Battle of Renfrew

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Battle of Renfrew
Date1164
Location
Renfrew, Scotland
Result Scottish victory
Belligerents
Kingdom of the Isles
Kingdom of Dublin		 Kingdom of Scotland
Commanders and leaders
Somairle mac Gilla Brigte, King of the Isles †
  • Herbert, Bishop of Glasgow
  • Baldwin, Sheriff of Lanark/Clydesdale
  • Walter fitz Alan, Steward of Scotland
Strength
160 ships (possibly 6000–8000 men) local levies?

The Battle of Renfrew was fought between the

Walter fitz Alan, Steward of Scotland
are all possible candidates for this position. The battle was a disaster for the Islesmen and Dubliners. Somerled was slain in the encounter, apparently by local levies, and his forces were routed.

Somerled first appears on record in the 1150s, when he is stated to have supported the cause of

Guðrøðr Óláfsson, King of the Isles
. Two years later, Somerled decisively defeated Guðrøðr, gaining complete control of the kingdom.

The reasons for Somerled's invasion of Scotland are uncertain. One possibility is that he was renewing his support for the sons of Máel Coluim. Another possibility is that he was attempting to conquer the southwest part of Scotland that may have only recently fallen under Scottish royal authority. This region had previously been occupied by the

Gall Gaidheil, a people of mixed Scandinavian and Gaelic ethnicity, like Sumarliði/Somairle himself. There is reason to suspect that this region was lost to the Scots upon the collapse of Máel Coluim's rebellion, and afterwards doled out to powerful Scottish magnates in the context of Scottish consolidation. Somerled may have also invaded the region in an attempt to counter a perceived threat that the Scots posed to his authority in the Firth of Clyde
. The fact that the battle is said to have been fought at Renfrew, the seat of one of Walter's lordships, could indicate that he was a specific target.

As a result of Somerled's death in battle, the Kingdom of the Isles fractured once again. Although Guðrøðr's brother, Rǫgnvaldr, is recorded to have gained power, Guðrøðr was able overcome him within the year. Upon Guðrøðr's reestablishment in the Isles, the realm was again divided between him and Somerled's descendants, in a partitioning that stemmed from Somairle's coup in 1156. The Battle of Renfrew may have been Malcolm's greatest victory. It is certainly the last major event of his reign on record.

Background

Map of Britain and Ireland
Locations relating to the Battle of Renfrew.

At an uncertain point in the mid twelfth century, perhaps in about 1140,

Chronicle of Mann reports that Óláfr was assassinated in June, whilst his son, Guðrøðr, was absent in Norway.[4] Within months of his father's assassination, Guðrøðr executed his vengeance. According to the chronicle, he journeyed from Norway to Orkney, enstrengthened by Norwegian military support, and was unanimously acclaimed as king by the leading Islesmen. He is then stated to have continued on to Mann, where he overcame three kin-slaying cousins, and successfully secured the kingship for himself.[5]

In 1155 or 1156, the Chronicle of Mann reveals that Somairle conducted a

coup against Guðrøðr, specifying that Somairle's son, Dubgall, was produced as a replacement to Guðrøðr's rule.[6] Late in 1156, on the night of 5/6 January, Somairle and Guðrøðr finally clashed in a bloody but inconclusive sea-battle. According to the chronicle, when the clash finally concluded the feuding brothers-in-law divided the Kingdom of the Isles between themselves.[7] Two years later, the chronicle reveals that Somairle invaded Mann and drove Guðrøðr from the kingship into exile.[8] With Guðrøðr gone, it appears that either Dubgall or Somairle became King of the Isles.[9] Although the young Dubgall may well have been the nominal monarch, the chronicle makes it clear that it was Somairle who possessed the real power.[10] Certainly, Irish sources regard Somairle as a king by the end of his career.[11]

Battle

kings of the Isles lay in their armed galley-fleets.[14]

The Battle of Renfrew is attested by sources such as: the fourteenth-century

Gesta Annalia I,[24] the fifteenth-century Mac Carthaigh's Book,[25] and the fifteenth-century Scotichronicon.[26]

The Chronicle of Melrose reports that Somairle's forces were drawn "from Ireland and various places".

Muirchertach Mac Lochlainn, High King of Ireland.[39][note 4]

St Kentigern (pictured in stained glass, in Bute Hall, University of Glasgow
) delivered the Scots their victory over Somairle.

According to the Chronicle of Mann,

Herbert, Bishop of Glasgow.[61] According to Gesta Annalia I, Somairle was killed with a son named Gilla Coluim.[62] It is possible that this source has mistaken the latter's name for Gilla Brigte,[63] the name that the Annals of Tigernach accords to Somairle's slain son.[64][note 6] It is unknown if Dubgall participated in the battle.[67]

The stated location of Renfrew could be evidence that the target of Somairle's strike was

Baldwin, Sheriff of Lanark/Clydesdale,[73] and Walter.[74] Whilst there is reason to suspect that Somairle focused his offensive upon Walter's lordship at Renfrew,[75] it is also possible that Herbert, as Malcolm's agent in the west, was the intended target.[76] Certainly, Carmen de Morte Sumerledi associates Herbert with the victory,[77] and makes no mention of Walter or any Scottish royal forces.[78] On the other hand, Baldwin's nearby lands of Inverkip and Houston were passed by Somairle's naval forces, suggesting that it was either Baldwin or his followers who engaged and overcame the invaders.[71] In any case, the victory over the Islesmen and their allies appears to have ensured peace in Scotland for the rest of Malcolm's rule.[79] It may have been Malcolm's greatest victory,[80] and is certainly the last major event of his reign on record.[81]

Context

David I, King of Scotland
.

Somairle's rise to power appears to coincide with an apparent weakening of Scottish royal authority in Argyll.

Alexander I, King of Scotland.[91][note 8] There is reason to suspect that some of the campaigning conducted by Somairle and the Meic Máel Coluim is also evinced by Carmen de Morte Sumerledi, which refers to his wasting of Glasgow, its cathedral, and surrounding countryside.[95][note 9] Upon the collapse of the uprising, Somairle apparently abandoned the Meic Máel Coluim, whereupon he turned his energies towards the Isles.[101] By Christmas 1160, a Scottish royal charter reveals that Somairle had come to an understanding of peace with Malcolm at some point earlier that year.[102][note 10] Nevertheless, four years later Somairle launched his final invasion of Scotland, and it is possible that it was conducted in the context of another attempt to support Máel Coluim's claim to the Scottish throne.[106][note 11]

Gall Gaidheil (image b). Somairle may have attempted to regain these lands from the Scots.[note 12]

Another possibility is that Somairle was attempting to secure a swathe of territory that had only recently been secured by the Scottish Crown.

