Carcinus maenas
Green shore crab | |
---|---|
Scientific classification | |
Domain: | Eukaryota |
Kingdom: | Animalia |
Phylum: | Arthropoda |
Class: | Malacostraca |
Order: | Decapoda |
Suborder: | Pleocyemata |
Infraorder: | Brachyura |
Family: | Carcinidae |
Genus: | Carcinus |
Species: | C. maenas
|
Binomial name | |
Carcinus maenas |
Carcinus maenas is a common
C. maenas is a widespread
Description
C. maenas has a
The colour of C. maenas varies greatly, from green to brown, grey, or red. This variation has a genetic component, but is largely due to local environmental factors.
Native and introduced range
C. maenas is native to European and North African coasts as far as the Baltic Sea in the east, and Iceland and Central Norway in the north, and is one of the most common crabs throughout much of its range. In the Mediterranean Sea, it is replaced by the closely related Mediterranean Green Crab species Carcinus aestuarii. C. maenas was first observed on the east coast of North America in Massachusetts in 1817, and may now be found from South Carolina northwards;[8] by 2007, this species had extended its range northwards to Placentia Bay, Newfoundland.[9] In 1989, the species was found in San Francisco Bay, California, on the Pacific Coast of the United States. Until 1993, it was not able to extend its range, but reached Oregon in 1997, Washington in 1998, and British Columbia in 1999,[10][11] thus extending its range by 750 km (470 mi) in 10 years.[12] As of December 2020[update] they were just south of Alaska, and were expected to enter Alaska next.[13] By 2003, C. maenas had extended to South America with specimens discovered in Patagonia.[14]
In Australia, C. maenas was first reported "in the late 1800s"
C. maenas first reached South Africa in 1983, in the Table Docks area near Cape Town.[17] Since then, it has spread at least as far as Saldanha Bay in the north and Camps Bay in the south, over 100 km (62 mi) apart.
Appearances of C. maenas have been recorded in Brazil, Panama, Hawaii, Madagascar, the Red Sea, Pakistan, Sri Lanka, and Myanmar; however, these have not resulted in invasions, but remain isolated findings. Japan has been invaded by a related crab, either Carcinus aestuarii or a hybrid of Carcinus aestuarii and C. maenas.[18]
Based on the ecological conditions, C. maenas could eventually extend its range to colonise the Pacific Coast of North America from Baja California to Alaska.[10] Similar ecological conditions are to be found on many of the world's coasts, with the only large potential area not to have been invaded yet being New Zealand; the New Zealand government has taken action, including the release of a Marine Pest Guide[19] in an effort to prevent colonisation by C. maenas.
In 2019 C. maenas was first found in Lummi Bay,
Over a 19-year study concluding in 2020, Oregon's Coos Bay was found to have an established and increasing population.[21][22]
While in 2020 less than 3,000 were trapped, trapping yielded >79,000 in 2021. This led the Lummi Indian Business Council to declare a disaster in November 2021 and the Washington Department of Fish & Wildlife to request emergency funding from the Governor.[23]
Ecology
C. maenas can live in all types of protected and semiprotected marine and
Females can produce up to 185,000 eggs, and
C. maenas has the ability to disperse by a variety of mechanisms,
C. maenas is a
To protect itself against predators, C. maenas uses different camouflage strategies depending on their habitat: crabs in mudflats try to resemble their surroundings with colours similar to the mud while crabs in rock pool use disruptive coloration.[37]
Control
Due to its potentially harmful effects on ecosystems, various efforts have been made to control introduced populations of C. maenas around the world. In
Some evidence shows that the native blue crab in eastern North America,
Use as a food
In its native range, European green crab is mostly used as an ingredient in soups and sauces.[42] However, the closely related Mediterranean green crab (C. aestuarii) has a thriving culinary market in Italy where fishermen known as moecante cultivate soft-shell green crabs (moeche in Venetian, moleche in Italian)[43] and sell hard-shell crabs for their roe (masinette).[44] Several groups in New England have successfully adapted these methods to produce soft-shell green crabs from the invasive species.[45]
In New England where invasive green crab populations are high, various groups have looked into utilizing green crabs in cuisine.[45] In 2019, The Green Crab Cookbook was released and included recipes for soft-shell green crab, green crab roe, green crab stock, and green crab meat.[46] One of the book's co-authors went on to found Greencrab.org, an organization dedicated to developing culinary markets for the invasive green crab. In addition to partnering with local chefs and wholesalers for supply chain development and market studies, Greencrab.org has continued to develop green crab recipes and processing techniques.[47]
Researchers at the University of Maine have actively been developing value-added green crab products, with the goals of driving business interest, stimulating a commercial green crab fishery, and alleviating predation effects.
In the past, Legal Sea Foods, an East Coast restaurant chain, experimented with green crabs, creating a green crab stock in their test kitchen during the winter of 2015.[51] In June 2022 Tamworth Distilling, a New Hampshire distillery, teamed up with the University of New Hampshire's NH Green Crab Project to develop House of Tamworth Crab Trapper, which is billed as being "made with a bourbon base steeped with a custom crab, corn and spice blend mixture".[52]
Fishery
C. maenas is fished on a small scale in the northeast Atlantic Ocean, with about 1200 tonnes being caught annually, mostly in France and the United Kingdom. In the northwest Atlantic, C. maenas was the subject of fishery in the 1960s, and again since 1996, with up to 86 tonnes being caught annually.[53]
Taxonomic history
Carcinus maenas was first given a
- Monoculus taurus Slabber, 1778
- Cancer granarius Herbst, 1783
- Cancer viridis Herbst, 1783
- Cancer pygmaeus Fabricius, 1787
- Cancer rhomboidalis Montagu, 1804
- Cancer granulatus Nicholls, 1943
- Megalopa montagui Leach, 1817
- Portunus menoides Rafinesque-Schmaltz, 1817
- Portunus carcinoides Kinahan, 1857
The
Neurochemistry
Particular
Physiochemistry
The usual decrease in extracellular chloride due to increased extracellular bicarbonate is avoided if C. maenas is first acclimated to the increased pCO2. While this may be due to the already-high extracellular chloride levels in this species, it may instead be because moderately higher pCO2 increases these levels through some unrelated mechanism.[55]
Changes in pH due to sodium and magnesium can alter extracellular iron concentrations.[55]
See also
References
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External links
- Species Profile—European Green Crab (Carcinus maenas), National Invasive Species Information Center, United States National Agricultural Library. Lists general information and resources for European green crab.
- Photos of Carcinus maenas on Sealife Collection
- 2020 Salish Sea Green Crab Update—University of Washington Sea Grant
- 2020 Coastal Green Crab Update—University of Washington Sea Grant
- European Green Crab – Invasive Species—Maine Department of Marine Resources
- European green crab—Washington Department of Fish and Wildlife