Cleveland Shale

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Coordinates: 39°24′N 83°36′W / 39.4°N 83.6°W / 39.4; -83.6
Source: Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia.
Not to be confused with Cleveland Ironstone.
Cleveland Shale
Ma
↓
Approximate paleocoordinates
31°18′S 32°12′W / 31.3°S 32.2°W / -31.3; -32.2
Region Ohio
Country United States
Type section
Named forCleveland, Ohio
Named byJohn Strong Newberry
Year defined1870
Cleveland Shale is located in the United States
Cleveland Shale
Cleveland Shale
Cleveland Shale
Cleveland Shale
Cleveland Shale
Cleveland Shale
Cleveland Shale
Cleveland Shale
Cleveland Shale (the United States)
Cleveland Shale is located in Ohio
Cleveland Shale
Cleveland Shale
Cleveland Shale
Cleveland Shale
Cleveland Shale
Cleveland Shale
Cleveland Shale
Cleveland Shale

The Cleveland Shale, also referred to as the Cleveland Member, is a

geologic formation
in the eastern United States.

Identification and name

The Cleveland Shale was identified in 1870 and named for the city of Cleveland, Ohio. John Strong Newberry, director of the Ohio State Geological Survey, first identified the formation in 1870.[1] He called it the "Cleveland Shale" and designated its type locality at Doan Brook[2] near Cleveland.[1] Details of the type locality and of stratigraphic nomenclature for this unit as used by the U.S. Geological Survey are available on-line at the National Geologic Map Database.[3]

Description

The primary minerals in the Cleveland Shale are chlorite, illite, pyrite, and quartz.[4][a] Underground, the Cleveland Shale is black,[5][6][7][8] dull grayish-black,[9] bluish-black, or brownish-black[4] in color. In exposed outcrops, it weathers to red,[9] reddish-brown,[2] or medium brown.[4] Highly weathered rock turns gray.[2][4] It is fairly fissile,[6][5][7] breaking into thin, irregularly shaped sheets[10] or flakes[4] that occasionally display crystals of pickeringite.[2] Relieved of stress once exposed, the Cleveland Shale is nonplastic[4] and can appear as if fragmented into blocks due to jointing.[5]

Pyrite basal boundary

There is a sharp and clear distinction between the Cleveland Shale and underlying Chagrin Shale.[2][10] At the very bottom of the Cleveland Shale there is a thin, discontinuous layer of pyrite.[5][b] This pyrite layer is discontinuous because after this rock was laid down, it was eroded. The erosion increases as one moves south along the valley of the Cuyahoga River and east to the Grand River.[7] Portions of the pyrite layer, known as Skinner's Run Bed,[7] contain fragments of petrified wood and fossilized fish bones worn smooth by the action of water.[5] Above the pyrite layer, a limestone layer is found in west-central (but not eastern) Ohio.[9]

The remainder of the Cleveland Shale generally consists of a relatively hard,[9][c] organic rich[12] oil shale.[4][8] It has both an upper and lower part.[9]

Lower part

A clay shale,

silica-heavy limestone with cone-in-cone structures are found in the lower part. In eastern Ohio, thin gray veins ("stringers") of siltstone appear.[9] In western Ohio,[8] the Cleveland Shale appears to interbed with the Chagrin Shale below it, erasing the clear boundary between the two rock formations.[9]

Upper part

The upper part of the Cleveland Shale is a black to brownish black[13] silty shale[9] with occasional thin beds of gray shale and siltstone.[5] The upper part is much richer in petroleum[16] and kerogen.[4][d] When broken open, fresh samples smell like crude oil.[4] Where the upper part is thick,[7] and particularly in northeast Ohio,[10] the shale has a distinctive "rippled" appearance.[7] The upper 10 feet (3.0 m) of the Cleveland Shale contains abundant nodules of phosphate, nodules and bands (extremely thin beds) of pyrite, bands of calcisiltite, and lamination.[13] Almost no concretions are found in the upper part.[4]

Geographic extent

A thick sequence of the Cleveland Shale exposed on the north bank of the Rocky River in North Olmsted, Ohio. For scale, note the paleontologists just right of center at the base of the cliff.

