Soft tissue

Soft tissue is all the

Human soft tissue is highly deformable, and its mechanical properties vary significantly from one person to another. Impact testing results showed that the stiffness and the damping resistance of a test subject's tissue are correlated with the mass, velocity, and size of the striking object. Such properties may be useful for forensics investigation when contusions were induced.[5] When a solid object impacts a human soft tissue, the energy of the impact will be absorbed by the tissues to reduce the effect of the impact or the pain level; subjects with more soft tissue thickness tended to absorb the impacts with less aversion.^[6]

Soft tissues have the potential to undergo large deformations and still return to the initial configuration when unloaded, i.e. they are

Even though soft tissues have viscoelastic properties, i.e. stress as function of strain rate, it can be approximated by a hyperelastic model after precondition to a load pattern. After some cycles of loading and unloading the material, the mechanical response becomes independent of strain rate.

${\displaystyle \mathbf {S} =\mathbf {S} (\mathbf {E} ,{\dot {\mathbf {E} }})\quad \rightarrow \quad \mathbf {S} =\mathbf {S} (\mathbf {E} )}$

Despite the independence of strain rate, preconditioned soft tissues still present hysteresis, so the mechanical response can be modeled as hyperelastic with different material constants at loading and unloading. By this method the elasticity theory is used to model an inelastic material. Fung has called this model as pseudoelastic to point out that the material is not truly elastic.^[8]

Residual stress

In physiological state soft tissues usually present

Fung developed a constitutive equation for preconditioned soft tissues which is

${\displaystyle W={\frac {1}{2}}\left[q+c\left(e^{Q}-1\right)\right]}$

with

${\displaystyle q=a_{ijkl}E_{ij}E_{kl}\qquad Q=b_{ijkl}E_{ij}E_{kl}}$

quadratic forms of Green-Lagrange strains ${\displaystyle E_{ij}}$ and ${\displaystyle a_{ijkl}}$, ${\displaystyle b_{ijkl}}$ and ${\displaystyle c}$ material constants.^[8] ${\displaystyle W}$ is the strain energy function per volume unit, which is the mechanical strain energy for a given temperature.

Isotropic simplification

The Fung-model, simplified with isotropic hypothesis (same mechanical properties in all directions). This written in respect of the principal stretches (${\displaystyle \lambda _{i}}$):

${\displaystyle W={\frac {1}{2}}\left[a(\lambda _{1}^{2}+\lambda _{2}^{2}+\lambda _{3}^{2}-3)+b\left(e^{c(\lambda _{1}^{2}+\lambda _{2}^{2}+\lambda _{3}^{2}-3)}-1\right)\right]}$ ,

where a, b and c are constants.

Simplification for small and big stretches

For small strains, the exponential term is very small, thus negligible.

${\displaystyle W={\frac {1}{2}}a_{ijkl}E_{ij}E_{kl}}$

On the other hand, the linear term is negligible when the analysis rely only on big strains.

${\displaystyle W={\frac {1}{2}}c\left(e^{b_{ijkl}E_{ij}E_{kl}}-1\right)}$

Gent-elastic material

${\displaystyle W=-{\frac {\mu J_{m}}{2}}\ln \left(1-\left({\frac {\lambda _{1}^{2}+\lambda _{2}^{2}+\lambda _{3}^{2}-3}{J_{m}}}\right)\right)}$

where ${\displaystyle \mu >0}$ is the shear modulus for infinitesimal strains and ${\displaystyle J_{m}>0}$ is a stiffening parameter, associated with limiting chain extensibility.^[10] This constitutive model cannot be stretched in uni-axial tension beyond a maximal stretch ${\displaystyle J_{m}}$, which is the positive root of

${\displaystyle \lambda _{m}^{2}+2\lambda _{m}-J_{m}-3=1}$

Remodeling and growth

Soft tissues have the potential to grow and remodel reacting to chemical and mechanical long term changes. The rate the fibroblasts produce tropocollagen is proportional to these stimuli. Diseases, injuries and changes in the level of mechanical load may induce remodeling.^[11][12] An example of this phenomenon is the thickening of farmer's hands. The remodeling of connective tissues is well known in bones by the Wolff's law (bone remodeling). Mechanobiology is the science that study the relation between stress and growth at cellular level.^[7]

Growth and remodeling have a major role in the cause of some common soft tissue diseases, like arterial

There are certain issues that have to be kept in mind when choosing an imaging technique for visualizing soft tissue extracellular matrix (ECM) components. The accuracy of the image analysis relies on the properties and the quality of the raw data and, therefore, the choice of the imaging technique must be based upon issues such as:

1. Having an optimal resolution for the components of interest;
2. Achieving high contrast of those components;
3. Keeping the artifact count low;
4. Having the option of volume data acquisition;
5. Keeping the data volume low;
6. Establishing an easy and reproducible setup for tissue analysis.

The collagen fibers are approximately 1-2 μm thick. Thus, the resolution of the imaging technique needs to be approximately 0.5 μm. Some techniques allow the direct acquisition of volume data while other need the slicing of the specimen. In both cases, the volume that is extracted must be able to follow the fiber bundles across the volume. High contrast makes

Imaging methods used in ECM visualization and their properties.^[15][16]

Clinical significance

Soft tissue disorders are medical conditions affecting soft tissue.

Musculoskeletal specialists, manual therapists and neuromuscular physiologists and neurologists specialize in treating injuries and ailments in the soft tissue areas of the body. These specialized clinicians often develop innovative ways to manipulate the soft tissue to speed natural healing and relieve the mysterious pain that often accompanies soft tissue injuries. This area of expertise has become known as

A promising new method of treating wounds and soft tissue injuries is via platelet-derived growth factor.^[17]

There is a close overlap between the term "soft tissue disorder" and rheumatism. Sometimes the term "soft tissue rheumatic disorders" is used to describe these conditions.^[18]

• Biomaterial
• Biomechanics
• Davis's law
• Rheology

References