Martti Ahtisaari
Martti Ahtisaari | |
---|---|
10th President of Finland | |
In office 1 March 1994 – 1 March 2000 | |
Prime Minister | |
Preceded by | Mauno Koivisto |
Succeeded by | Tarja Halonen |
Ambassador of Finland to Tanzania | |
In office 1973–1977 | |
Preceded by | Seppo Pietinen |
Succeeded by | Richard Müller |
Personal details | |
Born | Viipuri, Finland (now Vyborg, Russia) | 23 June 1937
Died | 16 October 2023 Helsinki, Finland | (aged 86)
Political party | Social Democratic |
Spouse | |
Children | Marko |
Alma mater | University of Oulu |
Awards | Nobel Peace Prize (2008) |
Signature | |
Military service | |
Branch/service | Finnish Army |
Rank | Captain |
Martti Oiva Kalevi Ahtisaari (Finnish:
Ahtisaari was a United Nations special envoy for
Youth and early career
Martti Ahtisaari was born in
The
In 1952, Martti Ahtisaari moved to
In the summer of 1960, Ahtisaari signed the contract for the position of director of the Swedish Agency for International Development physical education boarding school in Karachi, Pakistan, after interviewing in Sweden and hearing about the offer announced by the YMCA in April of that year.[6][4] There, he also trained as a teacher.[6]
He returned to Finland in 1963 and began his studies in the Helsinki School of Economics and soon became the Executive Director of the Helsinki International Student Club and Student International Aid, where he made friends with Namibian Nickey Iyambo.[6] He also joined the international students' organisation AIESEC.[10] In 1965, he joined the Ministry for Foreign Affairs[4] in its Bureau for International Development Aid, to set up the International Development Assistance Office together with Jaakko Iloniemi, which was a pioneering office, as the Finnish presence in international cooperation in the Third World was non-existent.[11] Ahtisaari remained in that office until 1972, where he served from 1971 as assistant to the director, a position he combined with his presence on the Government's Advisory Committee for Trade and Industry Affairs of Developing Countries.[12]
Diplomatic career
In the Namibian independence transition
Ahtisaari began his diplomatic career in 1973 when he became Finland's Ambassador to Tanzania, Zambia, Somalia and Mozambique, an office he held until 1977.[12][13][6] This new mission allowed him to get closer to East African affairs, monitoring from Dar es Salaam the independence process of Namibia and maintaining close contacts with South West Africa People's Organisation (SWAPO).[6] In 1977 he was recalled by the United Nations to succeed Seán MacBride as United Nations Commissioner for Namibia, a post he held until 1981, and as representative of Secretary-General Kurt Waldheim from 1978.[4][12]
Following the death of a later UN Commissioner for Namibia,
Perhaps because of his reluctance to authorise this
After the independence elections of 1989, Ahtisaari and his wife were made honorary Namibian citizens in 1992.[6] South Africa gave him the O R Tambo award for "his outstanding achievement as a diplomat and commitment to the cause of freedom in Africa and peace in the world".[17]
Ahtisaari served as UN undersecretary-general for administration and management from 1987 to 1991 causing mixed feelings inside the organisation during an internal investigation of massive fraud. When Ahtisaari revealed in 1990 that he had secretly lengthened the grace period allowing UN officials to return misappropriated taxpayer money from the original three months to three years, the investigators were furious. The 340 officials found guilty of fraud were able to return money even after their crime had been proven. The harshest punishment was the firing of twenty corrupt officials.[18][19][20][6]
Other roles
On 31 July 1991, he was appointed Secretary of State at the Ministry for Foreign Affairs of Finland in the Esko Aho's government.[6][12] After the Gulf War, Ahtisaari headed a team tasked with reporting to the UN on changes in the situation and humanitarian needs.[6][12] The report did not meet these expectations and was believed to have eroded American support for Ahtisaari's candidacy for the UN Secretary-General.[6]
Between 1992 and 1993, Ahtisaari chaired the UN Conference on Yugoslavia's Working Group on Bosnia and Herzegovina and became the special assistant to Cyrus Vance, the Special Envoy of the Secretary-General of the United Nations for Croatia.[12][6]
President of Finland (1994–2000)
Finland's ongoing
After the primaries, Ahtisaari returned to his work in Geneva, and did not start his presidential campaign until the end of October.