The Cleveland Shale is a

geologic formation in Ohio
in the United States. The Cleveland Shale underlies much of northeast Ohio in beds of varying thickness.

In northeast Ohio, the member does not appear east of the Grand River.[7] Measurements taken in northeast Ohio show the Cleveland Shale to be 7 feet (2.1 m)[7] to 100 feet (30 m) thick.[9] It is thickest around the Rocky River north of Berea, Ohio, and thins to the east, west, and south.[9]

The Cleveland Shale is found in east-central Kentucky. In east-central Kentucky, the Cleveland Shale is more uniform in thickness, ranging from 41.4 to 50.1 feet (12.6 to 15.3 m), and increases in thickness toward the east.[13]

The unit is also present in West Virginia[17] and in southwest Virginia,[18] where it is mapped as the Cleveland Member of the Ohio Shale.

Stratigraphic setting

The Cleveland Shale (or Cleveland Member) is a sub-unit of the Ohio Shale Formation.[7][19] The Chagrin Shale underlies the Cleveland Shale.[20] The Bedford Shale generally overlies the Cleveland Shale, with a sharp distinction between the two. In west-central Ohio, more than 150 feet (46 m) of Bedford Shale may lie above the Cleveland Shale. In places, red and grey shale may intertongue (interlock) with the Cleveland Shale extensively. In far eastern Ohio, the Bedford Shale thins by more than 125 feet (38 m). Where the Cussewago Shale is also present, the Bedford Shale is usually less than 25 feet (7.6 m) and may be locally absent. In some areas, the Cleveland Shale is described as overstepped[7] or unconformably overlaid gradationally by Berea Siltstone and sharply by Berea Sandstone.[10]

It is the regional equivalent of the

Bakken Shale.[21]

Fossils

Exceptional marine animal

ray-finned fishes.[22] The giant predatory placoderms Dunkleosteus terrelli, Gorgonichthys clarki, Gymnotrachelus hydei, Heintzichthys gouldii, and five subspecies (including the type specimen) of Titanichthys were all discovered in the Cleveland Shale.[23] The Cleveland Shale is classified as a konservatte-lagerstatten, which means it often preserves complete body fossils. Typical early shark preservation includes soft tissue outlines and impressions, fin rays, gill musculature, cartilage, and stomach contents.[24] Placoderms in the Cleveland Shale typically do not show any good soft-tissue preservation.[25]

Faunal list follows Carr and Jackson (2008)[26] and Carr 2018[27]

Placodermi

Genus Species Notes Images
Brontichthys B. clarki
Bungartius B. perissus
Callognathus C. regularis
Coccosteus C. cuyahogae
Diplognathus D. mirabilis
Dunkleosteus D. terrelli
Glyptaspis G. verrucosus
Gorgonichthys G. clarki
Gymnotrachelus G. hydei
Heintzichthys H. gouldii
Holdenius H. holdeni
Hussakofia H. minor
Hlavinichthys H. jacksoni
Mylostoma M. eurhinus

M. newberryi

M. variabilis

May all be synonyms of M. variabilis
Paramylostoma P. arcualis
Selenosteus S. brevis
Steneosteus S. angustopectus

S. glaber

Titanichthys T. agassizi

T. attenuatus

T. clarkii

T. hussakofi

T. rectus

May all be synonyms of T. agassizi
Trachosteus T. clarki

Chondrichthyes

Genus Species Notes
Cladoselache C. acanthopterygius

C. brachypterygius

C. clarki

C. desmopterygius

C. fyleri

C. magnificus

C. newberryi

Some species may be synonymous
Ctenacanthus C. concinnus

C. terrelli

C. tumidus

C. vetustus?

Some species may be synonymous
Diademodus D. hydei
Monocladodus M. sp.
Orodus O. spp. (x3)
Phoebodus P. politus
Stethacanthus S. altonensis

