Cuilén

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Cuilén mac Illuilb
Illulb mac Custantín

Cuilén (also Culén, Cuilean, anglicized Colin; died 971) was an early

King of Alba (Scotland
). He was a son of
Alpínid dynasty
. During the 10th century, the Alpínids rotated the kingship of Alba between two main dynastic branches.
Dub mac Maíl Choluim
, a member of a rival branch of the kindred, seems to have succeeded after Illulb's death in 962. Cuilén soon after challenged him but was defeated in 965. Dub was eventually expelled and slain in 966/967. Whether Cuilén was responsible for his death is uncertain.

Following Dub's fall, Cuilén appears to have ruled as undisputed king from 966–971. Little is known of Cuilén's short reign other than his own death in 971. According to various sources, he and his brother, Eochaid, were slain by

Dyfnwal ab Owain, King of Strathclyde, and could have possibly ruled the Cumbrian Kingdom of Strathclyde
at the time of Cuilén's death.

After Cuilén's assassination, the kingship of Alba may have been assumed by another member of Clann Áeda meic Cináeda,

Cináed mac Maíl Choluim, a man who appears to have launched a retaliatory raid against the Cumbrians. There is evidence indicating that Cináed faced considerable opposition from Cuilén's brother, Amlaíb, a man who was accorded the title King of Alba in Irish sources recording his death at Cináed's hands in 977. Cuilén's son, Custantín
, eventually succeeded Cináed as king. There is evidence to suggest that Cuilén had another son, Máel Coluim.

Name

Refer to caption
Cuilén's name as it appears on folio 29v of Paris Bibliothèque Nationale MS Latin 4126 (the Poppleton manuscript): "Culenrīg".[13] The word might include an epithet at the end, or may be corrupted from a copying error.

Cuilén was one of three sons of

Amlaíb mac Gofraid (died 941).[24]

Further evidence of Scandinavian influence on the contemporary Scottish court may be a possible epithet accorded to Cuilén by the ninth–twelfth-century Chronicle of the Kings of Alba.[25] In one instance, this source records Cuilén's name as "Culenri[n]g".[26][27] Most likely this is just Cuilén Ríg - Ríg (modern Gaelic: rìgh) being the Gaelic word for 'king'. Whilst it has also been suggested that this word represents the Old Norse hringr, meaning "

ring-giver",[29] the name instead may be corrupted from a scribal error, and the word itself might refer to something else.[30]

The Alpínid dynasty

Map of northern Britain
Locations relating to the life and times of Cuilén.

Cuilén and his immediate family were members of the ruling

kings of Dublin seem to have ceased their overseas adventures during this period as well. Unlike English monarchs who had to endure Viking depredations from the 980s to the 1010s, the kings of Alba were left in relative peace from about the time of Illulb's fall. Free from such outside threats the Alpínids seem to have struggled amongst themselves.[38]

Contested kingship and kin-strife

Dub mac Maíl Choluim, as it appears on folio 32v of Oxford Bodleian Library MS Rawlinson B 489.[39]
Photograph of an inscribed panel on Sueno's Stone
Detail of inscriptions upon Sueno's Stone which may represent Dub's demise. The visible arch could represent a bridge, and the framed head under the arch may represent Dub, whose body was traditionally said to have been hidden beneath a bridge.

There is some uncertainty regarding the succession after Illulb's demise. On one hand, he may well have been succeeded by Máel Coluim's son,

Prophecy of Berchán, on the other hand, states that the kingship was temporarily shared by Dub and Cuilén. If correct, this source could indicate that neither man had been strong enough to displace the other in the immediate aftermath of Illulb's passing.[43] Although the Alpínid branches represented by Illulb and Dub seem to have maintained peace throughout Illulb's reign,[44] inter-dynastic conflict clearly erupted in the years that followed.[45]

The Chronicle of the Kings of Alba may indicate that Dub spent much of his reign contending with Cuilén.