Fergus, Lord of Galloway,[120] a Scandinavian-Gaelic magnate who held lands in Carrick. Fergus' attestation could indicate that, whilst Somairle's family may have suffered marginalisation as a result of Máel Coluim's defeat and David's consolidation of the region, Fergus and his family could have conversely profited at this time as supporters of David's cause.[116] The record of Fergus amongst the Scottish elite at Cadzow is certainly evidence of the increasing reach of David's royal authority in the 1130s.[121]

Photograph of one of the Lewis chessmen
A rook gaming piece of the so-called Lewis chessmen.[122] The Scandinavian connections of leading members of the Isles may have been reflected in their military armament, and could have resembled that depicted upon such gaming pieces.[123]

Another figure first attested by these charters is Walter,

islands of the Firth of Clyde after his 1156 clash with Guðrøðr. In so doing, Somairle gained control of islands in a territory that appears to have been regarded by the Scots as vital to their own security.[137] In fact, the catalyst for the establishment of Scottish castles along the River Clyde could well have been the potential threat posed by Somairle.[138][note 15]

Somairle's final campaign appears similar to later Norwegian-backed invasions of the Firth of Clyde conducted by his descendants in the thirteenth century (1230 and 1263). In fact, the Viking

Strathclyde Britons.[145][note 16] Another factor that may have spurned Somairle to attack the Scots could have been Malcolm's increasingly poor health.[147] Certainly, the Chronicle of Melrose states that the Scottish king was stricken with a "great sickness" in 1163, and it is possible that he never fully recovered.[148] The fact that the Annals of Ulster accords Malcolm the epithet "Cennmor" ("Big Head") upon his death could be evidence that he suffered from Paget's disease.[149][note 17] One possibility is that the king's impairment was opportunistically seized upon by Somairle, who overestimated a weakening in Scottish royal power.[147]

Aftermath

Although it is conceivable that Dubgall was able to secure power following his father's demise,[147] it is evident from the Chronicle of Mann that the kingship of Mann was soon seized by Guðrøðr's brother, Rǫgnvaldr.[152] Before the end of the year, Guðrøðr is said by the same source to have arrived in the Isles, and ruthlessly overpowered his brother.[153] Guðrøðr thereafter regained the kingship,[154] and the realm was divided between him and Clann Somairle,[155] in a partitioning that stemmed from Somairle's coup in 1156.[156][note 18] Although there is no direct evidence that Somairle's imperium fragmented upon his death, there is reason to suspect that it was indeed divided between his sons.[158] In the decades that followed Somairle's demise, there is evidence to suggest that the known inter-dynastic infighting amongst his descendants was capitalised upon by Walter and his family.[159][note 19]

Queen Blearie's Stone

Refer to caption
Image a
Refer to caption
Image b
Nineteenth-century depictions of Walter's seal (image a) and counter-seal (image b). The front of the seal displays a mounted knight with a shield, lance, and pennon. The counter-seal shows a warrior, holding with a spear or staff in his right hand, leaning against a pillar.[165][note 20]

There are several local traditions concerning the location of the battle.[169] One account, dating to the late eighteenth century, asserts that the invaders landed at Renfrew, and that they marched southwards to Knock, an elevated land form situated between Renfrew and Glasgow, where they were defeated by local forces.[170] In 1772, Thomas Pennant visited this site, and observed "a mount or tumulus, with a foss round the base, and a single stone on the top", which he was led to believe marked the spot where Somairle was defeated.[171]

Earlier accounts of the monument accorded it forms of the name "Queen Blearie's Stone", and associated it with accounts linking it to the death of

toponym—which he gave as Cuiné Blair ("Memorial of Battle")—a name that actually referred to the Battle of Renfrew.[173] If the monument was indeed associated with the battle, it could be identical to the pillar pictured upon Walter's seal. If so, the seal's depiction of a man leaning against a pillar could commemorate the Scottish victory.[174] In any case, "Queen Blearie's Stone" was demolished before the end of the eighteenth century.[175] By this point, part of it evidently formed a lintel of a barn door, although by the mid nineteenth century it disappeared.[176] The approximate site of "Queen Blearie's Stone" (grid reference NS 4932 6614)[177] is now part of a housing estate.[178]