His term as president began with a schism within the
Ahtisaari favoured pluralism and religious tolerance publicly. Privately, he and his wife practised their Christian faith. Contrary to some of his predecessors and his successor as the Finnish President, Ahtisaari ended all of his New Year's speeches by wishing the Finnish people God's blessing.[27]
In January 1998 Ahtisaari was criticized by some NGOs, politicians and notable cultural figures because he awarded Commander of the
President Ahtisaari publicly supported Finland's entry into the European Union, and in a 1994 referendum, 57 percent of Finnish voters were in favour of EU membership.[9][30] He later stated that if Finland had not voted to join the EU he would have resigned.[31] The promotion of a European collective security system and Nordic cooperation, as well as a security policy without membership of NATO, were central to Ahtisaari's foreign policy.[6]
During Ahtisaari's term as president,
Ahtisaari's lack of restrained involvement in public affairs and his pronouncements on domestic and economic policy provoked reservations both in Parliament itself and in the Social Democratic Party of Finland, and led Ahtisaari not to stand for re-election in 2000, which was announced in April 1999, and also alleged that two members of the SDP also ran as candidates.[12][9] Ahtisaari was the last "strong president", before the 2000 constitution reduced the president's powers. He was succeeded by Tarja Halonen on 1 March 2000.[12]
Post-presidential life
In Finnish politics, Ahtisaari long stressed how important it is for Finland to join NATO.[34] Ahtisaari argued that Finland should be a full member of NATO and the EU in order "to shrug off once and for all the burden of Finlandization".[35] He believed politicians should file application and make Finland a member. He said that the way Finnish politicians avoided expressing their opinions was disturbing.[36] He also noted that the so-called "NATO option" (acquiring memership if Finland were to be threatened) was an illusion, making an analogy to trying to obtain fire insurance when the fire has already started.[37] Finland joined NATO on 4 April 2023, while Ahtisaari was still alive.[38]
After leaving office, Ahtisaari held positions in various international organisations. In 2000, he became Chairman of the Brussels-based International Crisis Group,[39] an NGO to which he committed $100,000 in government funding in 1994 one month after becoming elected President of Finland.[40] He remained Chairman Emeritus.[41]
Ahtisaari also founded the independent Crisis Management Initiative (CMI) with the goal of developing and sustaining peace in troubled areas. On 1 December 2000, Ahtisaari was awarded the J. William Fulbright Prize for International Understanding by the Fulbright Association in recognition of his work as a peacemaker in some of the world's most troubled areas. In May 2017 Ahtisaari suggested as new CMI leader Alexander Stubb a Finnish politician representing Finnish conservatives i.e. the National Coalition Party.[42]
In 2000–01, Ahtisaari and Cyril Ramaphosa inspected IRA weapons dumps for the Independent International Commission on Decommissioning, as part of the Northern Ireland peace process.[43]
In 2003 Ahtisaari defended
In November 2005,
In July 2007, however, when the EU, Russia and the United States agreed to find a new format for the talks, Ahtisaari announced that he regarded his mission as over. Since neither the UN nor the troika had asked him to continue mediations in the face of Russia's persistent refusal to support independence for Kosovo, he said he would nonetheless be willing to take on "a role as consultant", if requested.[48] After a period of uncertainty and mounting tension, Kosovo unilaterally declared its independence from Serbia in February 2008.[49]
In his work, he emphasised the importance of the United States in the peace process, stating that "There can be no peace without America."[50]
Ahtisaari was chairman of the Interpeace Governing Council from 2000 to 2009.[51][52][53] Beginning in 2009, Ahtisaari was Chairman Emeritus and a Special Advisor.[54]
Ahtisaari was board director of the ImagineNations Group.[55]
That same year he received the 2007 UNESCO Félix Houphouët-Boigny Peace Prize, for "his lifetime contribution to world peace".[56]
In September 2009 Ahtisaari joined
He was also a member of the board of the European Council on Foreign Relations.[60]
Syria conflict
In August 2012, Ahtisaari opined on the sectarian violence in
In late 2015, Martti Ahtisaari reiterated charges he already had made in an interview with German broadcaster
Personal life, health and death
In 1968, he married Eeva Irmeli Hyvärinen,[67] who was studying history at the University of Helsinki and whom he met as a child at the Lyceum in Kuopio. They had one son, Marko Ahtisaari, who was born in 1969.[68]
On 24 March 2020, amid the
On 2 September 2021, it was announced that Ahtisaari had Alzheimer's disease and had retired from public life.[72]
