers be added to the team. Annan said talks with Israel had been, "very, very constructive and I'm sure we'll be able to sort out our differences".[106] Peres said that a delay would give the Israeli cabinet the opportunity to discuss the mission before the team arrived.[107]
Avi Pazner, an Israeli Government spokesman, said he expected the UN mission to investigate "terrorist activity" and guarantee immunity for Israeli soldiers.
The
Report
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On July 31, the UN issued a report indicating that at that time 52 Palestinians had been killed and that it was possible that as many as half of them were civilians.[113]
Reconstruction
In the aftermath of the invasion, many camp residents ended up living in temporary shelters elsewhere.
See also
- Jenin, a song by singer/songwriter David Rovics
References
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- ^ Lieutenant Colonel David Kilcullen (December 2003). "Tactics, The Essential Debate: Combined Arms and the Close Battle in Complex Terrain" (PDF). Australian Army Journal. 1 (2). Archived from the original (PDF) on September 12, 2014. Retrieved July 9, 2012.
- ^ a b c d e Harel and Isacharoff (2004), pp. 257–258
- ^ a b c d e "Report of the Secretary-General prepared pursuant to General Assembly resolution ES-10/10 (Report on Jenin)". United Nations. Archived from the original on September 11, 2009. Retrieved September 3, 2009.
- ^ a b c "Jenin: IDF Military Operations". Human Rights Watch. 14, No. 3 (E) (May 2002). Archived from the original on September 14, 2008. Retrieved September 21, 2008.
- ^ Every Palestinian male between 15 and 55 was counted as a militant. See "Israel and the Occupied Territories Shielded from Scrutiny: IDF violations in Jenin and Nablus". Amnesty International. Retrieved October 22, 2015.: P.12
- ^ a b c "Jenin's Terrorist Infrastructure". Israel Ministry of Foreign Affairs. April 4, 2002. Archived from the original on February 18, 2009. Retrieved September 22, 2008.
- ^ Pounder, Derrick (April 18, 2002). "Jenin 'massacre evidence growing'". BBC News.
- ^ Dickey, Christopher (January 14, 2009). "The Crying Game". Newsweek. - "histrionic claims by Palestinian leader Yasir Arafat that 1,000 civilians had been killed. (In fact, about 50 Palestinians had fought and died in a ferocious battle that also cost the lives of 23 Israeli soldiers.)"
- ^ Burston, Bradley. "Sderot as Stalingrad, Hamas as blind Samson". Haaretz. - "On April 7, senior Palestinian official Saeb Erekat suggested to CNN that some 500 Palestinians had been killed in the camp. Five days later, when the fighting stopped, PA Secretary Ahmed Abdel Rahman told UPI that the number was in the thousands, hinting, along with other Palestinian figures, that Israel had snatched bodies, buried Palestinians in mass graves and under the rubble of ruined buildings, and otherwise conducted on a scale compatible with genocide."
- "A subsequent UN investigation determined that 52 Palestinians had been killed in the fighting, most of them armed members of Palestinian militias and militant groups. A total of 23 Israeli soldiers were killed in the fighting." - ^ Krauss, Joseph. "Weary West Bank fighters watch Gaza assault from afar". The Jordan Times. AFP. - "Fifty-four Palestinians and 23 Israeli soldiers were killed in the melee."
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- ^ Harel and Isacharoff (2004), pp. 256–257
- ^ a b c Harel and Isacharoff (2004), p. 257
- ^ American Jewish Year Book 2003, p. 203
- ^ Intifada: Palestine and Israel, p. 185
- ^ a b Harel and Isacharoff (2004), p. 258
- ^ Winslow, 2007, p. 68.
- ^ Europa, 2004, p. 33.
- ^ McDonald and Fischer, 2005, p. 589/
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- ^ Bennet, James (May 14, 2002). "Arafat Finally Leaves Ramallah, But Avoids Testy Crowd at Camp". The New York Times. Retrieved February 22, 2009.
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- ^ Belden, Paul (April 9, 2003). "A street fight called Jeningrad". Asia Times. Archived from the original on April 11, 2003. Retrieved September 21, 2008.
{{cite news}}
: CS1 maint: unfit URL (link) - ^ Surveillance and Control in Israel/Palestine: Population, Territory and Power, p. 134
- ^ Graham, 2004, p. 207.
- ^ a b MacDonald, 2007, p. 82.
- ^ Winslow, 2007, p. 221, footnote #4.
- ^ Winslow (2008), pp. 69–70.
- ^ Gush Shalom Moshe Nissim interview in Hebrew. English translation of the full interview:
"I made them a stadium in the middle of the camp". By Tsadok Yeheskeli, Yediot Aharonot - ^ "Israeli pull-out on hold after bombing". BBC. April 10, 2002. Retrieved September 21, 2008.
- ^ "Colin Powell's Challenge". CNN.com. April 10, 2002. Retrieved September 21, 2008.
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- ^ "Palestinians: Hundreds in mass graves". United Press International. April 13, 2002. Retrieved July 22, 2021.
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- ^ a b Martin, Paul (May 1, 2002). "Jenin 'massacre' reduced to death toll of 56". The Washington Times. Retrieved September 21, 2008.
- ^ "UN says no massacre in Jenin". BBC. August 1, 2002. Retrieved September 21, 2008.