Duncrub,[52] possibly the same site as the first-century Battle of Mons Graupius.[53] The conflict itself is attested by the fifteenth–sixteenth-century Annals of Ulster in 965, in an entry recording Dúnchad's fall in a clash between the men of Alba.[54] Although the Chronicle of the Kings of Alba states that Dub attained the victory, the same source reports that he was later expelled from the kingdom.[55] The Annals of Ulster reports Dub's death in 967.[56] According to the so-called "X" group of king lists, Dub was killed at Forres and his body was hidden under a bridge at Kinloss during a solar eclipse.[57] The account of Dub's death preserved by the fifteenth-century Orygynale Cronykil of Scotland,[58] and Chronica gentis Scotorum also associate the king's fall with an eclipse.[59][note 5] If these sources are to be believed, Dub would seem to have fallen before the solar eclipse of 20 July 966.[62]

There is reason to suspect that the inscriptions displayed upon Sueno's Stone, alongside the Kinloss road at Forres, commemorate the final defeat and death of Dub.[63] One of the panels of this remarkable monument appears to show corpses and heads lying under an arch which may well represent a bridge. One of the heads is framed, which may be that of Dub himself.[64] Although the stone does not appear to make reference to an eclipse, it is possible that such an event was inserted into the traditional account as a means to improve the tale. If so, the aforesaid date recorded by the Annals of Ulster may well be correct.[57] The chronology of Dub's death could be evidence that his downfall came after Cuilén's consolidation of the kingship.[65] Although it is conceivable that Dub was slain in favour of his successor,[66] this may not necessarily have been the case[67]—certainly Cuilén is not stated to have been responsible for his death[38]—and it is possible that events transpired without Cuilén's interference.[67]

Reign and death

Refer to caption
The name of Cuilén's brother, Amlaíb mac Illuilb, as it appears on folio 15r of Oxford Bodleian Library MS Rawlinson B 488 (the Annals of Tigernach): "Amlaim mac Illuilb".[68] Amlaíb seems to have held the kingship between 971/976–977.[69]

Cuilén's undisputed reign seems to have spanned from 966 to 971.

fl. 971), a man who slew Cuilén for the sake of his own daughter.[83] The thirteenth-century Verse Chronicle,[84] the Chronicle of Melrose,[85] and Chronica gentis Scotorum likewise identify Cuilén's killer as Rhydderch, the father of an abducted daughter raped by the king.[86]

Refer to caption
The name of Cuilén's killer, Rhydderch ap Dyfnwal, as it appears on folio 8v of British Library Cotton MS Faustina B IX (the Chronicle of Melrose): "Radhardus".[87]

There is reason to suspect that Cuilén's killer was a son of

King of Strathclyde.[79] Such a visit may have taken place in the context of Cuilén exercising his lordship over the Britons. His dramatic death suggests that the Scots severely overstepped the bounds of hospitality,[91] and could indicate that Rhydderch was compelled to fire his own hall. Certainly, such killings are not unknown in Icelandic and Irish sources.[92] The Lothian placename of West Linton appears as Lyntun Ruderic in the twelfth century. The fact that the place name seems to refer to a man named Rhydderch could indicate that this was the place where Cuilén and Eochaid met their end.[93] Another way in which Cuilén may have met his end concerns the record of his father's earlier seizure of Edinburgh preserved by the Chronicle of the Kings of Alba. The fact that this conquest would have likely included at least part of Lothian,[94] coupled with the evidence locating Cuilén's demise to the same area, could indicate that Cuilén was slain in the midst of exercising overlordship of this contested territory. If so, the records that link Rhydderch with the regicide could reveal that this wronged father exploited Cuilén's vulnerable position in the region, and that Rhydderch seized the opportunity to avenge his daughter.[71]

Cináed mac Maíl Choluim, as it appears on folio 15r of Oxford Bodleian Library MS Rawlinson B 488: "Cinaeth mac Mail Cholaim".[68]

Although the Chronicle of the Kings of Alba reports that Dub's brother,

Cináed mac Maíl Choluim (died 995), was the next King of Alba,[95] Irish sources—such as royal genealogies,[96] the fourteenth-century Annals of Tigernach,[97] and the Annals of Ulster—appear to reveal that Amlaíb possessed the kingship before his death at Cináed's hands.[98] Whilst Cináed may well have initially succeeded to the kingship,[99] it seems that Amlaíb was able to mount a successful—if only temporary—bid for the throne. Certainly, the aforesaid annal-entries style Amlaíb a king and accord Cináed a mere patronymic name.[100][note 6] Amlaíb's tenure is not attested by any Scottish king list,[102] and it would appear that his reign was indeed brief, perhaps dating from 971/976–977.[69] One possibility is that the kingship had been shared between Amlaíb and Cináed until the former's death.[103]

