Black-and-yellow broadbill
Black-and-yellow broadbill | |
---|---|
Male, female | |
Scientific classification | |
Domain: | Eukaryota |
Kingdom: | Animalia |
Phylum: | Chordata |
Class: | Aves |
Order: | Passeriformes |
Family: | Eurylaimidae |
Genus: | Eurylaimus |
Species: | E. ochromalus
|
Binomial name | |
Eurylaimus ochromalus Raffles , 1822 | |
Black-and-yellow broadbill distribution | |
Synonyms[2] | |
|
The black-and-yellow broadbill (Eurylaimus ochromalus) is a
Native to
The black-and-yellow broadbill breeds during the dry season throughout its range, with both sexes helping build a large, untidy, pear-shaped nest out of moss, fungal
Taxonomy and systematics
The black-and-yellow broadbill was described as Eurylaimus ochromalus by the British naturalist Stamford Raffles in 1822 based on specimens from Singapore.[3][4] The generic name Eurylaimus comes from the Ancient Greek ευρυς (eurus), meaning broad, and λαιμος (laimos), meaning throat. The specific name ochromalus may come from either the Greek ōkhros, meaning pale yellow, and melas, meaning black, or ōkhromelas, meaning jaundiced.[5] Black-and-yellow broadbill is the official common name designated by the International Ornithologists' Union.[6] Other common names for the species include black and white broadbill, black and yellow broadbill, and black-yellow broadbill.[7] The species is called takau kasturi in Malay, Nok Phaya Paak Kwaang lek in Thai,[8] and curɔɔw in Temiar.[9]
The black-and-yellow broadbill is one of two species currently placed in the genus
Eurylaimidae |
| ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Description
The black-and-yellow broadbill is a small, distinctive species of typical broadbill that is 13.5–15 cm (5.3–5.9 in) long and weighs 31–39 g (1.1–1.4 oz). Males have black heads and
Reddish colours in the plumage of the black-and-yellow broadbill are caused by the biological pigment 2,3-didehydro-papilioerythrinone, which is also present in the feathers of the banded broadbill, black-and-red broadbill, and Sarcophanops species. The yellow in the species' plumage is caused by the carotenoid 7,8-dihydro-3′-dehydro-lutein, which is also present in the plumage of the banded broadbill.[16]
Like other typical broadbills, the black-and-yellow broadbill has a large, wide bill that is thought to have first evolved in the common ancestor of all broadbills as an adaptation to an insectivorous diet.[17] Its large and fleshy tongue helps manipulate objects inside its beak, allowing it to mash food against the inside of the beak to "chew" it.[18]
Vocalisations
The black-and-yellow broadbill's song is a cicada-like bubbling trill that starts with a few sharp downslurred notes before rising in pitch and gradually speeding up into an 8–12 second long low, quivering trill. This song is similar to that of a banded broadbill, but is longer, accelerates more slowly, lacks an initial whistle, and ends suddenly. This song is given by a pair of birds, often calling alternately, while other individuals with the calling pair have been recorded giving a shrill, mournful peep. Other calls include a kor kor kor made by nesting males and a squeaky kyeeow.[15]
Black-and-yellow broadbills have been also observed singing and counter-singing (singing in response to another bird) when close to other individuals, interspersing their songs with a throaty keowrr. The latter calls are also occasionally used during aggressive confrontations.[19]
Distribution and habitat
The black-and-yellow broadbill is found in Malaysia, Thailand, Myanmar, Singapore, and
Behaviour and ecology
Black-and-yellow broadbills have been recorded performing wing displays, in which they raise their wings, generally slightly over the back, and then slowly open and close their flight feathers. Occasionally, the displays are performed with only one wing, followed by tail wags, or accompanied by gaping displays in which the beak is steadily opened and closed. These displays have been observed after singing, in response to playback, and after foraging.[19]
Black-and-yellow broadbills have been reported occasionally gathering in groups of up to five birds, although groups larger than pairs or pairs with young are not regular. In spite of frequent confrontational behaviour like counter-singing, they display a high tolerance for other individuals in their territories or close by, with aggressive behaviour such as chasing seldom being observed.[19] However, pairs have been observed confronting each other to defend their territory by bowing their heads and vocalising before attacking each other.[8]
Feeding
The black-and-yellow broadbill mainly feeds on insects, including orthopterans (grasshoppers, crickets, and locusts), mantises, beetles, hymenopterans (ants, wasps, sawflies, and bees), flies, winged termites, and caterpillars. It has also been recorded feeding on molluscs, along with incidental consumption of fruit. In Borneo, the orthopterans consumed by the black-and-yellow broadbill are smaller than those eaten by the closely related banded broadbill.[15]
The black-and-yellow broadbill forages in the middle and upper layers of forest in scattered flocks of ten to fifteen. Individual birds feeding on exposed perches in the canopy may be acting as lookouts for larger, more dispersed flocks. Foraging is mostly done by looking for prey from perches, seizing prey from leaf surfaces in flight during short
Breeding
