Birlinn
The birlinn (
The birlinn was
In 1310, King Robert the Bruce granted Thomas Randolph, 1st Earl of Moray a reddendo or charter making him Lord of the Isle of Man in exchange for six birlinns of 26 oars.[5] A 1615 report to the Scottish Privy Council made a distinction between galleys, having between 18 and 20 oars, and birlinns, with between 12 and 18 oars. There was no suggestion of structural differences. The report stated that there were three men per oar.[6]
The birlinn appears in Scottish heraldry as the "lymphad", from the Scottish Gaelic long fhada.
Use
In terms of design and function, there was considerable similarity between the local birlinn and the ships used by Norse incomers to the Isles. In an island environment ships were essential for the warfare which was endemic in the area, and local lords used the birlinn extensively from at least the thirteenth century.
The
In 1433, Alexander of Islay, Lord of the Isles brought his fleet of war galleys to Ulster to aid his cousin Donald Macdonald, Lord of Dunyvaig and the Glens, and the O'Neills of Tirowen (Tyrone) in defeating the O'Donnells, who were allied with King James of Scotland.[9]
In 1608
Though the surviving evidence has mostly to do with the birlinn in a naval context, there is independent evidence of mercantile activity for which such shipping would have been essential. There is some evidence for mercantile centres in Islay, Gigha, Kintyre and Knapdale, and in the fourteenth century there was constant trade between the Isles, Ireland and England under the patronage of local lords. It is possible that the resources of the Highlands and Islands were not sufficient to support both naval and trading types of ship, leaving the galley with both roles. The derivation of the word birlinn from the name of a Nordic cargo vessel is suggestive of that situation.[11] Otherwise the chief uses of the birlinn would have been troop-carrying, fishing and cattle transport.[12]
Construction and maintenance
In some ways the birlinn paralleled the more robust ocean-going craft of Norse design. Viking ships were double-ended, with a
Oak was the wood favoured both in Western Scotland and in Scandinavia, being tough and resistant to decay. Other types of timber were less often used. It is likely that the Outer Isles of Western Scotland had always been short of timber, but birch, oak and pine abounded in the Inner Isles and on the mainland.[16] The abundance of timber at Lochaber was proverbial: "B'e sin fiodh a chur do Loch Abar" ("Bringing wood to Lochaber") was said of any superfluous undertaking.
The tools used are likely to have included
The traditional practice of sheltering boats in bank-cuttings ("nausts") – small artificial
The influence of Norse shipbuilding techniques, though plausible, is conjectural, since to date no substantial remnants of a birlinn have been found. Traditional boat-building techniques and terms, however, may furnish a guide as to the vessel's construction.[20]
Rigging and sails
Carved images of the birlinn from the sixteenth century and earlier show the typical rigging: braces,
Traditional Highland practice was to make sails of tough, thick-threaded wool, with ropes being made of moss-fir or heather.[23] Medieval sails, in the Highlands as elsewhere, are shown as being sewn out of many small squares, and there is possible evidence of reef points.[24]
Aileach: a reconstruction
A reproduction of a 16-oar Highland galley, the Aileach, was built in 1991 at Moville in County Donegal. It was based on representations of such vessels in West Highland sculpture. Despite the good seagoing performance of the vessel, its design has been described as misleading because of an over-reliance in the plan on cramped sculptural images. The vessel was designed with a high, almost vertical, stern and stem. It proved difficult to fit in more than one rower per oar and the thwarts were too close together. Less constricted images from the fourteenth and fifteenth centuries show vessels which are longer and larger.[26]
Ireland
The Irish long fhada seems, from contemporary sources, to have resembled its West Highland equivalent, though there is as yet no archaeological confirmation.[27]
The Annals of the Four Masters record the use of fleets in an Irish context, often with a Scottish connection. In 1413 Tuathal Ó Máille, returning from Ulster to Connacht with seven ships, encountered a severe storm (anfadh na mara) which drove them northwards to Scotland: only one of the ships survived.[28] In 1433 Alexander Macdonald, Lord of the Isles, arrived in Ulster with a large fleet (co c-cobhlach mór) to assist the O'Neills and his cousin, Donald Macdonald, Lord of Dunyvaig and the Glens, in a war with the O'Donnells.[29]
In Ireland oared vessels were employed extensively for warfare and piracy by the O'Malleys and the O'Flathertys, western lords whose base was in
There was constant maritime traffic between Ireland and Scotland, and Highland mercenaries were commonly transported by birlinn to Ireland.[33]
The birlinn, when rowed, was distinguished by its speed, and could often evade pursuers as a result. No cannon were mounted even in the later period: the birlinn was too lightly built and its freeboard was too low.[34] It was highly suitable for raiding, however, and with experienced marksmen on board, could mount a formidable defence against small craft. Vessels of this type were at their most vulnerable when beached or when cornered by a heavier vessel carrying cannon.[35]
Possible changes in design
There is some evidence that by the end of the sixteenth century new influences were affecting birlinn design. A carving made at Arasaig in 1641 shows a vessel with a lowered stem and stern. An English map of north-east Ireland made no later than 1603 shows "fleetes of the Redshanks [Highlanders] of Cantyre" with vessels one-masted as before but with a square sail mounted on a sloping yard arm and a small cabin at the stern projecting backwards.[36] Two Clanranald seals attached to documents dated 1572 show a birlinn with raised decks at stem and stern, a motif repeated in later heraldic devices.[33] If such changes occurred, they would reflect influences from the south-east and ultimately from the Mediterranean. The supporting evidence has been criticised for being slight and unconvincing,[37] but there is pictorial evidence for similar developments in the Irish galley.