This revolving succession within the Alpínid dynasty reveals that the inter-dynastic struggle between Cuilén and Dub was continued by their respective brothers.[104][note 7] As for Cuilén's other brother, Eochaid, this man's death with Cuilén seems to be evidence of his prominent position within the kingdom. The fact that Amlaíb reigned after his brother's death likewise appears to indicate that he too played an important part in Cuilén's regime.[105] One of Cináed's first acts as king was evidently an invasion of the Kingdom of Strathclyde.[106] This campaign could well have been a retaliatory response to Cuilén's killing,[107] carried out in the context of crushing a British affront to Scottish authority.[108][note 8] In any event, Cináed's invasion ended in defeat,[109] a fact which coupled with Cuilén's killing reveals that the Kingdom of Strathclyde was indeed a power to be reckoned with.[110]

Interment and offspring

Refer to caption
The name of Cuilén's son, Custantín mac Cuiléin, as it appears on folio 15v of Oxford Bodleian Library MS Rawlinson B 488: "Constantin mac Cuilindaín".[111]

Cuilén appears to have been buried at St Andrews, the site of his father's burial.[112] According to the Prophecy of Berchán, he was laid to rest "above the edge of the wave", a location which seems to refer to St Andrews.[113] In other sources, he is sometimes stated to have been buried on Iona.[114] After an apparent two decade lull in the aforesaid Alpínid kin-strife,[115] Cuilén's son, Custantín (died 997), eventually became king after Cináed's assassination in 995.[116][note 9]

Custantín had no known male offspring.

Máel Coluim mac Cináeda (died 1034), Máel Coluim mac Maíl Brigte (died 1029), and Máel Snechta mac Lulaig (died 1085).[123][note 10] If Máel Coluim mac Cuiléin was indeed a son of Cuilén, this attestation could reveal that he represented Clann Áeda meic Cináeda for a time during Cináed's reign (971–995).[125]

Clann Áeda meic Cináeda power centre

rí Alban ("king of Alba").[128]

The rotating succession of the Alpínid dynasty was similar to that practiced in

Cenél nEógain and Clann Cholmáin branches of the Uí Néill, a dominant Irish kindred that monopolised the kingship of Tara between the eighth- and tenth centuries.[129] This alternation amongst the Uí Néill was facilitated by the considerable distance between the two segments. The inability of either branch to dominate the other, and therefore cut off their rivals from key resources, enabled such a rotating scheme to succeed.[130]

Photograph of a hogback sculpted tombstone
A hogback grave slab on display in Glasgow. Such monuments may be indicative of Scandinavian settlement in Perthshire and Fife. The aforesaid evidence of Scandinavian influence upon Cuilén's immediate family could indicate that his kindred was involved with such immigration.[29]

The similarities between the regulated Irish and Scottish successions suggest that the power centres of the two Alpínid branches were also separated.

Clann Ruaidrí.[132][note 11] This could indicate that Clann Áeda meic Cináeda was similarly seated north of the Mounth in Moray, with the power base of Clann Custantín meic Cináeda situated in the south.[136] That the latter kindred was hostile to the men of the north may be evidenced by the record of Máel Coluim mac Domnaill's invasion of Moray preserved by the Chronicle of the Kings of Alba.[137] Furthermore, both this dynast and his son, Dub, are stated by Chronica gentis Scotorum to have been killed by Moravians.[138] In contrast to these records of conflict, there is no evidence of hostility between Clann Áeda meic Cináeda and the men of Moray.[139]

On the other hand, the fact that king lists locate Dub's demise to Forres might indicate that Clann Custantín meic Cináeda was instead based in the north.[140] Moreover, the fact that the Prophecy of Berchán records that Custantín mac Áeda retired to St Andrews,[141] a site where his descendants, Illulb and Cuilén, are also said to have been buried,[142] coupled with the location of Cuilén's death in the south against the Cumbrians, could reveal that Clann Áeda meic Cináeda was centred south of the Mounth.[140] Such a location may also be evidenced by the aforesaid deaths of the Abbot of Dunkeld and the satrap of Atholl, men who seem to have fallen supporting the cause of Cuilén against Dub.[143]