Ahtisaari died from complications of Alzheimer's disease in Helsinki, on 16 October 2023, at age 86.[73][74][75] His state funeral was held on 10 November 2023 in Helsinki Cathedral at 1 p.m., after which he was buried at the Hietaniemi Cemetery in Helsinki.[76][77]
Honours
Nobel Peace Prize
On 10 October 2008, Ahtisaari was announced as that year's recipient of the Nobel Peace Prize. Ahtisaari received the prize on 10 December 2008 at Oslo City Hall in Norway.[78] Ahtisaari twice worked to find a solution in Kosovo – first in 1999 and again between 2005 and 2007. The committee said he also worked with others this year to find a peaceful solution to the problems in Iraq. According to the committee, Ahtisaari and his group, Crisis Management Initiative (CMI), also contributed to resolving other conflicts in Northern Ireland, Central Asia, and the Horn of Africa.[79][80][81] Ahtisaari invited Prime Minister Matti Vanhanen, Foreign Affairs Minister Alexander Stubb and others to his Nobel event, but not President Halonen.[82]
According to the memoir of the former secretary of the Norwegian Nobel Committee, Geir Lundestad, former Foreign Minister and UN ambassador Keijo Korhonen, who was strongly against awarding the 2008 Nobel Peace Prize to Ahtisaari, wrote a letter to the committee which negatively portrayed Ahtisaari as a person and his merits in international conflict zones.[83]
Coat of Arms of Martti Ahtisaari | |
---|---|
Armiger | Martti Ahtisaari |
Adopted | 1994 |
Motto | Se pystyy ken uskaltaa ("The one who dares, can") |
National honours
- Finland:
- Grand Cross with Collar of the Order of the White Rose of Finland (1999)
- Grand Cross of the Order of the Cross of Liberty
- Grand Cross of the Order of the Lion of Finland
- Saint Henry Cross
- Grand Cross of the Order of the Holy Lamb[84]
Foreign honours
- Albania:
- National Flag Decoration (12 September 2016)[85]
- Australia:
- Honorary Officer of the Order of Australia (2002)
- Argentina:
- Grand Cross with Collar of the Order of the Liberator General San Martín (3 March 1997)[86]
- Belgium:
- Grand Cordon of the Order of Leopold
- Brazil:
- Grand Cross of the Order of the Southern Cross
- Chile:
- Collar of the Order of Merit
- Denmark:
- Knight of the Order of the Elephant (1994)
- Knight of the Order of the Dannebrog[citation needed]
- Estonia:
- Collar of the Order of the Cross of Terra Mariana[87]
- France:
- Grand Cross of the Order of Legion of Honour
- Germany:
- Grand Cross Special Class of the Order of Merit of the Federal Republic of Germany
- Greece:
- Grand Cross of the Order of the Redeemer
- Hungary:
- Order of Merit of the Republic of Hungary
- Iceland:
- Collar with Grand Cross of the Order of the Falcon (26 September 1995)[88]
- Indonesia:
- Third Class of the Star of the Republic of Indonesia[89]
- Italy:
- Knight Grand Cross with Collar of the Order of Merit of the Italian Republic (1997)
- Kuwait:
- Grand Cordon of the Order of Mubarak the Great
- Latvia:
- Commander Grand Cross of the Order of the Three Stars:
- Lithuania
- Grand Cross of the Order of Vytautas the Great (1996)[90]
- Malaysia:
- Honorary Recipient of the Most Exalted Order of the Crown of the Realm (1995)[91]
- Mexico:
- Collar of the Order of the Aztec Eagle (1999)[92]
- Netherlands:
- Knight Grand Cross of the Order of the Netherlands Lion
- Norway:
- Grand Cross with Collar of the Order of St. Olav (1994)
- Poland:
- Knight of the Order of the White Eagle (1997)[93]
- Romania:
- Grand Cross of the Order of the Star of Romania
- South Africa:
- Supreme Companion of the Order of the Companions of O. R. Tambo (16 June 2004)
- Grand Cross of the Order of Good Hope (1997)[94]
- Spain:
- Knight of the Collar of the Order of Isabella the Catholic[95]
- Sweden:
- Royal Order of the Seraphim (1994)[96]
- Turkey:
- First Class of the Order of the State of the Republic of Turkey (1999)
- Ukraine:
- Order of Yaroslav the Wise
- United Arab Emirates:
- United Kingdom:
- Honorary Knight Grand Cross of the Order of the Bath (1995)
Awards
- 1995: World Esperanto Association
- 1998: Honorary doctorate from Helsinki University of Technology,[97] and from National University of Kyiv-Mohyla Academy
- 2000: J. William Fulbright Prize for International Understanding[98]
- 2000: Freedom medal[99]
- 2000: Germany: Hessian Peace Prize[100][101]
- 2004: OR Tambo Award[17]
- 2006: Gold Medal of The American-Scandinavian Foundation[102]
- 2007: Germany: Manfred Wörner Medal of the German Ministry of Defense[102]
- 2007: Honorary degree, University of St. Gallen, Switzerland
- 2008: Delta Prize for Global Understanding[103]
- 2008: Félix Houphouët-Boigny Peace Prize[104]
- 2008: Nobel Peace Prize[105]
- 2008: Netherlands: Geuzenpenning
- 2011: Honorary degree, University of Calgary, Canada
See also
References
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- ^ a b "Ahtisaari, Tuomioja, Haavisto weigh in on Syria" Archived 17 June 2021 at the Wayback Machine, yle.fi, 3 August 2012. Retrieved 5 August 2012.