- ^ a b Herzog & Gazit (2005), p. 433
- ^ Human Rights Watch, 2004, p. p. 460.
- ^ Beaumont, Peter (April 14, 2002). "Ten-day ordeal in crucible of Jenin". The Guardian. London. Retrieved September 21, 2008.
- ISSN 0312-6315. Retrieved September 21, 2008.: A camp resident who worked at the Jenin hospital said: "I saw the Israelis line up five young men with their legs spread and their hands up as they faced a wall. The soldiers then sprayed them from head to toe with gunfire."
- ^ a b "Conflict in the Middle East: Fierce Fighting Continues in Jenin". CNN.com. April 12, 2002. Retrieved September 21, 2008.
- ^ "Jerusalem suicide bomber kills at least six". The Guardian. London. April 12, 2002. Retrieved September 21, 2008.
- ^ Benn, Aluf; Amos Harel (April 9, 2002). "Peres calls IDF operation in Jenin a 'massacre'". Haaretz. Retrieved September 21, 2008.
- ^ "Peres fears Palestinians will distort Jenin battle". Haaretz. Reuters. April 10, 2002. Retrieved September 21, 2008.
- ^ Rees, Time magazine: "Charles Kapes, the deputy chief of the U.N. office in the camp, says 54 dead have been pulled from the wreckage and 49 Palestinians are missing, of whom 18 are residents of the camp," "the Israelis say they found 46 dead in the rubble, including a pile of five bodies that had been booby-trapped," "The Jenin Hospital, meanwhile, says 52 camp residents died, including five women and four children under the age of 15. Of the 43 dead men, eight were 55 or older and therefore probably not involved in the fighting."
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- ^ BBC: "Charges of war crimes committed by Israel were made."
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- ^ Gutmann (2005), p. 171
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- Fifty-two Palestinian deaths had been confirmed by the hospital in Jenin by the end of May 2002.
- By the time of the IDF withdrawal and the lifting of the curfew on April 18, at least 52 Palestinians, of whom up to half may have been civilians, and 23 Israeli soldiers were dead. - ^ Sa'di and Abu-Lughod, 2007, p. 127.
- ^ Sa'di and Abu-Lughod, 2007, pp. 128–129.
Bibliography
- Europa Regional Surveys of the World 2004 Series (2004). The Middle East and North Africa 2004 (50th, illustrated ed.). Routledge. ISBN 978-1-85743-184-1.)
{{cite book}}
: CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list (link - Graham, Stephen (2004). Cities, war, and terrorism: towards an urban geopolitics (22nd, illustrated ed.). Wiley-Blackwell. ISBN 978-1-4051-1575-9.
- Harel, Amos; Avi Isacharoff (2004). The Seventh War (in Hebrew). Tel-Aviv: Yedioth Aharonoth Books and Chemed Books. p. 431. ISBN 965-511-767-7.
- Herzog, Chaim; Shlomo Gazit (2005). The Arab-Israeli Wars: War and Peace in the Middle East. Vintage. p. 560. ISBN 1-4000-7963-2.
- Gresh, Alain; Vidal, Dominique (2004). The new A-Z of the Middle East (2nd, illustrated ed.). I.B. Tauris. ISBN 978-1-86064-326-2.
- Human Rights Watch (2003). Human Rights Watch World Report, 2003 (Revised ed.). Human Rights Watch. ISBN 978-1-56432-285-2.
- ISBN 0-8021-4158-7.
- Gutmann, Stephanie (2005). The Other War: Israelis, Palestinians and the Struggle for Media Supremacy. Encounter Books. ISBN 1-893554-94-5.
- MacDonald, Théodore Harney (2007). The global human right to health: dream or possibility?. Radcliffe Publishing. ISBN 978-1-84619-201-2.
- McDonald, Avril; Fischer, H. (2005). Yearbook of International Humanitarian Law, Volume 5. Cambridge University Press. ISBN 978-90-6704-189-8.
- ISBN 978-1-84467-076-5.
- Sa'di, Ahmad H.; ISBN 978-0-231-13579-5.
- Selby, Jan (2003). Water, power and politics in the Middle East: the other Israeli-Palestinian conflict (Illustrated ed.). I.B. Tauris. ISBN 978-1-86064-934-9.
- Winslow, Philip C. (September 1, 2008). ISBN 978-0-8070-6907-3.
Further reading
- Goldberg, Brett (2003). A Psalm in Jenin. Israel: Modan Publishing House. p. 304. ISBN 965-7141-03-6.
- Baroud, Ramzy Mohammed, ed. (2003). Searching Jenin: Eyewitness Accounts of the Israeli Invasion 2002. Seattle, Washington: Cune Press. p. 256. ISBN 1-885942-34-6.
External links
- Report of the Secretary-General on Jenin. United Nations. June 7, 2002. Archived from the original on September 11, 2008. Retrieved September 22, 2008.
- Israel and the Occupied Territories: Shielded from scrutiny: IDF violations in Jenin and Nablus. Amnesty International. November 4, 2002. Archived from the original on September 29, 2008. Retrieved September 21, 2008.
- "Jenin: IDF Military Operations". Human Rights Watch. 14, No. 3 (E) (May 2002). Archived from the original on September 14, 2008. Retrieved September 21, 2008.
- Matt Rees, Untangling Jenin's Tale, Time Magazine, May 13, 2002