S. carinatus

Tamiobatis T. vetustus

T. cf. T. vetustus

Osteichthyans

Genus Species Notes
Kentuckia K. hlavini Additional species may be present
Proceratodus P. wagneri Only
sarcopterygian
currently recorded from the Cleveland Member
Tegeolepis T. clarki

Age

The Cleveland Shale is approximately 362.6 to 360.1 million years old, daing to the very latest part of the

Hangenberg Event.[29]

The upper 2.5 m of the Cleveland Shale has been chemostratigraphically correlated with the

Hangenberg Event and the type stratigraphy in Germany, suggesting that the Cleveland Shale preserves the second of the two mass extinction events that together comprise the late Devonian extinction[30]

Interpretation of depositional environments

The Cleveland Shale is likely the regional expression of the

period
. The Cleveland Shale is interpreted as having accumulated in an anaerobic environment.[6] Evidence exists to suggest that the Cleveland Shale was laid down during the Dasberg event, an Upper Famennian extinction event that devastated land-based flora and marine-based fauna. This led to a significant drop in marine oxygen (an anoxic event) and atmospheric carbon dioxide, and then a brief glaciation. The global environment recovered, only to suffer another extinction, the Hangenberg event, close to the Devonian-Carboniferous boundary.[31] While the Cleveland Shale was being deposited, extensive organic matter from the land was swept into the sea then lying over Ohio.[32] Although there is dispute over how deep this sea was, the Dasberg event meant that oceans could support few to no bottom-dwelling animals. This explains why the Cleveland Shale largely lacks fossils of benthic organisms[33] and has a high carbon content that colors the shale very dark gray to black.[5][34]

The contact between the Chagrin Shale and Cleveland Shale has been described as

intercalated,[8] but it is unclear what meaning he intended.[e]

Different hypotheses have been suggested as the cause of the regional, irregular contact between the Cleveland Shale and Bedford Formation. Charles E.B. Conybeare has noted that the Cleveland Shale is siltier in the east and more calcareous in the west. He hypothesized that this indicates that silt flowed into the sea from east to west. Current eroded the Cleveland Shale and then laid down new sediment in the gullies which became the Bedford Formation.[34] Jack C. Pashin and Frank R. Ettensohn proposed a variation on this hypothesis. They note that the region containing the Cleveland Shale was undergoing uplift when the Bedford Formation was being deposited. This likely led to exposure and erosion of the Cleveland Shale, with sediment which became the Bedford Formation filling in these gullies. They also observe that there is evidence of diapirism (the intrusion of deformable Cleveland Shale upward into the more brittle Bedford Formation), as well as intertonguing.[37] Baird et al. note that the Cleveland Shale also tilts downward to the south. They suggest that this caused overstepping, rather than intertonguing.[7]

Economic geology

The high organic content of the Cleveland Shale makes it eminently suitable for the formation of fossil fuels. One 1981 study found that the Cleveland Shale can yield an average of 14 US gallons (53 L; 12 imp gal) of petroleum per 1 short ton (0.91 t) of rock.[38] The Cleveland Shale also contains cannel coal and "true" coal, although neither in great quantity.[4]