Notes

  1. ^ Since the 1990s, academics have accorded Cuilén various patronymic names in English secondary sources: Cuilén mac Iduilb,[1] Cuilén mac Iduilf,[2] Cuilén mac Ilduilb,[3] Cuilén mac Illduilb,[4] Cuilén mac Illuilb,[5] Cuilén Ring mac Illuilb,[6] Culen mac Idulb,[7] Culén mac Illduilb,[8] and Culén mac Illuilb.[9] Likewise, since the 1990s academics have accorded Cuilén various epithets in English secondary sources: Cuilén Hringr,[10] Cuilén Ring mac Illuilb,[6] Culen Hringr,[11] and Culen Ring.[12]
  2. ^ These two branches of the Alpínid dynasty are not attested by contemporary records, but rather deduced as a result of the succession itself.[35]
  3. Clann Duib earls of Fife.[41]
  4. ^ The account of Dub and Cuilén identifies these men as Niger and Caniculus respectively. These are literal Latinisations of their names which in turn mean "black" and "little dog".[48] The chronicler's employment of such Latinisations, including the term satrap, seems to be an example of pride in his volubility with Latin.[49] The latter term appears to refer to a mormaer.[50] The Prophecy of Berchán identifies Cuilén and Dub in Gaelic as fionn and dubh, meaning "white" and black".[51]
  5. ^ The account preserved by Chronica gentis Scotorum relates that Dub was murdered in his bed,[60] and is seemingly the inspiration behind the fictive murder of Duncan by Macbeth, portrayed in the second act of Macbeth, an early modern tragedy composed by the English playwright William Shakespeare (died 1616).[61]
  6. ^ The Annals of Ulster misidentifies Cináed's father as Domnall,[101] a name which is that of his grandfather.
  7. ^ If Sueno's Stone indeed commemorates Dub, it is likely that its erection dates to Cináed's reign.[57]
  8. ^ Cináed's strike into Cumbrian territory could have been the last conflict of Dyfnwal's reign.[79]
  9. kings of Dál Riata. Whether this was indeed the case is uncertain. The pedigree certainly reveals that the Alpínids wished to be regarded as Gaels by the end of the tenth century.[117]
  10. Clann Ruaidrí, a kindred that contested the kingship with the Alpínids after the extinction of the Clann Áeda meic Cináeda branch.[124]
  11. Findláech mac Ruaidrí in 1020.[134] It is possible that this man's father—the eponymous Ruaidrí—or grandfather married a member of Clann Áeda meic Cináeda.[135]

