Christian II of Denmark
Christian II | |
---|---|
St. Peter's Abbey, Ghent (1559–1883) (since 1883)St. Canute's Cathedral, Odense | |
Spouse | |
House | Oldenburg |
Father | John, King of Denmark |
Mother | Christina of Saxony |
Signature |
Christian II (1 July 1481 – 25 January 1559) was a
As king, Christian tried to maintain the
Christian married Isabella of Austria, granddaughter of Maximilian I, Holy Roman Emperor, in 1515. Isabella died in 1526, after which her family took Christian's three children from him. His relationship with his mistress, Dyveke Sigbritsdatter, pre-dated his marriage and continued until her death in 1517. Christian's persecution of her supposed murderer contributed to his political isolation and downfall. Dyveke's mother, Sigbrit Willoms, became an influential councillor and followed Christian into exile.
Early life
Christian was born at
Christian took part in his father's
In 1513, he succeeded his father as king of Denmark and Norway.
Personal life
Whilst visiting Bergen in 1507 or 1509, Christian fell in love with a Norwegian girl of Dutch heritage, named Dyveke Sigbritsdatter. She became his mistress and remained with him until Dyveke's death. Their relationship was not interrupted by Christian's marriage to Isabella of Austria, the granddaughter of Holy Roman Emperor Maximilian I. They married by proxy on 11 June 1514 in Brussels.[3][4] Isabella was brought to Copenhagen a year later, and the marriage was ratified on 12 August 1515 at Copenhagen Castle, in a ceremony conducted by Birger Gunnersen, Archbishop of Lund.[3]
Dyveke died in 1517, and Christian was led to believe that the magnate Torben Oxe had poisoned her. Oxe's status meant that he should have been tried by the Council of State, but instead he was brought to trial by a common jury at Solbjerg outside Copenhagen. He was found guilty and executed in November 1517. This act precipitated the division between the king and aristocracy that ultimately led to Christian's deposition.[5]
Christian's chief counsellor was Dyveke's mother, Sigbrit Willoms. Christian appointed her controller of the Sound Dues of Øresund, and took her advice on all financial matters.[5] A bourgeoise herself, she acted to extend the influence of the middle classes, and formed an inner council, which competed with the Rigsraadet for power.[2] Her influence was resented by the aristocracy, who blamed her for the king's favouring the working classes.
Reconquest of Sweden
Christian was meanwhile preparing for the inevitable war with Sweden. The anti-Danish faction, headed by the regent Sten Sture the Younger, was opposed by the pro-Danish party led by Archbishop Gustav Trolle. In 1517 Christian dispatched ships and soldiers to the relief of the archbishop's fortress of Stäket, but was defeated by Sture and his peasant levies at Vedila. A second attempt the following year was also frustrated by Sture's victory at the Battle of Brännkyrka.[5][2]
A third attempt made in 1520 with a large army of French, German and Scottish mercenaries proved successful. Sture was mortally wounded at the Battle of Bogesund on 19 January, and the remaining rebel forces were suppressed in April at the bloody Battle of Uppsala. Under the leadership of Sture's widow Christina Gyllenstierna, Stockholm held out until September 1520. Ultimately Christian was crowned by Trolle in November, with the agreement of the Swedish Privy Council (Riksråd), who had, however, extracted an indemnity for the past and guarantee that Sweden should be ruled according to Swedish laws and custom.[6][2]
Stockholm Bloodbath
Three days after the coronation, Archbishop Trolle accused the followers of Sture of heresy for their part in the rising against him. Gyllenstierna used the fact that the Swedish Diet had made a 'swearing in common' (sammansvärjning) in 1517, which had bound the nobles to Sture's cause, in defence of her husband's followers. However, Christian seized on this as an opportunity to cement his control over Sweden by removing his opponents. He convened an ecclesiastical court which condemned all parties to the swearing in common. On 8 and 9 November eighty-two Swedish noblemen were executed at Stockholm castle, including the bishops of Skara and Strängnäs. As well as Sture's supporters, who had formed Trolle's original list, Christian's suspicious nature led him to even execute supporters of the Kalmar Union. The bodies of Sten Sture and his child were dug up and burnt. Gyllenstierna and other noble Swedish ladies were sent as prisoners to Denmark.[7][2]
The bloodbath, rather than cementing Christian's control of the Swedish throne, led in short order to Sweden's secession from the Kalmar Union. Didrik Slagheck, whom Christian appointed to the bishopric of Skara and as one of the three regents of Sweden, proved brutal and inept. The remaining Swedish nobility, appalled by the bloodbath, rose against Christian and the Swedish Diet elected Gustav Vasa regent and subsequently King of Sweden.[8] On account of the massacre Christian is remembered in Sweden as Christian the Tyrant (Kristian Tyrann).[9]
Legal reforms and downfall
In June 1521, the Danish king paid a visit to
By 1522, Christian was running out of allies. In an attempt to set up a Danish-centered trading company in direct competition with the
Exile and imprisonment