Notes

  1. ^ This account, and that of Somairle's invasion of Scotland in 1153 given by the same source, are probably the source for the accounts of these events given by Roger's Chronica.[20] The account given by the Chronicle of Melrose may be another source for Roger's account of 1164.[21]
  2. ^ According to the Chronicle of Mann, Somairle's fleet numbered eighty when he fought Guðrøðr in 1156,[32] and numbered fifty-three when the men clashed again in 1158.[33]
  3. mail in every part of their body after the Danish manner. Some wore long coats of mail, other iron plate skilfully knitted together, and they had round, red shields protected by iron round the edge".[36]
  4. Irish highkingship,[46] in an encounter attested by both Annals of the Four Masters,[47] and the Annals of Tigernach.[48] If Somairle and Muirchertach were indeed assisting each other in 1154 and 1164, the latter episode could well have seen Muirchertach return the favour of earlier support.[49]
  5. Book of Clanranald, alleges that Somairle died as a result of a traitorous assassination orchestrated on behalf of the Scottish Crown.[59] One possibility is that such traditions of treachery could have been crafted to explain the sudden demise of a figure imagined by later generations to have been almost invincible in battle.[60]
  6. ^ Gilla Brigte appears to have been a product of marriage between Somairle and another woman,[65] a union that may have predated Somairle's binding to Ragnhildr.[66]
  7. ^ Further evidence that the Scots held authority in Argyll may be the fact that men from the Isles and Lorne are stated by the twelfth-century Relatio de Standardo to have formed part of the Scottish forces at the Battle of the Standard in 1138.[85]
  8. ^ There are several possible ways which Somairle and the Meic Máel Coluim could have been related. On one hand, the sons of Máel Coluim could have been descended from a sister of Somairle.[92] On the other hand, their mother could have been a daughter of Somairle.[93] Another possibility is that Somairle and Máel Coluim were half-brothers, descended from the same mother.[94]
  9. Scotland.[99] At one point, Carmen de Morte Sumerledi states that the attackers of Glasgow "drove out the weak" or "carried off the weak". If the latter interpretation of the phrase is correct, the passage could refer to slaving conducted by the attackers.[100]
  10. ^ One possibility is that Malcolm swore not to aid Guðrøðr,[103] and that Somairle swore not to aid the cause of Máel Coluim.[104] Somairle may have also acknowledged Malcolm's overlordship of Argyll,[105] or Malcolm may have acknowledged Somairle's right there.[106] The concord between Somairle and Malcolm may have been the occasion in which Somairle earned the epithet "sit-by-the-king", accorded to him by Carmen de Morte Sumerledi.[107]
  11. ^ According to the Chronicle of Melrose, Somairle had been attacking the Scots for twelve years before his final invasion.[108] This would give 1152 as the year Somairle began campaigning against the Scots.[109] As such, the given number may be a mistake for eleven years.[71] In any case, the span of time appears to be somewhat generalised on account of the evidence of the concord between Somairle and Malcolm.[110]
  12. Cunningham was a Morville lordship.[112]
  13. Cunningham, a strategic coastal site from where Scottish forces may have conducted seaborne military operations against Malcolm's western allies.[113] The twelfth-century Relatio de Standardo reveals that David received English military assistance against Máel Coluim. This source specifies that a force against Máel Coluim was mustered at Carlisle, and notes successful naval campaigns conducted against David's enemies, which suggests that Máel Coluim's support was indeed centred in Scotland's western coastal periphery.[114] By the mid 1130s, David had not only succeeded in securing Máel Coluim, but also appears to have gained recognition of his overlordship of Argyll.[115]
  14. Alan.[129] By about 1200,[130] during the latter's career, the family certainly seems to have gained control of the island.[131] By the latter half of the thirteenth century, the family certainly held authority over Cowal.[132]
  15. ecclesiastical see,[141] and not the removal of the native population,[142] it may nevertheless be evidence of Malcolm's extension of royal authority.[143] Whilst there is no known link between the relocation and Somairle's invasion the next year, it is conceivable that there could have been a connection between the events.[144]
  16. ^ In 1230, Óspakr-Hákon, an apparent descendant of Somairle, led a Norwegian-backed fleet into the Firth of Clyde and captured Rothesay Castle on the island of Bute. The attack upon this stronghold seems to evince the anxiety felt by Somairle's thirteenth-century descendants in the face of the steadily increasing regional influence of Walter's own progeny.[146]
  17. Malcolm III, King of Scotland was accorded the same epithet in the thirteenth century.[151]
  18. ^ This division carried on until the demise of the Kingdom of the Isles, in 1265/1266.[157]
  19. Alan fitz Walter, Steward of Scotland.[163] The fact that Bute seems to have fallen into the hands of Walter's family by about 1200 could indicate that Alan capitalised upon Clann Somairle's internal discord and thereby seized the island. Alternately, it is also possible that Alan received the island from Ragnall as payment for military support against Aongus, who seems to have had gained the upper hand over Ragnall by 1192.[164]
  20. Stewart family.[168]