Citations

  1. ^ Hudson, BT (1998a); Hudson, BT (1996); Hudson, BT (1994).
  2. ^ Hudson, BT (1994).
  3. ^ McGuigan (2015).
  4. ^ Thornton (2001).
  5. ^ Monarchs of Scotland (842–1707) (2011); Broun (2004b); Woolf (2000); Broun (1999).
  6. ^ a b Busse (2006b); Busse (2006c).
  7. ^ Walker (2013).
  8. ^ Charles-Edwards (2013).
  9. ^ Lynch (2001).
  10. ^ Monarchs of Scotland (842–1707) (2011); Broun (2004b).
  11. ^ Oram (2011).
  12. ^ Williams; Smyth; Kirby (1991).
  13. ^ Hudson, BT (1998b) p. 151; Skene (1867) p. 10; Lat. 4126 (n.d.) fol. 29v.
  14. ^ Busse (2006b); Broun (2004b); Broun (2004d); Hudson, BT (1994) pp. 91, 164, 169; Williams; Smyth; Kirby (1991) pp. 91–92.
  15. ^ Broun (2004b); Broun (2004d); Hudson, BT (1994) pp. 91, 164, 169.
  16. ^ Broun (2004a); Broun (2004d); Driscoll (1998) p. 113.
  17. ^ Broun (2004d); Woolf (2001); Driscoll (1998) p. 113.
  18. ^ Clarkson (2014) ch. 6; Walker (2013) ch. 4; Woolf (2007) p. 192; Dumville (2000) p. 81; Hudson, BT (1998b) p. 159 n. 56; Hudson, BT (1994) p. 89.
  19. ^ Clarkson (2014) ch. 6; Walker (2013) ch. 4; Woolf (2009) p. 258; Downham (2007) p. 155; Woolf (2007) p. 192; Busse (2006b); Dumville (2000) p. 81; Driscoll (1998) p. 113 n. 55; Hudson, BT (1998b) p. 159 n. 56; Hudson, BT (1994) p. 89; Anderson (1922) pp. 475 n. 6, 484–485 n. 3.
  20. ^ Broun (2015e); Downham (2007) p. 155.
  21. ^ Hudson, BT (1994) p. 94.
  22. ^ Woolf (2009) p. 258; Woolf (2007) p. 206; Dumville (2000) p. 81; Driscoll (1998) p. 113 n. 55; Hudson, BT (1994) p. 94.
  23. ^ Clarkson (2014) ch. 7; Woolf (2009) p. 258; Woolf (2001); Williams (1997) p. 96 n. 33.
  24. ^ Woolf (2007) p. 206.
  25. ^ Downham (2007) p. 151; Busse (2006b); Dumville (2000) p. 81; Driscoll (1998) p. 113 n. 55; Hudson, BT (1998a) p. 66; Williams; Smyth; Kirby (1991) pp. 91–92.
  26. ^ Woolf (2007) pp. 199, 203; Duncan (2002) pp. 20–21; Hudson, BT (1998a) p. 66; Hudson, BT (1998b) p. 151; Skene (1867) p. 10.
  27. ^ The n in Culenri[n]g is expanded from a scribal abbreviation. Woolf (2007) p. 203.
  28. ^ Woolf (2007) p. 203; Busse (2006b); Duncan (2002) p. 20; Driscoll (1998) p. 113 n. 55; Hudson, BT (1998a) p. 66; Hudson, BT (1998b) p. 151 n. 34.
  29. ^ a b Broun (2015c).
  30. ^ Woolf (2007) p. 203; Duncan (2002) pp. 20–21; Hudson, BT (1998a) p. 66; Hudson, BT (1998b) pp. 141, 151 n. 34.
  31. ^ a b Lynch (2001); Woolf (2000) p. 146 tab. 1; Hudson, BT (1994) p. 169.
  32. ^ Woolf (2000) p. 146 tab. 1.
  33. ^ Broun (2001).
  34. ^ Clancy (2006a); Broun (2001); Woolf (2001); Woolf (2000) p. 152.
  35. ^ McGuigan (2015) p. 274.
  36. ^ Broun (2015e); Walker (2013) ch. 4; Broun (2004d); Duncan (2002) p. 20; Broun (2001).
  37. ^ Duncan (2002) p. 20; Dumville (2000) p. 81.
  38. ^ a b Duncan (2002) p. 20.
  39. ^ The Annals of Ulster (2012) § 967.1; The Annals of Ulster (2008) § 967.1; Bodleian Library MS. Rawl. B. 489 (n.d.).
  40. ^ Walker (2013) ch. 4; Woolf (2009) p. 258; Broun (2004c); Broun (2004d).
  41. ^ Woolf (2007) p. 257; Broun (2004c); Lynch (2001); Bannerman (1998).
