Connective tissue
Connective tissue | |
---|---|
Identifiers | |
MeSH | D003238 |
FMA | 96404 |
Anatomical terminology |
Connective tissue is one of the four primary types of
The term "connective tissue" (in German, Bindegewebe) was introduced in 1830 by Johannes Peter Müller. The tissue was already recognized as a distinct class in the 18th century.[4][5]
Types
Connective tissue can be broadly classified into connective tissue proper, and special connective tissue.[6][7]
Connective tissue proper
Connective tissue proper consists of loose connective tissue (including reticular connective tissue and adipose tissue) and dense connective tissue (subdivided into dense regular and dense irregular connective tissues.)[8] Loose and dense connective tissue are distinguished by the ratio of ground substance to fibrous tissue. Loose connective tissue has much more ground substance and a relative lack of fibrous tissue, while the reverse is true of dense connective tissue. Dense regular connective tissue, found in structures such as tendons and ligaments, is characterized by collagen fibers arranged in an orderly parallel fashion, giving it tensile strength in one direction. Dense irregular connective tissue provides strength in multiple directions by its dense bundles of fibers arranged in all directions.[citation needed]
Special connective tissue
Special connective tissue consists of
Bone and cartilage can be further classified as supportive connective tissue. Blood and lymph can also be categorized as fluid connective tissue,[2][15][16] and liquid fascia.[13]
Membranes
Fibrous types
Fiber types found in the
Type I collagen is present in many forms of connective tissue, and makes up about 25% of the total protein content of the mammalian body.[21]
Tissue | Purpose | Components | Location |
---|---|---|---|
Collagen fibers |
Bind bones and other tissues to each other | Alpha polypeptide chains | tendon, ligament, skin, cornea, cartilage, bone, blood vessels, gut, and intervertebral disc. |
Elastic fibers | Allow organs like arteries and lungs to recoil | Elastic microfibril and elastin | extracellular matrix |
Reticular fibers | Form a scaffolding for other cells | Type III collagen | liver, bone marrow, and lymphatic organs |
Function
Connective tissue has a wide variety of functions that depend on the types of cells and the different classes of fibers involved.
In
Mesenchyme is a type of connective tissue found in developing organs of embryos that is capable of differentiation into all types of mature connective tissue.[23] Another type of relatively undifferentiated connective tissue is the mucous connective tissue known as Wharton's jelly, found inside the umbilical cord.[22]: 160 This tissue is no longer present after birth, leaving only scattered mesenchymal cells throughout the body.[24]
Various types of specialized tissues and cells are classified under the spectrum of connective tissue, and are as diverse as brown and white adipose tissue, blood, cartilage and bone.[22]: 158 Cells of the immune system—such as macrophages, mast cells, plasma cells, and eosinophils—are found scattered in loose connective tissue, providing the ground for starting inflammatory and immune responses upon the detection of antigens.[22]: 161
Clinical significance
There are many types of connective tissue disorders, such as:
- Connective tissue neoplasms including sarcomas such as hemangiopericytoma and malignant peripheral nerve sheath tumor in nervous tissue.
- Ehlers-Danlos Syndrome.
- Myxomatous degeneration– a pathological weakening of connective tissue.
- autoimmune system, also undifferentiated connective tissue disease.
- Systemic lupus erythematosus(SLE) – a major autoimmune disease of connective tissue
- Scurvy, caused by a deficiency of vitamin C which is necessary for the synthesis of collagen.
- Fibromuscular dysplasia is a disease of the blood vessels that leads to an abnormal growth in the arterial wall.
See also
Notes and references
- ^ Biga, Lindsay M.; Dawson, Sierra; Harwell, Amy (26 September 2019). "4.1 Types of Tissues". Retrieved 30 July 2022.
- ^ a b c d Biga, Lindsay M.; Dawson, Sierra; Harwell, Amy; Hopkins, Robin; Kaufmann, Joel; LeMaster, Mike; Matern, Philip; Morrison-Graham, Katie; Quick, Devon (2019), "4.3 Connective Tissue Supports and Protects", Anatomy & Physiology, OpenStax/Oregon State University, retrieved 16 April 2021
- ^ "5.3.4: Fluid Tissues". Biology LibreTexts. 21 May 2021. Retrieved 2 August 2022.
- ^ Mathews, M. B. (1975). Connective Tissue, Macromolecular Structure Evolution. Springer-Verlag, Berlin and New York. link.
- S2CID 22765625.
- ^ Shostak, Stanley. "Connective Tissues". Retrieved 9 December 2012.
- ISBN 978-1582557243. Retrieved 11 May 2011.
- ^ Potter, Hugh. "The Connective Tissues". Archived from the original on 31 October 2012. Retrieved 9 December 2012.
- ^ Caceci, Thomas. "Connective Tisues". Archived from the original on 6 January 2013. Retrieved 9 December 2012.
- ^ King, David. "Histology Intro". Retrieved 9 December 2012.
- ^ "Medical Definition of FIBROAREOLAR". Merriam-Webster. Retrieved 11 October 2018.
- ^ "Granulation Tissue Definition". Memidex. Archived from the original on 16 November 2018. Retrieved 7 May 2016.
- ^ PMID 29630284. Retrieved 3 August 2022.
- PMID 31183880.
- ^ "Supporting Connective Tissue | Human Anatomy and Physiology Lab (BSB 141)". courses.lumenlearning.com. Retrieved 16 April 2021.
- ^ Karki, Gaurab (23 February 2018). "Fluid or liquid connective tissue: blood and lymph". Online Biology Notes. Retrieved 16 April 2021.
- ^ a b "Membranes | SEER Training". training.seer.cancer.gov. Retrieved 3 August 2022.
- PMID 12164335.
- S2CID 3294995.
- PMID 17270403.
- PMID 11704682.
- ^ ISBN 978-0781772006.
- ISBN 978-0702047473.
- ISBN 978-1-947172-04-3.
External links
- Overview, University of Kansas Archived 26 December 2010 at the Wayback Machine
- Connective tissue atlas, University of Iowa
- Heritable disorders of connective tissue US National Institute of Arthritis and Musculoskeletal and Skin Diseases
- Connective tissue photomicrographs