Citations

  1. ^ Oram (2011) pp. 88–89; Oram, R (2004) p. 118; McDonald, RA (2000) p. 175 n. 55; McDonald, RA (1997) p. 45; Anderson (1922) p. 255 n. 1.
  2. ^ Beuermann (2012) p. 5; Beuermann (2010) p. 102; Williams, G (2007) p. 145; Woolf (2005); Brown, M (2004) p. 70; Rixson (2001) p. 85.
  3. ^ Oram (2011) p. 108.
  4. ^ Beuermann (2014) p. 85; Downham (2013) p. 171, 171 n. 84; McDonald, RA (2007b) pp. 67, 85, 92; Duffy (2006) p. 65; Beuermann (2002) p. 421; Duffy (2002) p. 48; Sellar (2000) p. 191; Williams, DGE (1997) p. 259; Duffy (1993) pp. 41–42, 42 n. 59; Oram, RD (1988) pp. 80–81; Anderson (1922) p. 225; Munch; Goss (1874) pp. 62–65.
  5. ^ Crawford (2014) p. 74; Downham (2013) p. 171; McDonald, RA (2012) p. 162; Abrams (2007) p. 182; McDonald, RA (2007a) p. 66; McDonald, RA (2007b) pp. 67, 85; Duffy (2006) p. 65; Oram (2000) pp. 69–70; Williams, DGE (1997) p. 259; Gade (1994) p. 199; Oram, RD (1988) p. 81; Anderson (1922) p. 226; Munch; Goss (1874) pp. 64–67.
  6. ^ Holton (2017) p. 125; Wadden (2014) p. 32; Downham (2013) p. 172; Woolf (2013) pp. 3–4; Oram (2011) p. 120; Williams, G (2007) pp. 143, 145–146; Woolf (2007a) p. 80; Barrow (2006) pp. 143–144; Forte; Oram; Pedersen (2005) pp. 243–244; Woolf (2004) p. 104; Rixson (2001) p. 85; Oram (2000) pp. 74, 76; McDonald, RA (1997) pp. 52, 54–58; Williams, DGE (1997) pp. 259–260, 260 n. 114; Duffy (1993) pp. 40–41; Duffy (1992) p. 121; McDonald; McLean (1992) pp. 8–9, 12; Scott, JG (1988) p. 40; Duncan; Brown (1956–1957) p. 196; Anderson (1922) p. 231; Lawrie (1910) p. 20 § 13; Munch; Goss (1874) pp. 68–69.
  7. ^ Caldwell (2016) p. 354; Wadden (2014) p. 32; McDonald, RA (2012) pp. 153, 161; Oram (2011) p. 120; McDonald, RA (2007a) pp. 57, 64; McDonald, RA (2007b) p. 92; Forte; Oram; Pedersen (2005) p. 244; Woolf (2004) p. 104; Oram (2000) pp. 74, 76; McDonald, RA (1997) pp. 52, 56; Williams, DGE (1997) p. 260; McDonald, RA (1995) p. 135; Duffy (1993) p. 43; McDonald; McLean (1992) p. 9; Scott, JG (1988) p. 40; Rixson (1982) pp. 86–87; Duncan; Brown (1956–1957) p. 196; Anderson (1922) pp. 231–232; Lawrie (1910) p. 20 § 13; Munch; Goss (1874) pp. 68–69.
  8. ^ McDonald, RA (2012) pp. 153, 161; Oram (2011) p. 121; McDonald, RA (2007a) pp. 57, 64; McDonald, RA (2007b) pp. 92, 113, 121 n. 86; Forte; Oram; Pedersen (2005) p. 244; Woolf (2004) p. 104; Oram (2000) pp. 74, 76; McDonald, RA (1997) p. 56; Duffy (1993) p. 43; McDonald; McLean (1992) p. 9; Rixson (1982) pp. 86–87, 151; Duncan; Brown (1956–1957) p. 196; Anderson (1922) p. 239; Munch; Goss (1874) pp. 68–69.
  9. ^ McDonald, RA (1997) p. 57.
  10. ^ Oram (2011) p. 121.
  11. ^ Holton (2017) p. 124, 124 n. 14; The Annals of Tigernach (2016) § 1164.6; Annals of the Four Masters (2013a) 1083.10; Annals of the Four Masters (2013b) 1083.10; Woolf (2013) p. 3; McDonald, RA (2007b) p. 164; Annals of Tigernach (2005) § 1164.6; Sellar (2004); McLeod (2002) p. 31, 31 n. 22; McDonald, RA (2000) p. 179; Sellar (2000) p. 189; McDonald, RA (1997) pp. 57–58; Anderson (1922) p. 254.
  12. ^ McDonald, RA (2007a) p. 59; McDonald, RA (2007b) pp. 128–129 pl. 1; Rixson (1982) pp. 114–115 pl. 1; Cubbon (1952) p. 70 fig. 24.
  13. ^ McDonald, RA (2012) p. 151; McDonald, RA (2007a) pp. 58–59; McDonald, RA (2007b) pp. 54–55, 128–129 pl. 1; Wilson (1973) p. 15.
  14. ^ McDonald, RA (2016) p. 337; McDonald, RA (2012) p. 151; McDonald, RA (2007b) pp. 128–129 pl. 1.
  15. ^ Holton (2017) p. 125; The Annals of Tigernach (2016) § 1164.6; Wadden (2014) p. 34; Woolf (2013) p. 3; Strickland (2012) p. 107; McDonald, RA (2007b) p. 76; Annals of Tigernach (2005) § 1164.6; Woolf (2005); McDonald, RA (2000) p. 169, 169 n. 16, 179; Sellar (2000) p. 189; McDonald, RA (1997) p. 62; Duffy (1999) p. 356; McDonald, RA (1995) p. 135; Duffy (1993) pp. 31, 45; Duncan; Brown (1956–1957) p. 197; Anderson (1922) p. 254.
  16. ^ Jennings (2017) pp. 121, 126; The Annals of Ulster (2017) § 1164.4; Wadden (2014) p. 34; Wadden (2013) p. 208; Strickland (2012) p. 107; The Annals of Ulster (2008) § 1164.4; Oram (2011) p. 128; Forte; Oram; Pedersen (2005) p. 245; Pollock (2005) p. 14; Woolf (2005); McDonald, RA (2000) p. 169, 169 n. 16; Oram (2000) p. 76; Duffy (1999) p. 356; Durkan (1998) p. 137; McDonald, RA (1997) p. 67; McDonald, RA (1995) p. 135; Duffy (1993) p. 45; Duncan; Brown (1956–1957) p. 197; Anderson (1922) p. 254; Lawrie (1910) p. 80 § 61.
  17. ^ Neville (2016) p. 7; Cowan (2015) p. 18; Clanchy (2014) p. 169; Woolf (2013); Clancy (2012) p. 19; MacLean (2012) p. 651; Strickland (2012) p. 107; Oram (2011) p. 128; Davies (2009) p. 67; Márkus (2009) p. 113; Broun (2007) p. 164; Clancy (2007) p. 126; Márkus (2007) p. 100; Sellar (2004); Durkan (2003) p. 230; Driscoll (2002) pp. 68–69; McDonald, RA (2002) pp. 103, 111; McDonald, RA (2000) p. 169, 169 n. 16; Durkan (1998) p. 137; McDonald, RA (1997) pp. 41, 61–62; Macquarrie (1996) p. 43; McDonald, RA (1995) p. 135; McDonald; McLean (1992) pp. 3, 3 n. 1, 13; Duncan; Brown (1956–1957) p. 197; Brown, JTT (1927) pp. 274–275; Anderson (1922) pp. 256–258; Lawrie (1910) pp. 80–83 § 62; Anderson (1908) p. 243 n. 2; Arnold (1885) pp. 386–388; Skene (1871) pp. 449–451.