  42. ^ Hudson, BT (1994) pp. 91, 174 n. 10; Skene (1872) pp. 160–161; Skene (1871) pp. 168–169.
  43. ^ Walker (2013) ch. 4; Hudson, BT (1996) pp. 49 § 164, 88 § 164; Hudson, BT (1994) pp. 91–92; Anderson (1930) p. 47 § 162; Anderson (1922) p. 474; Skene (1867) p. 95.
  44. ^ Broun (2004c).
  45. ^ Broun (2015d); Broun (2004c); Hudson, BT (1994) pp. 91–92.
  46. ^ Woolf (2000) p. 157.
  47. ^ Walker (2013) chs. 2, 4; Clarkson (2012) ch. 10; Charles-Edwards (2008) p. 183; Woolf (2007) pp. 199, 201–202; Duncan (2002) p. 20; Dumville (2000) p. 77; Woolf (2000) pp. 260–261; Hudson, BT (1998b) pp. 145, 151, 159; Hudson, BT (1994) p. 92; Anderson (1922) pp. 472–473; Skene (1867) p. 10.
  48. ^ Woolf (2007) pp. 92, 199–200, 202; Duncan (2002) p. 20; Anderson (1922) pp. 472–473, 472 nn. 5–6; Skene (1867) p. 10.
  49. ^ Woolf (2007) p. 202.
  50. ^ Clarkson (2012) ch. 9; Charles-Edwards (2006) vol. 1 p. 212 n. 3; Woolf (2000) pp. 260–261.
  51. ^ Hudson, BT (1998a) p. 66; Hudson, BT (1996) pp. 49 § 164, 88 § 164; Anderson (1930) p. 47 § 162; Anderson (1922) p. 474; Skene (1867) p. 95.
  52. ^ Walker (2013) ch. 2; Woolf (2007) p. 202; Broun (2004b); Broun (2004c); Hudson, BT (1994) p. 92.
  53. ^ Clarkson (2012) ch. 1; Woolf (2007) p. 202; Hudson, BT (1994) p. 92.
  54. ^ Walker (2013) ch. 4; The Annals of Ulster (2012) § 965.4; The Annals of Ulster (2008) § 965.4; Woolf (2007) p. 202; Dumville (2000) p. 77; Hudson, BT (1994) p. 92; Anderson (1922) p. 471.
  55. ^ McGuigan (2015) p. 275; Walker (2013) ch. 4; Woolf (2007) pp. 199, 202; Duncan (2002) p. 20; Dumville (2000) p. 77; Hudson, BT (1998b) pp. 151, 159; Hudson, BT (1996) p. 88 n. 99; Hudson, BT (1994) p. 92; Anderson (1922) pp. 472–473; Skene (1867) p. 10.
  56. ^ McGuigan (2015) p. 275; Walker (2013) ch. 4; The Annals of Ulster (2012) § 967.1; Walker (2013) ch. 4; The Annals of Ulster (2008) § 967.1; Woolf (2007) pp. 196, 200, 202; Duncan (2002) p. 21; Hudson, BT (1994) p. 92; Anderson (1922) p. 472.
  57. ^ a b c Duncan (2002) p. 21.
  58. ^ Hudson, BT (1998b) pp. 159–160 n. 64; Amours (1906) pp. 192–195; Laing (1872) pp. 92–93.
  59. ^ Hudson, BT (1998b) pp. 159–160 n. 64; Hudson, BT (1994) p. 92; Skene (1872) pp. 160–161; Skene (1871) pp. 168–169.
  60. ^ Woolf (2007) p. 203; Hudson, BT (1994) p. 92; Anderson (1922) p. 473 n. 3; Skene (1872) pp. 160–161; Skene (1871) pp. 168–169.
  61. ^ Woolf (2007) p. 203, 203 n. 38.
  62. ^ Duncan (2002) p. 21; Hudson, BT (1994) p. 92; Anderson (1922) p. 473 n. 3.
  63. ^ Hudson, B (2014) pp. 177–178; Walker (2013) ch. 4; Clarkson (2012) ch. 9; Broun (2004c); Foster (2004) p. 111; Sellar (1993) pp. 112–114; Duncan (1984) p. 140.
  64. ^ Foster (2004) p. 111; Duncan (2002) p. 21; Sellar (1993) pp. 112–113; Duncan (1984) p. 140.
  65. ^ Walker (2013) ch. 4; Woolf (2007) p. 200.
  66. ^ Woolf (2009) p. 258; Koch (2006); Duncan (2002) p. 21; Bannerman (1998) p. 21.
  67. ^ a b Broun (2015d); Hudson, BT (1994) p. 92.
  68. ^ a b The Annals of Tigernach (2010) § 977.4; Annals of Tigernach (2005) § 977.4; Bodleian Library MS. Rawl. B. 488 (n.d.).
  69. ^ a b Duncan (2002) pp. 21–22; Hudson, BT (1994) p. 93.