In exile Christian led a humble life in the city of Lier in the Netherlands (now in Belgium), waiting for military help from his brother-in-law Charles V. Christian corresponded with Martin Luther and he became a Lutheran for some time; he even commissioned a translation of the New Testament into Danish. Isabella died in January 1526, and Christian's children were taken by her family so as not to be raised as heretics. Popular agitation against Fredrick I in Denmark centered on Søren Norby, who gathered an army of peasants in Scania, but was defeated in 1525.[14]
By 1531, Christian had reverted to Catholicism and reconciled with the Emperor. He took a fleet to Norway, and landed in Oslo to popular acclaim in November 1531. Christian failed to subdue
Frederick did not keep his promise, and Christian was kept prisoner for the next 27 years, first in Sønderborg Castle until 1549, and afterwards at the castle of Kalundborg. Stories of solitary confinement in small dark chambers are inaccurate; King Christian was treated like a nobleman, particularly in his old age, and he was allowed to host parties, go hunting, and wander freely as long as he did not go beyond the Kalundborg town boundaries.[13]
Fredrick I died in April 1533, and the Danish Council of State was at first unable to choose a successor. The mayor of
Christian II died in January 1559,[13] a few days after Christian III. The new king, Frederick II, ordered that a royal funeral be held in his memory.[citation needed] He is buried in Odense next to his wife, parents, and son John,[a] who died in the summer of 1532.[17]
Legacy
Christian II is one of the most discussed of all Danish kings.[citation needed] He has been regarded as both a hypocritical tyrant and a progressive despot, who wanted to create an absolute monarchy based upon "free citizens".[citation needed] His psychological weaknesses have caught the interest of historians, especially his frequently mentioned irresolution, which as years passed seemed to dominate his acts. Christian clearly made too many enemies. Furthermore, the Danish middle class was still not strong enough to support royal power. However some of his ambitions were fulfilled by the victory of absolutism in 1660.[citation needed]
In popular culture
Christian den Anden (Christian II) is a 1889 play by Jenny Blicher-Clausen which was performed at Copenhagen's Dagmar Theatre.[18]
Jean Sibelius composed in 1898 incidental music King Christian II to a play about the king, and derived from it a suite.[citation needed]
The Fall of the King (Danish: Kongens Fald), a novel by the Danish author and Nobel Prize Laureate Johannes V. Jensen, published in three parts from 1900 to 1901, is considered a major work of modern Danish literature. It relates the tangled history of Christian II reign and downfall as seen by the (fictional) Mikkel Thøgersen, a loyal follower of king.
The Corridors of Time by Danish-American science fiction writer Poul Anderson includes a section where a modern American travels in time to 16th Century Denmark, arriving there shortly after Christian II's downfall – where he meets and befriends a diehard follower of the deposed King, and the two of them share various adventures.
Issue
Christian II had six children by his wife, Isabella of Austria (1501–1526), only three of whom survived infancy and two reached adulthood.[citation needed] They were:
Name | Birth | Death | Notes |
---|---|---|---|
John | 21 February 1518 | 2 August 1532 | Heir to the thrones of Denmark, Norway and Sweden.[19] |
Philip Ferdinand | 4 July 1519 | 1519 | Twin |
Maximilian | 4 July 1519 | 1519 | Twin |
Dorothea | 10 November 1520 | 31 May 1580 | Married in 1535, Frederick II, Elector Palatine and had no issue.[20] |
Christina | c.1522 | c.1590 | Married in 1533, Francis II Sforza and had no issue. Married again in 1541, Francis I, Duke of Lorraine and had issue.[21] |
Stillborn son | January 1523 | January 1523 | Unnamed |
Notes
- ^ Hans in Danish
Citations
- ^ a b c Lockhart 2007, p. 12.
- ^ a b c d e f Bain 1911, p. 275.
- ^ OCLC 55219013.
- ^ Lockhart 2007, p. 13.
- ^ a b c Lockhart 2007, p. 14.
- ^ Lockhart 2007, p. 15.
- ^ Lockhart 2007, pp. 15–16.
- ^ Lockhart 2007, p. 16.
- ^ Reiter 1943.
- ^ Lockhart 2007, pp. 17–18.
- ^ Lockhart 2007, pp. 14, 18.
- ^ Lockhart 2007, pp. 18–19.
- ^ a b c Bain 1911, p. 276.
- ^ Lockhart 2007, pp. 20–21, 61.
- ^ Lockhart 2007, p. 22.
- ^ Lockhart 2007, pp. 25–28.
- ^ Lockhart 2007, p. 25.
- ^ Zibrandtsen, Marianne (2003). "Jenny Blicher-Clausen (1865–1907)" (in Danish). Kvinfo. Retrieved 29 September 2021.
- ^ Bricka 1887, pp. 566–567.
- ^ Bricka 1887, pp. 306–307.
- ^ Bricka 1887, pp. 573–574.
Bibliography
- public domain: Bain, Robert Nisbet (1911). "Christian II.". In Chisholm, Hugh (ed.). Encyclopædia Britannica. Vol. 6 (11th ed.). Cambridge University Press. pp. 274–276. This article incorporates text from a publication now in the
- Bisgaard, Lars (2019). Christian 2. : en biografi [Christian II : a biography] (in Danish). Copenhagen: Gads Forlag. ISBN 978-8712056973.
- Bricka, Carl Frederik (1887). Dansk biografisk Lexikon. Copenhagen: Gyldendal. Retrieved 5 July 2020.
- Lockhart, Paul Douglas (2007). Denmark, 1513–1660 : the rise and decline of a Renaissance monarchy. Oxford University Press. ISBN 978-0199271214.
- Reiter, Paul Johann (1943). Kristian Tyrann. Personlighet, själsliv och livsdrama (in Swedish). Witting, Gustaf (tr). Natur och kultur.
- Scocozza, Benito (1997). "Christian 2.". Politikens bog om danske monarker [Politiken's book about Danish monarchs] (in Danish). Copenhagen: Politikens Forlag. pp. 102–110. ISBN 8756757727.
External links
- The Royal Lineage Archived 14 March 2015 at the Danish Monarchy
- Ripley, George; Dana, Charles A., eds. (1879). The American Cyclopædia. .