Carapana language

Carapano
Mõxtã
Native to	Colombia, Brazil
Native speakers	500 (2012)[1]
Language family	Tucanoan Eastern Central Tatuyo–Carapano Carapano
Language codes
ISO 639-3	cbc
Glottolog	cara1272
ELP	Carapana

Carapano (Karapanã, Carapana-tapuya, Möxdöá) is a Tucanoan language of Colombia and Brazil.

Phonology

Carapano has 11 consonants.^[2]

• /p, t, k/ alternate with /pʰ, tʰ, kʰ/.^[3]
• /b, d, g/ become [
  n, ŋ] before nasal vowels.^[3] They become [ᵐb, ⁿd, ᵑg] after nasal vowels.^[3]
• /b, d/ alternate with [ᵐb, ⁿd] at the beginning of a word, e.g., báì /báì/ [báì]~[ᵐbáì] 'younger brother'.[3]
• /s/ alternates with /t͡s/.^[4]
• /ɾ/ has three variants
  • /
    n̆
    / next to nasal vowels
  • /
    ɺ
    / before oral vowels, at the beginning of a word, and
  • /ɾ/ elsewhere.^[4]
• /w, h/ are often [β, x] before front vowels.^[4]
• /j/ alternates with pre-stopped [ᵈj].^[4]
• /w, j, h/ become [w̃, j̃, h̃] before nasal vowels.^[4]

It also has 6 vowels and their nasalized forms, plus high and low tones.^[2]

• The mid vowels /e, ẽ, o, õ/ are phonetically [ɛ, ɛ̃, ɔ, ɔ̃].^[5]
• Mid tone is an
  allotone of the low tone.^[6]

Metzger and Metzger use the following orthography.[7]

References

Works cited

• Metzger, Ronald; Metzger, Lois (1973). "Fonología del carapana". Sistemas fonológicos de idiomas columbianos (in Spanish). Vol. 2. Instituto Lingüístico de Verano. pp. 121–132.

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