  18. ^ Duffy (1999) p. 356; Duffy (1993) p. 31; Anderson; Anderson (1938) pp. 143–144 n. 6; Anderson (1922) p. 255 n. 1; Anderson (1908) p. 243; Stubbs (1868) p. 224; Riley (1853) p. 262.
  19. ^ McDonald; McLean (1992) p. 13; Anderson; Anderson (1938) pp. 44, 143–144 n. 6, 190; Anderson (1922) p. 255 n. 1; Bouterwek (1863) pp. 40–41.
  20. ^ Anderson; Anderson (1938) pp. 44, 143–144 n. 6.
  21. ^ Anderson (1922) p. 255 n. 1; Anderson (1908) p. 243 n. 1.
  22. ^ Caldwell (2016) p. 352; Martin, C (2014) p. 193; McDonald, RA (2007a) pp. 57, 64; McDonald, RA (2007b) pp. 54, 121 n. 86; McDonald, RA (2002) p. 117 n. 76; Williams, DGE (1997) p. 150; McDonald, RA (1995) p. 135; Duffy (1993) p. 45; McDonald; McLean (1992) p. 13; Barrow (1960) p. 20; Anderson (1922) p. 255 n. 1; Munch; Goss (1874) pp. 74–75.
  23. ^ Woolf (2013) p. 3; Strickland (2012) p. 107; Oram (2011) p. 128; Forte; Oram; Pedersen (2005) p. 245; Pollock (2005) p. 14; Ewart; Pringle; Caldwell et al. (2004) p. 12; McDonald, RA (2000) p. 169, 169 n. 16; Sellar (2000) p. 189; Duffy (1999) p. 356; Duffy (1993) pp. 31, 45; Barrow (1960) p. 20; Duncan; Brown (1956–1957) p. 197; Anderson; Anderson (1938) pp. 125 n. 1, 143–144 n. 6; Brown, JTT (1927) p. 275; Anderson (1922) pp. 254–255; Anderson (1908) p. 243 n. 2; Stevenson (1856) p. 130; Stevenson (1835) p. 79.
  24. ^ Sellar (2000) p. 195 n. 32; Anderson (1922) p. 255 n. 1; Skene (1872) p. 252 ch. 4; Skene (1871) p. 257 ch. 4.
  25. ^ Mac Carthaigh's Book (2016a) § 1163.2; Mac Carthaigh's Book (2016b) § 1163.2; Duffy (1993) p. 45.
  26. ^ Pollock (2005) p. 14; Watt (1994) pp. 262–265; Goodall (1759) p. 452 bk. 8 ch. 6.
  27. ^ Ewart; Pringle; Caldwell et al. (2004) p. 12; Duffy (1993) p. 45; Anderson; Anderson (1938) pp. 143–144 n. 6; Anderson (1922) p. 254; Anderson (1908) p. 243 n. 2; Stevenson (1856) p. 130; Stevenson (1835) p. 79.
  28. ^ The Annals of Ulster (2017) § 1164.4; Mac Carthaigh's Book (2016a) § 1163.2; Mac Carthaigh's Book (2016b) § 1163.2; The Annals of Tigernach (2016) § 1164.6; Wadden (2014) p. 34; The Annals of Ulster (2008) § 1164.4; Annals of Tigernach (2005) § 1164.6; McDonald, RA (2000) p. 169 n. 16; Durkan (1998) p. 137; Duffy (1993) pp. 31, 45; Anderson (1922) p. 254; Lawrie (1910) p. 80 § 61.
  29. ^ Oram (2011) p. 128; Oram (2000) p. 76; McDonald, RA (1997) p. 252.
  30. ^ Forte; Oram; Pedersen (2005) p. 245.
  31. ^ Caldwell (2016) p. 352; Martin, C (2014) p. 193; McDonald, RA (2007a) p. 64; McDonald, RA (2007b) pp. 54, 121 n. 86; McDonald, RA (2002) pp. 109, 117 n. 76; McDonald, RA (1995) p. 135; McDonald; McLean (1992) p. 13; Barrow (1960) p. 20; Anderson (1922) p. 255 n. 1; Munch; Goss (1874) pp. 74–75.
  32. ^ McDonald, RA (2007a) p. 64; McDonald, RA (1995) p. 135; Anderson (1922) p. 231; Munch; Goss (1874) pp. 68–69.
  33. ^ McDonald, RA (2007a) p. 64; McDonald, RA (2007b) pp. 54, 121 n. 86; McDonald; McLean (1992) p. 9; Rixson (1982) pp. 87, 151; Anderson (1922) p. 239; Munch; Goss (1874) pp. 68–69.
  34. ^ McDonald, RA (2002) p. 109.
  35. ^ McDonald, RA (2002) pp. 117–118 n. 76.
  36. ^ McDonald, RA (2007a) pp. 72–73; McDonald, RA (2007b) pp. 121–122; McDonald, RA (2002) pp. 117–118 n. 76; Martin, FX (1994) pp. 132–133; Heath (1989) p. 96; Wright; Forester; Hoare (1905) p. 219 ch. 21; Dimock (1867) p. 264 ch. 21.
  37. ^ Doherty (2005) p. 353.
  38. ^ Byrne (2008) p. 23; Duffy (1993) pp. 45–46.
  39. ^ Wadden (2014) p. 34; Wadden (2013) pp. 208–209; Pollock (2005) p. 14, 14 n. 69; Duffy (1993) pp. 45–46.
  40. ^ French (2015) p. 232; Downham (2013) p. 173, 173 n. 96; Byrne (2008) p. 23; Martin (2008) p. 62; Duffy (2007) pp. 133, 136–137; Crooks (2005) p. 301; Doherty (2005) p. 353; Flanagan (2005) p. 211; Flanagan (2004); Duffy (1993) pp. 17–18, 46; Duffy (1992) p. 129; Latimer (1989) p. 537, 537 n. 72.
  41. ^ The Annals of Ulster (2017) § 1165.7; French (2015) p. 232; The Annals of Ulster (2008) § 1165.7; Duffy (2007) pp. 133, 136; Duffy (1993) pp. 17–18.
  42. ^ Downham (2013) p. 173, 173 n. 96; Duffy (2007) pp. 136–137; McDonald, RA (2007a) p. 70; Duffy (1993) pp. 17–18; Duffy (1992) p. 129; Rhŷs; Evans (1890) p. 324; Williams Ab Ithel (1860) pp. 202–203.
  43. ^ Downham (2013) p. 173, 173 n. 96; Duffy (1993) pp. 17–18; Duffy (1992) p. 129; Latimer (1989) p. 537, 537 n. 72; Jones; Williams; Pughe (1870) p. 679.
  44. ^ French (2015) p. 232; Byrne (2008) p. 23; Martin (2008) pp. 62–63; Duffy (2007) pp. 136–137; Crooks (2005) p. 301; Flanagan (2005) p. 211; Flanagan (2004); Duffy (1993) p. 46; Duffy (1992) p. 129.
  45. ^ Martin, FX (1992) pp. 18–19.