See also
Notes
- ^ Rixson 1998, p. 30.
- ^ Leslie Alcock, Kings and Warriors, Craftsmen and Priests in Northern Britain AD 550–850 (Edinburgh: Society of Antiquaries of Scotland Monograph Series, 2003), p. 130,
- ^ 'Broighter boat, circa 100 BC,' 5 May 2011, Irish Times: http://www.irishtimes.com/newspaper/weekend/2011/0528/1224297912869.html
- ^ See, for example, Caldwell, p. 145
- ^ Barrow, Geoffrey W.S. (1988). Robert Bruce and the Community of the Realm of Scotland. Edinburgh University Press. pp. 192–3.
- ^ Caldwell, p. 148
- ^ Rixson, p. 16
- ^ Rixson, p. 20
- ^ Egan, S. (2018) The Early Stewart Kings, the Lordship of the Isles, and Ireland, c.1371-c.1433. Northern Studies, 49, pp. 61-78.
- ^ HMC 6th Report: Duke of Argyll (London, 1877), p. 623 "lumfaddis" and "birlinges".
- ^ Rixson 1998, p. 30-32.
- ^ Rixson, p. 35
- ^ Greenhill, p. 234
- ^ Greenhill, p. 219-220
- ^ Rixson, pp. 158, 160
- ^ Rixson, pp. 104–109
- ^ Greenhill, p. 247
- ^ Greenhill, p. 245
- ^ Rixson pp. 167–168
- ^ See "bìrlinn" in the on-line edition of Edward Dwelly's Illustrated Gaelic-English Dictionary: http://www.dwelly.org/ Archived 31 May 2013 at the Wayback Machine Dwelly-d Dwelly air loighne. This gives a comprehensive list of traditional Gaelic words and terms to do with boats.
- ^ Rixson, p. 138
- ^ Greenhill, p. 213
- ^ Rixson, pp. 158–159
- ^ Rixson, pp. 128–130
- ^ Boats: Aileach birlinn reconstruction, Ardchattan Parish Archive.Accessed 26 December 2021.
- ^ Caldwell, pp. 148–49
- ^ The Irish equivalent of the name bìrlinn is birling, but this refers only to a commander's vessel.
- ^ "M1413.3". Ucc.ie. Retrieved 28 April 2013.
- ^ "M1433.1". Ucc.ie. Retrieved 28 April 2013.
- ^ Rixson, p. 42
- ^ Rixson, p. 44
- ^ 1593 Petition of Gráinne Ní Mháille to Queen Elizabeth, State Papers Relating to Ireland (on microfilm, originals in the Public Record Office, London) SP 63/171/18
- ^ a b Rixson, pp. 101–102
- ^ Rixson, p. 49
- ^ Rixson, p. 50
- ^ From the Dartmouth Collection of the British National Maritime Museum.
- ^ Caldwell, p. 146
References
- Caldwell, David H. (2007), 'Having the right kit: West Highlanders fighting in Ireland' in The World of the Gallowglass: kings, warlords and warriors in Ireland and Scotland, 1200–1600. Duffy, Seán (ed.). Dublin: Four Courts Press. ISBN 978-1-85182-946-0
- Greenhill, Basil, ed. (1976), Archaeology of the Boat: A new introductory study (first ed.), London: Adam and Charles Black, ISBN 0-7136-1645-8
- Rixson, Denis (1998), The West Highland Galley (first ed.), Edinburgh: Birlinn, ISBN 1-874744-86-6
- Watson, J. Carmichael (ed.) (1934). Gaelic Songs of Mary MacLeod. Blackie & Son Limited [1]
Further reading
- Macauley, John (1996), Birlinn – Longships of the Hebrides. The White Horse Press. ISBN 9781874267300
External links
- GalGael – using the Birlinn to rebuild community in Scotland
- Highland Galleys, from Mallaig Heritage
- Image of fifteenth-century engraved Birlinn, in Rodel Chapel, Harris, on Flickr