- ^ Bryant, Lisa (10 October 2008). "Former Finnish President Martti Ahtisaari Wins Nobel Peace Prize". Voice of America. Archived from the original on 17 November 2008. Retrieved 27 December 2008.
- ^ Encyclopedia Britannica. 16 October 2023. Archivedfrom the original on 16 October 2023. Retrieved 21 October 2023.
- ^ Björkqvist, Jeannette (18 June 2017). "Ahtisaari i födelsedagsintervju 2017: Det är inte de mest radikala som har folkets stöd". Hufvudstadsbladet (in Swedish). Archived from the original on 13 August 2023. Retrieved 21 October 2023.
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- ^ President Ahtisaari's ancestors Archived 3 April 2015 at the Wayback Machine a study by Suomen Sukututkimusseura (the Finnish genealogy society).
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After his term as president of Finland ended in 2000, Ahtisaari became board chairman of the International Crisis Group, an independent analysis and advocacy organization based in Brussels.
- ^ Stephen Solarz (2010). "Transforming an Idea into Reality". 1995–2010 Fifteen Years on the Front Lines – International Crisis Group. ICG. p. 12. Archived from the original on 7 March 2013.
Martti Ahtisaari, had just been elected President of Finland a month earlier. When I explained to Martti what we had in mind, he immediately and graciously offered to provide $100,000 in funding from Finland
- ^ "Board of Trustees". International Crisis Group. ICG. 22 July 2016. Archived from the original on 5 April 2019. Retrieved 5 April 2019.
Chairmen Emeriti – Martti Ahtisaari
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{{cite web}}
: CS1 maint: archived copy as title (link) - ^ "TKK Honorary Doctor Martti Ahtisaari to receive Nobel Peace Prize"[permanent dead link], Aalto University webpage, 13 October 2008. AU is successor to HUT/TKK. Retrieved 8 August 2012.
- ^ "Martti Ahtisaari" (PDF). Archived (PDF) from the original on 21 October 2023. Retrieved 23 October 2023.
- ^ Four Freedoms Award#Freedom Medal
- ^ Laureates of the Hessian Peace Prize Archived 17 February 2016 at the Wayback Machine, hsfk.de
- ^ Dead link at Crisis Management Initiative website: "CMI – Martti Ahtisaari Peace Foundation". Archived from the original on 9 May 2013. Retrieved 10 October 2008..
- ^ a b CV of Martti Ahtisaari Archived 7 March 2016 at the Wayback Machine, cmi.fi
- ^ "The Delta Prize for Global Understanding". Archived from the original on 24 October 2023. Retrieved 23 October 2023.
- ^ "Award ceremony of the Félix Houphouët-Boigny Peace Prize, UNESCO, 2 October 2008: address by Mr Martti Ahtisaari, Former President of the Republic of Finland, 2007 Prizewinner". Archived from the original on 24 October 2023. Retrieved 23 October 2023.
- ^ "The Nobel Peace Prize 2008". NobelPrize.org. Archived from the original on 3 September 2023. Retrieved 23 October 2023.
External links
- Martti Ahtisaari's Project Syndicate op/eds
- Martti Ahtisaari on Nobelprize.org
- Ahtisaari Nobel Prize lecture
- ThisisFINLAND -Nobel recognition rewards peaceful resolutions
- Appearances on C-SPAN
- Martti Ahtisaari in The Presidents of Finland