  46. ^ Wadden (2013) p. 208; Pollock (2005) p. 14, 14 n. 69.
  47. ^ McDonald, RW (2015) pp. 74–75, 74 n. 23; Wadden (2014) pp. 18, 29–30, 30 n. 78; Wadden (2013) p. 208; Annals of the Four Masters (2013a) 1154.11; Annals of the Four Masters (2013b) 1154.11; Clancy (2008) p. 34; Butter (2007) p. 141, 141 n. 121; McDonald, RA (2007a) p. 71; McDonald, RA (2007b) p. 118; Pollock (2005) p. 14; Simms (2000) p. 12; Duffy (1999) p. 356; Ó Corráin (1999) p. 372; Jennings (1994) p. 145; Duffy (1993) p. 31, 31 n. 79; Duffy (1992) pp. 124–125; Sellar (1971) p. 29; Anderson (1922) p. 227.
  48. ^ Wadden (2014) p. 29; The Annals of Tigernach (2016) § 1154.6; Annals of Tigernach (2005) § 1154.6.
  49. ^ Pollock (2005) p. 14, 14 n. 69.
  50. ^ McDonald; McLean (1992) p. 13; Anderson (1922) p. 231; Munch; Goss (1874) pp. 68–69.
  51. ^ Forte; Oram; Pedersen (2005) p. 245; Ewart; Pringle; Caldwell et al. (2004) p. 12; McDonald, RA (2000) p. 169 n. 16; Anderson; Anderson (1938) p. 143 n. 6; Brown, JTT (1927) p. 275; Anderson (1922) p. 254; Anderson (1908) p. 243 n. 2; Stevenson (1856) p. 130; Stevenson (1835) p. 79.
  52. ^ Woolf (2004) pp. 102, 104; Driscoll (2002) pp. 68, 71.
  53. ^ Duffy (1993) p. 45.
  54. ^ Oram (2011) p. 128; Sellar (2004); McDonald, RA (2002) p. 103.
  55. ^ Sellar (2004); McDonald, RA (2002) p. 103; McDonald, RA (2000) p. 169; Woolf (2013) p. 10; Clancy (2007) p. 126; McDonald, RA (1997) p. 62; Anderson (1922) p. 258; Lawrie (1910) p. 82 § 62; Arnold (1885) p. 388; Skene (1871) p. 450.
  56. ^ Woolf (2004) p. 105.
  57. ^ Sellar (2004).
  58. ^ McDonald, RA (2000) p. 169; McDonald, RA (1997) pp. 61–62; McDonald; McLean (1992) p. 13; Macphail (1914) p. 9.
  59. ^ McDonald, RA (2000) p. 169; McDonald; McLean (1992) p. 13; Macbain; Kennedy (1894) pp. 154–155.
  60. ^ Roberts (1999) p. 96.
  61. ^ Neville (2016) p. 7; Clanchy (2014) p. 169; Woolf (2013) p. 11; Clancy (2012) p. 19; Clancy (2007) p. 126; Sellar (2004); McDonald, RA (1997) p. 62; Anderson (1922) p. 258; Lawrie (1910) p. 82 § 62; Arnold (1885) p. 388; Skene (1871) p. 450.
  62. ^ Sellar (2000) p. 195 n. 32; Anderson (1922) p. 255 n. 1; Skene (1872) p. 252 ch. 4; Skene (1871) p. 257 ch. 4; Stevenson (1835) p. 79 n. d.
  63. ^ Sellar (2004); Sellar (2000) p. 195 n. 32; Duncan; Brown (1956–1957) p. 197 n. 6.
  64. ^ Holton (2017) p. 125; The Annals of Tigernach (2016) § 1164.6; McDonald, RA (2007b) p. 76; Annals of Tigernach (2005) § 1164.6; McDonald, RA (1997) p. 62; Anderson (1922) p. 254.
  65. ^ Sellar (2004); Sellar (2000) p. 195 n. 32.
  66. ^ Sellar (2000) p. 195 n. 32.
  67. ^ McDonald, RA (1997) p. 72.
  68. ^ Oram (2011) p. 128; Scott, WW (2008); McDonald; McLean (1992) p. 20.
  69. ^ McDonald, RA (2000) p. 183; Barrow (1973) p. 339; McDonald; McLean (1992) p. 20; Barrow (1960) p. 20.
  70. ^ Young; Stead (2010) p. 26; McDonald, RA (2000) p. 183; McDonald, RA (1997) p. 66; McDonald; McLean (1992) p. 16; Barrow (1973) p. 339.
  71. ^ a b c Barrow (1960) p. 20.
  72. ^ Oram (2011) p. 128; Woolf (2004) p. 105; Barrow (1960) p. 20.
  73. ^ Oram (2011) p. 128; Barrow (1960) p. 20.
  74. ^ Ewart; Pringle; Caldwell et al. (2004) p. 12; Woolf (2004) p. 105; McDonald, RA (2000) p. 184; Roberts (1999) p. 96; Martin, FX (1992) p. 19; McDonald; McLean (1992) pp. 20–21; Barrow (1981) p. 48.
  75. ^ Oram (2011) p. 128; Hammond (2010) p. 13; Scott, WW (2008); Forte; Oram; Pedersen (2005) p. 245; McDonald, RA (2000) pp. 183–184; Roberts (1999) p. 96; Barrow (1960) p. 20.
  76. ^ Pollock (2005) p. 14.
  77. ^ Woolf (2013) pp. 7–11; Clancy (2012) p. 19; Clancy (2007) p. 126; Sellar (2004); Durkan (2003) p. 230; Durkan (1998) p. 137; Barrow (1981) p. 48; Barrow (1960) p. 20; Brown, JTT (1927) p. 274; Anderson (1922) pp. 256–258; Lawrie (1910) pp. 80–83 § 62; Arnold (1885) pp. 387–388; Skene (1871) pp. 449–451.
  78. ^ Clanchy (2014) p. 169; Brown, JTT (1927) pp. 274–274.
  79. ^ Scott, WW (2008).
  80. ^ Clanchy (2014) p. 169.
  81. ^ Oram (2011) p. 129.
  82. ^ a b Woolf (2004) pp. 102–103.
  83. ^ MacDonald (2013) p. 37; Oram (2011) p. 88; Woolf (2004) pp. 102–103; Barrow (1999) pp. 124–125 § 147; McDonald; McLean (1992) p. 10; Duncan; Brown (1956–1957) pp. 195–196; Lawrie (1905) pp. 116–119 § 153, 383–386 § 153; Document 1/4/74 (n.d.).
  84. ^ MacDonald (2013) p. 37; Barrow (1999) pp. 144–145 § 185; McDonald; McLean (1992) p. 10; Duncan; Brown (1956–1957) pp. 195–196; Lawrie (1905) pp. 204–205 § 255, 442 § 255; Document 1/4/104 (n.d.).
  85. ^ Oram (2011) p. 88; Duncan; Brown (1956–1957) pp. 195–196; Anderson (1908) p. 200; Howlett (1886) p. 191.
  86. ^ MacDonald (2013) p. 37; Woolf (2004) pp. 102–103; Barrow (1999) pp. 136–138 § 172; McDonald; McLean (1992) p. 10; Duncan; Brown (1956–1957) pp. 195–196; Lawrie (1905) pp. 167–171 § 209, 417–419 § 209; Document 1/4/92 (n.d.).
  87. ^ MacDonald (2013) p. 37; Woolf (2004) pp. 102–103; Barrow (1999) pp. 136–138 § 172; Lawrie (1905) pp. 167–171 § 209, 417–419 § 209; Document 1/4/92 (n.d.).