See also

References

Notes
  1. ^ Quartz particles in the shale range from 2 to 7 micrometres (7.9×10−5 to 0.000276 in) in size.[4]
  2. ^ Pyrite forms when organic material falls onto an ocean floor that is anaerobic, has little bottom current, and has extensive deposition of silt and sediment.[7]
  3. ^ "Hard" is defined as having a compressive strength between 10,000 to 13,000 pounds per square inch (69,000 to 90,000 kPa).[11]
  4. ^ In a 1981 study of Cleveland Shale samples in central-eastern Kentucky, the upper part of the shale was 11 percent carbon and 1.3 percent hydrogen.[16]
  5. ^ Intercalation can be used as a synonym for interbedding.[35] The term may also mean the introduction of a new layer between two preexisting layers.[36]
Citations
  1. ^ a b Wilmarth 1938, p. 361.
  2. ^ a b c d e Williams 1940, p. 19.
  3. ^ "National Geologic Map Database".
  4. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l Johnson 1981, p. 171.
  5. ^ a b c d e f g h i Hannibal & Feldman 1987, p. 404.
  6. ^ a b c Pashin & Ettensohn 1995, p. 57.
  7. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m Baird et al. 2009, p. 10.
  8. ^ a b c d Collins 1979, p. E-10.
  9. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m Pepper, DeWitt & Demarest 1954, p. 16.
  10. ^ a b c d Pashin & Ettensohn 1995, p. 51.
  11. ^ Vyas, Aho & Robl 1981, p. 390.
  12. ^ Pashin & Ettensohn 1995, p. 50.
  13. ^ a b c d Pollock, Barron & Beard 1981, p. 204.
  14. ^
    S2CID 241766371
    .
  15. ^ a b Zagger, Glenn W. (1995). Conodont biostratigraphy and sedimentology of the latest Devonian of northeast Ohio (Thesis). Case Western Reserve University. p. 112.
  16. ^ a b Bland, Robl & Koppenaal 1981, p. 188.
  17. ^ Ryder, R.T., Swezey, C.S., Crangle, R.D., Jr., and Trippi, M.T., 2008, Geologic cross section E-E' through the central Appalachian Basin from the Findlay Arch, Wood County, Ohio, to the Valley and Ridge Province, Pendleton County, West Virginia: U.S. Geological Survey Scientific Investigations Map SIM-2985, 2 sheets with 48-page pamphlet. http://pubs.er.usgs.gov/publication/sim2985
  18. ^ Ryder, R.T., Trippi, M.H., and Swezey, C.S., 2015, Geologic cross section I-I' through the central Appalachian basin from north-central Kentucky to southwestern Virginia: U.S. Geological Survey Scientific Investigations Map SIM-3343, 2 sheets with two pamphlets (41p. and 102p.). http://pubs.er.usgs.gov/publication/sim3343
  19. ^ Rubel & Coburn 1981, p. 22.
  20. ^ Pashin & Ettensohn 1995, p. 6.
  21. ^ Kaiser, Aretz & Becker 2016, p. 404.
  22. ^ Hansen 2005, pp. 292–293.
  23. ^ Hansen 2005, pp. 290.
  24. ^ Various Contributors to the Paleobiology Database. "Fossilworks: Gateway to the Paleobiology Database". Retrieved 17 December 2021.
  25. ^ Carr, Robert K. (2010). "Paleoecology of Dunkleosteus terrelli (Placodermi: Arthrodira)". Kirtlandia. 57: 36–45.
  26. ^ Carr, Robert K.; Jackson, Gary L. "The vertebrate fauna of the Cleveland Member (Famennian) of the Ohio Shale". Guide to the Geology and Paleontology of the Cleveland Member of the Ohio Shale (68th Annual Meeting of the Society of Vertebrate Paleontology, Cleveland, Ohio.: 1–187.
  27. doi:10.1515/agp-2018-0021 (inactive 31 January 2024).{{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: DOI inactive as of January 2024 (link
    )
  28. ^ Eames, Leonard Eugene (1974). Palynology of the Berea Sandstone and Cuyahoga Group of northeastern Ohio (Thesis). East Lansing: Michigan State University. p. 210.
  29. ^ Dixson, Sara P.; Shope, Dakota P. (2018). A Diminutive Late Devonian Recovery Fauna from the Cleveland Shale. Geological Society of America Southeast Sectional Meeting. Charleston, South Carolina.
  30. S2CID 52811336
    .
  31. ^ Baird et al. 2009, pp. 8, 10.
  32. ^ Kaiser, Aretz & Becker 2016, p. 415.
  33. ^ Hannibal & Feldman 1987, p. 406.
  34. ^ a b Conybeare 1979, pp. 419–420.
  35. ^ Bates & Jackson 1984, p. 262.
  36. ^ Neuendorf, Mehl & Jackson 2005, p. 330.
  37. ^ Pashin & Ettensohn 1995, pp. 50–51.
  38. ^ Reasoner et al. 1981, p. 12.

Bibliography