The black-and-yellow broadbill's breeding season starts with the arrival of the dry season and varies widely throughout its range: from February to October on the Malay Peninsula, from January to July on Sumatra, and from March to August on Borneo.[15] Wing displays have been observed being performed by both sexes before mating.[19]
The nest is a large, untidy, and pear-shaped hanging structure made of moss, fungal mycelia, and leaves, lined inside with grass roots, bamboo leaves, and leaf stalks. Nests are built by both sexes and are typically located at the edges of clearings or above streams in obstacle-free sites. The measurements of one nest were 17 cm × 13 cm × 10 cm (6.7 in × 5.1 in × 3.9 in) in size, with walls 3.8 cm (1.5 in) thick and an entrance 5 cm × 6.4 cm (2.0 in × 2.5 in) wide. The nest is generally suspended from branches or other appropriate locations 5–18 m (16–59 ft) above the ground, and is attached with loops made of grass, twigs, or cane grass. Nest construction sometimes continues after the laying of eggs. In Borneo, nests are sometimes placed close to beehives, which may provide either protection for the nest or a food source.[20] Nests are occasionally partially hidden by leaves, but some may be conspicuously located.[8][15][19]
Other species of Asian broadbills have been reported breeding cooperatively, but no helpers have been observed near black-and-yellow broadbill nests. A full clutch consists of two or three eggs, but some clutches contain an additional fourth runt egg. Eggs measure 22.9 mm–24.1 mm × 17.4 mm–19.7 mm (0.90 in–0.95 in × 0.69 in–0.78 in) in size and are oval-shaped with a slightly pointed narrow end. They are off-white to fawn pink with variable brown to purplish-brown flecking and underlying light purple spots. The flecking and spots occur all over the egg but are densest in a band around the broader end. Incubation is performed by both parents. The time period taken to incubate eggs and for chicks to fledge is not known.[8][19]
The
Parasites
In Thailand, the black-and-yellow broadbill has been recorded being parasitised by the
Status
The black-and-yellow broadbill is listed as being
Notes and references
Notes
- conspecific with the wattled broadbill. Additionally, it treated the grey-lored broadbill as being conspecific with the silver-breasted broadbill.[12][10]
This article was submitted to WikiJournal of Science for external academic peer review in 2022 (reviewer reports). The updated content was reintegrated into the Wikipedia page under a CC-BY-SA-3.0 license (2023). The version of record as reviewed is:
Aryan Kunkekar; et al. (28 February 2023). "Black-and-yellow broadbill" (PDF). WikiJournal of Science. 6 (1): 1. {{cite journal}}
: CS1 maint: unflagged free DOI (link
References
- ^ . Retrieved 12 November 2021.
- (PDF) from the original on 11 May 2021. Retrieved 14 December 2021.
- ^ Transactions of the Linnean Society of London. Vol. 13. London: Linnean Society of London. pp. 297–298. Archived from the original on 1 December 2021. Retrieved 1 December 2021 – via Biodiversity Heritage Library.
- ^ a b Baker, E. C. Stuart (1917). "On behalf of Messrs. H. C. Robinson and C. B. Kloss, Exhibition of types and descriptions of new species of Malayan birds: – Garrulax pectoralis meridionalis, Gecinus canus meridionalis, Gecinus vittatus connectens, Iyngipicus canicapillus suffusus, Eurylaimus javanicus brookei, Eurylaimus ochromalus kalamantan, Serilophus lunatus stolidus, Rhinocichla mitrata major, Poliositta azurea nigriventer, Ophrydomis albogularis moultoni". Bulletin of the British Ornithologists' Club. 40. London: British Ornithologists' Club: 15. Archived from the original on 1 December 2021. Retrieved 1 December 2021 – via Biodiversity Heritage Library.
- ISBN 978-1-4081-2501-4.
- ^ a b c "NZ wrens, Sapayoa, broadbills, asities, pittas". IOC World Bird List. Archived from the original on 18 December 2023. Retrieved 15 February 2024.
- ^ "Eurylaimus ochromalus (Black-and-yellow Broadbill)". Avibase. Archived from the original on 24 September 2011. Retrieved 1 December 2021.
- ^ ISBN 978-1-4081-3313-2.
- ISSN 0025-1291.
- ^ PMID 28069777.
- S2CID 15871486.
- ^ Cottrell, G. William; Greenway, James C.; Mayr, Ernst; Paynter, Raymond A.; Peters, James Lee; Traylor, Melvin A. (1951). Check-list of birds of the world. Vol. 7. Cambridge: Harvard University Press. p. 9. Archived from the original on 19 January 2022. Retrieved 19 January 2022.
- ^ Oberholser, Harry Church (1912). "Descriptions of one hundred and four new species and sub-species of birds from the Barussan Islands and Sumatra". Smithsonian Miscellaneous Collections. 60 (7). Washington, D.C.: Smithsonian Institution: 8.
- (PDF) from the original on 11 May 2021. Retrieved 14 December 2021.
- ^ from the original on 1 December 2021. Retrieved 1 December 2021.
- from the original on 1 January 2022. Retrieved 13 December 2021.
- doi:10.1093/auk/110.2.304 (inactive 31 January 2024). Archived from the original on 14 December 2021. Retrieved 14 December 2021.)
{{cite journal}}
: CS1 maint: DOI inactive as of January 2024 (link - from the original on 1 January 2022. Retrieved 14 December 2021.
- ^ S2CID 133794807.
- (PDF) from the original on 14 December 2021. Retrieved 14 December 2021.
- from the original on 1 January 2022. Retrieved 13 December 2021.
- from the original on 14 December 2021. Retrieved 14 December 2021 – via JSTOR.
External links
Multimedia
- Black-and-yellow broadbill carrying nesting material at the Macaulay Library
- Black-and-yellow broadbill attending to a juvenile Indian cuckoo at the Macaulay Library
- Black-and-yellow broadbill performing a wing display at the Macaulay Library
- Black-and-yellow broadbill feeding at the Macaulay Library