  88. ^ Oram (2011) pp. 87–88.
  89. ^ Woolf (2013) pp. 2–3.
  90. ^ Wadden (2014) p. 39; Woolf (2013) pp. 2–3; Oram (2011) pp. 72, 111–112; Carpenter (2003) ch. 7 ¶ 46; Ross (2003) pp. 184–185; Anderson; Anderson (1938) pp. 124–125, 187; Anderson (1922) p. 223–224; Bouterwek (1863) p. 36; Stevenson (1856) p. 73.
  91. ^ Wadden (2013) p. 208; Woolf (2013) p. 3; Oram (2011) pp. 112, 120; Ross (2003) pp. 181–185; Oram (2001).
  92. ^ Woolf (2013) p. 3; Oram (2011) p. 86; Woolf (2004) p. 102; Ross (2003) pp. 184–185; Oram (2001); Anderson; Anderson (1938) pp. 125 n. 2, 128 n. 3, 129 n. 1.
  93. ^ Woolf (2013) p. 3.
  94. ^ Woolf (2013) p. 3, 3 n. 9; Woolf (2004) p. 102.
  95. ^ Woolf (2013) pp. 6–9; Márkus (2007) p. 100; Anderson (1922) p. 256; Lawrie (1910) p. 81 § 62; Arnold (1885) pp. 386–387; Skene (1871) p. 449.
  96. ^ a b Cowan (2015) p. 18; Clanchy (2014) p. 169; Gough-Cooper (2013) pp. 80–81; Woolf (2013) pp. 9–11; Clancy (2012) p. 19; Davies (2009) p. 67; Márkus (2009) p. 113; Clancy (2007) p. 126; Márkus (2007) p. 100; Sellar (2004); Durkan (2003) p. 230; Durkan (1998) p. 137; McDonald, RA (1997) p. 61; Macquarrie (1996) p. 43; Barrow (1981) p. 48; Brown, JTT (1927) p. 274; Anderson (1922) pp. 256–258; Lawrie (1910) pp. 81–83 § 62; Arnold (1885) pp. 387–388; Skene (1871) pp. 449–451.
  97. ^ Davies (2009) p. 69; Márkus (2007) p. 100; Broun (2004).
  98. ^ Woolf (2013) pp. 7–8.
  99. ^ Gillingham (2000) p. 102.
  100. ^ Woolf (2013) p. 6, 6 n. 21, 9; Anderson (1922) p. 256, 256 n. 3; Lawrie (1910) p. 81 § 62; Arnold (1885) p. 386; Skene (1871) p. 449.
  101. ^ Forte; Oram; Pedersen (2005) pp. 243–244; Oram, RD (1988) p. 83.
  102. ^ Neville (2016) p. 11; MacDonald (2013) p. 30 n. 51; Woolf (2013) pp. 4–5; Oram (2011) pp. 114, 119; McDonald, RA (2007b) p. 113; Forte; Oram; Pedersen (2005) p. 245; Sellar (2004); Woolf (2004) p. 104; McDonald, RA (2000) p. 168; McDonald, RA (1997) p. 52; Barrow (1994); McDonald; McLean (1992) pp. 9–10; Barrow (1960) p. 81; Anderson; Anderson (1938) p. 125 n. 1, 136–137 n. 1; Innes (1864) pp. 51–51; Registrum Episcopatus Moraviensis (1837) pp. 453–454 § 1; Document 1/5/52 (n.d.).
  103. ^ Woolf (2013) pp. 5–6; Forte; Oram; Pedersen (2005) p. 245.
  104. ^ Woolf (2013) pp. 5–6; Woolf (2004) p. 104.
  105. ^ Carpenter (2003) ch. 7 ¶ 49.
  106. ^ a b c Woolf (2004) p. 104.
  107. ^ MacDonald (2013) p. 30 n. 51; Scott, WW (2008); Roberts (1999) p. 95; McDonald, RA (1997) p. 61; Barrow (1960) p. 15; Woolf (2013) pp. 2, 2 n. 5, 9; Anderson (1922) p. 256, 256 n. 1; Arnold (1885) p. 386; Skene (1871) p. 449, 449 n. 1.
  108. ^ McDonald, RA (2000) pp. 169 n. 15, 178; McDonald; McLean (1992) p. 9; Barrow (1960) p. 20; Anderson; Anderson (1938) pp. 125 n. 1, 143 n. 6; Anderson (1922) p. 254; Anderson (1908) p. 243 n. 2; Stevenson (1856) p. 130; Stevenson (1835) p. 79.
  109. ^ McDonald, RA (2000) p. 169 n. 15.
  110. ^ McDonald; McLean (1992) p. 10; Barrow (1960) p. 20.
  111. ^ Scott, JG (1997) pp. 12–13 fig. 1; Barrow (1975) p. 125 fig. 4.
  112. ^ Barrow (1975) pp. 125 fig. 4, 131, 131 fig. 6.
  113. ^ Oram (2011) p. 88; Barrow (1999) pp. 62 § 17, 72–73 § 37; Lawrie (1905) pp. 69 § 84, 70 § 85; 333–334 § 84, 334 § 85; Registrum de Dunfermelyn (1842) pp. 13 § 18, 17 § 31; Document 1/4/2 (n.d.); Document 1/4/15 (n.d.).
  114. ^ Oram (2011) pp. 71–72, 87; Ross (2003) pp. 182–183; Scott, JG (1997) pp. 25 n. 50, 34; Anderson (1908) pp. 193–194; Howlett (1886) p. 193.
  115. ^ Oram (2011) pp. 71–72, 87–88.
  116. ^ a b c d Woolf (2004) p. 103.
  117. ^ Woolf (2004) p. 103; Sharpe (2011) pp. 93–94 n. 236, 94; Barrow (1999) p. 81 § 57; Scott, JG (1997) p. 35; Lawrie (1905) pp. 95–96 § 125, 361–362 § 125; Registrum Episcopatus Glasguensis (1843) p. 12 § 9; Document 1/4/30 (n.d.).
  118. ^ Forte; Oram; Pedersen (2005) p. 241; Woolf (2004) pp. 96–97, 99.
  119. ^ Woolf (2004) pp. 96–97.
  120. ^ Woolf (2004) p. 103; McDonald, RA (2000) p. 171.
  121. ^ Oram (2011) p. 89.
  122. ^ Strickland (2012) p. 113 fig. 3.3; Caldwell; Hall; Wilkinson (2009) pp. 161 fig. 6c, 184 fig. 11, 189 fig. 16.
  123. ^ Strickland (2012) p. 113.
  124. ^ Scott, JG (1997) p. 35.
  125. ^ Clanchy (2014) p. 169; Oram (2011) p. 128; Forte; Oram; Pedersen (2005) pp. 243, 245; Woolf (2004) p. 105; McDonald, RA (1997) pp. 65–66.
  126. ^ Oram (2011) pp. 127–128; McDonald, RA (1997) pp. 65–66.
  127. ^ Forte; Oram; Pedersen (2005) pp. 241–243.
  128. ^ Forte; Oram; Pedersen (2005) pp. 243, 245.
  129. ^ Barrow (2004b); Barrow; Royan (2004) p. 167; McGrail (1995) pp. 41–42; Barrow (1981) p. 112; Barrow (1980) p. 68.
  130. ^ Hammond (2010) p. 12; Boardman (2007) pp. 85–86; McAndrew (2006) p. 62; McDonald, RA (1997) pp. 111, 242; McGrail (1995) pp. 41–42; Barrow; Royan (2004) p. 167; Barrow (1981) p. 112; Barrow (1980) p. 68.
  131. ^ Oram (2011) p. 157; Hammond (2010) p. 12; Boardman (2007) pp. 85–86; McAndrew (2006) p. 62; Barrow (2004b); McDonald, RA (1997) p. 111; McGrail (1995) pp. 41–42; Barrow; Royan (2004) p. 167; Barrow (1981) p. 112; Barrow (1980) p. 68.
  132. ^ Boardman (2007) p. 86; Barrow; Royan (2004) p. 167; Barrow (1980) p. 68, 68 n. 41.
  133. ^ McDonald, RA (2000) pp. 181–182; McDonald, RA (1997) p. 65; Barrow (1973) p. 339.
  134. ^ Carpenter (2003) ch. 6 ¶ 44; McDonald, RA (1997) p. 65.
  135. ^ Oram (2011) p. 127; McDonald, RA (2000) pp. 182–184; McDonald, RA (1997) pp. 65–66.
  136. ^ Oram (2011) p. 127; Woolf (2007b) p. 110 n. 42; Forte; Oram; Pedersen (2005) pp. 243, 245; Stringer (2005) p. 49; McDonald, RA (2000) pp. 182–184; Roberts (1999) p. 96.
  137. ^ Forte; Oram; Pedersen (2005) p. 244.
  138. ^ Strickland (2012) p. 107.
  139. ^ Oram (2011) p. 127; McDonald, RA (1999) pp. 167–168.
  140. ^ Wadden (2013) p. 208; Oram (2011) p. 127; Scott, WW (2008); McDonald, RA (1999) p. 167; McDonald, RA (1997) p. 63; Duncan (1996) p. 191, 191 n. 21; Barrow (1960) p. 19; Anderson (1922) p. 251; Anderson; Anderson (1938) pp. 142, 142–143 n. 2, 190; Bouterwek (1863) p. 40.
  141. ^ Oram (2011) p. 127; McDonald, RA (1999) p. 168; McDonald, RA (1997) p. 63; Duncan (1996) p. 191; Barrow (1960) p. 19.
  142. ^ Oram (2011) p. 127; Scott, WW (2008); Duncan (1996) p. 191.
  143. ^ Oram (2011) p. 127.
  144. ^ Wadden (2013) p. 208; Scott, WW (2008).
  145. ^ Woolf (2007b) p. 110 n. 42.
  146. ^ Oram (2011) p. 192; Forte; Oram; Pedersen (2005) p. 251.
  147. ^ a b c Oram (2011) p. 128.
  148. ^ Oram (2011) p. 126; Scott, WW (2008); Anderson (1922) p. 251; Stevenson (1856) p. 129; Stevenson (1835) p. 78.
  149. ^ The Annals of Ulster (2017) § 1165.8; Oram (2011) p. 126; Scott, WW (2008); The Annals of Ulster (2008) § 1165.8; Barrow (2004a); Anderson (1922) p. 261.
  150. ^ Scott, WW (2008); Clancy (2002) p. 10 n. 16.
  151. ^ Scott, WW (2008); Barrow (2004a).
  152. ^ Oram (2011) pp. 128–129; McDonald, RA (2007b) pp. 67–68, 85; Anderson (1922) pp. 258–259; Munch; Goss (1874) pp. 74–75.
  153. ^ Oram (2011) pp. 128–129; McDonald, RA (2007a) p. 57; McDonald, RA (2007b) pp. 67–68, 85; Williams, DGE (1997) p. 150; Anderson (1922) pp. 258–259; Munch; Goss (1874) pp. 74–75.
  154. ^ McDonald, RA (2007b) p. 85; Duffy (2004).
  155. ^ Sellar (2004); McDonald, RA (1997) pp. 70–71; Williams, DGE (1997) p. 150.
  156. ^ McDonald, RA (1997) pp. 70–71; Williams, DGE (1997) pp. 150, 260.
  157. ^ McDonald, RA (2007b) p. 92.
  158. ^ Sellar (2000) p. 195; Roberts (1999) p. 97; McDonald, RA (1997) p. 70.
  159. ^ Forte; Oram; Pedersen (2005) pp. 246–247; Murray (2005) p. 288.
  160. ^ Forte; Oram; Pedersen (2005) p. 247; Murray (2005) p. 288; McDonald, RA (2004) pp. 195–196; Oram (2000) p. 111 n. 95; McDonald, RA (1997) pp. 148, 222, 229; McDonald, A (1995) pp. 211–212, 212 n. 132; Registrum Monasterii de Passelet (1832) p. 125; Document 3/30/3 (n.d.).
  161. ^ Barrow (2004b).
  162. ^ Forte; Oram; Pedersen (2005) p. 247; Murray (2005) p. 288.
  163. ^ Oram (2011) p. 157; Forte; Oram; Pedersen (2005) p. 247; Murray (2005) p. 288; Oram (2000) pp. 106, 111 n. 95.
  164. ^ Oram (2011) p. 157; Forte; Oram; Pedersen (2005) p. 247.
  165. ^ McAndrew (2006) p. 62; Birch (1895) p. 266 § 15736; Hewison (1895) pp. 38–39 fig. 1, 46 n. 1; Eyton (1858) p. 225; Laing (1850) p. 126 §§ 769–770, pl. 3 fig. 1; Liber Sancte Marie de Melrose (1837a) p. vii; Liber Sancte Marie de Melrose (1837b) pl. 7 fig. 1.
  166. ^ Birch (1895) p. 266 § 15736; Hewison (1895) p. 46 n. 1; Eyton (1858) p. 225, 225 n. 66; Laing (1850) p. 126 §§ 769–770; Liber Sancte Marie de Melrose (1837a) pp. 55–56 § 66; Document 3/547/8 (n.d.).
  167. ^ McAndrew (2006) p. 62; Eyton (1858) p. 225 n. 66; Laing (1850) p. 126 § 770.
  168. ^ McAndrew (2006) p. 62.
  169. ^ McDonald, RA (1997) p. 61, 61 n. 66; Metcalfe (1905) pp. 29–30.
  170. ^ McDonald, RA (1997) p. 61; Metcalfe (1905) pp. 29–30.
  171. ^ Clark (1998) p. 3; McDonald, RA (1997) p. 61; Metcalfe (1905) pp. 29–30; Groome (1885) p. 243; Pennant (1776) pp. 172–173.
  172. ^ Steele (2014) p. 145; Clark (1998) pp. 1–2; Gordon (1868) p. 566; Hamilton of Wishaw (1831) pp. 86, 141, 146; Crawfurd; Robertson (1818) p. 148.
  173. ^ Clark (1998) p. 2; Dalrymple (1797) p. 61 n. †.
  174. ^ Clark (1998) p. 3.
  175. ^ Steele (2014) p. 145; Clark (1998) p. 2; Groome (1885) pp. 243–244; Origines Parochiales Scotiae (1851) pp. 77–78; The New Statistical Account of Scotland (1845) p. 14 pt. renfrew.
  176. ^ Steele (2014) p. 145; The New Statistical Account of Scotland (1845) p. 14 pt. renfrew.
  177. ^ Knock, Queen Blearie's Stone (n.d.).
  178. ^ Glasgow Airport Investment Area Scoping Report (2016) p. 70 § 8.3.2.2; Steele (2014) p. 145.

References

Primary sources

Secondary sources

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