  70. ^ Walker (2013) ch. 4; Monarchs of Scotland (842–1707) (2011); Busse (2006b); Hudson, BT (1994) p. 163 tab. 1; Williams; Smyth; Kirby (1991) pp. 91–92.
  71. ^ a b Walker (2013) ch. 4.
  72. ^ Clarkson (2010) ch. 9; Woolf (2007) pp. 199, 204; Davidson (2002) p. 147, 147 n. 165; Hudson, BT (1998b) pp. 151, 160; Hudson, BT (1996) p. 88 n. 100; Hudson, BT (1994) p. 93; Anderson (1922) p. 475; Skene (1867) p. 10.
  73. ^ McGuigan (2015) p. 275; Clarkson (2014) ch. 7, 7 n. 5; Charles-Edwards (2013) p. 544 n. 42; Walker (2013) ch. 4 ¶ 24; The Annals of Ulster (2012) § 971.1; Clarkson (2010) ch. 9; The Annals of Ulster (2008) § 971.1; Woolf (2007) pp. 196, 204; Davidson (2002) p. 147, 147 n. 165; Hudson, BT (1996) p. 213; Hudson, BT (1994) p. 93; Anderson (1922) p. 475.
  74. ^ Chronicon Scotorum (2012) § 971; Chronicon Scotorum (2010) § 971; Woolf (2009) p. 258; Woolf (2007) p. 204; Hudson, BT (1994) p. 93; Anderson (1922) p. 475.
  75. ^ McGuigan (2015) p. 148, 148 n. 488; Clarkson (2014) ch. 7; Clarkson (2010) ch. 9; Hicks (2003) p. 40; Macquarrie (1998) p. 16, 16 n. 3; Barrow (1973) p. 152; Anderson (1922) p. 476; Skene (1867) p. 151.
  76. ^ Clarkson (2014) ch. 7; Clarkson (2010) ch. 9; Hicks (2003) p. 40; Macquarrie (1998) p. 16 n. 3; Hudson, BT (1996) p. 213; Anderson (1922) p. 476 n. 2.
  77. ^ Clarkson (2014) ch. 7; Hicks (2003) pp. 40–41; Anderson (1922) p. 476, 476 n. 4; Stevenson (1835) p. 226.
  78. ^ Clarkson (2014) ch. 7; Clarkson (2010) ch. 9; Hicks (2003) pp. 40–41.
  79. ^ a b c Clarkson (2010) ch. 9.
  80. ^ McGuigan (2015) p. 148 n. 488; Clarkson (2014) ch. 7; Macquarrie (1998) p. 16 n. 3; Barrow (1973) p. 152, 152 n. 33.
  81. ^ Hicks (2003) p. 40.
  82. ^ Hudson, BT (1998b) p. 160 n. 71; Macquarrie (1998) p. 16; Hudson, BT (1996) pp. 49 § 168, 88 § 168, 213–214; Hudson, BT (1994) p. 93; Anderson (1930) p. 48 § 166; Anderson (1922) p. 477; Skene (1867) pp. 95–96.
  83. ^ Clarkson (2010) ch. 9; Macquarrie (1998) p. 16; Anderson (1922) p. 476, 476 n. 1; Skene (1867) p. 151.
  84. ^ Broun (2005) pp. 87–88 n. 37; Skene (1867) p. 179.
  85. ^ Clarkson (2010) ch. 9; Woolf (2007) p. 204; Macquarrie (2004); Anderson (1922) p. 476; Stevenson (1835) p. 226.
  86. ^ Hudson, BT (1994) pp. 93, 174 n. 10; Skene (1872) pp. 161–162; Skene (1871) pp. 169–170.
  87. ^ Anderson (1922) p. 476; Stevenson (1835) p. 226; Cotton MS Faustina B IX (n.d.).
  88. ^ Broun (2015c); Clarkson (2014) ch. 7; Walker (2013) ch. 4; Clarkson (2012) ch. 9; Oram (2011) chs. 2, 5; Clarkson (2010) ch. 9; Busse (2006c); Broun (2004f) p. 135; Macquarrie (2004); Macquarrie (1998) pp. 6, 16; Williams; Smyth; Kirby (1991) pp. 92, 104.
  89. ^ Macquarrie (2004); Thornton (2001) p. 67 n. 66.
  90. ^ Macquarrie (2004).
  91. ^ Woolf (2009) p. 258; Woolf (2007) p. 205; Hudson, BT (1996) pp. 213–214.
  92. ^ Woolf (2007) p. 205.
  93. ^ Woolf (2007) p. 205 n. 40.
  94. ^ Walker (2013) ch. 4; Hudson, BT (1998b) pp. 151, 159; Anderson (1922) p. 468; Skene (1867) p. 10.
  95. ^ Walker (2013) ch. 4; Woolf (2009) p. 258; Woolf (2007) p. 205; Hudson, BT (1998b) pp. 151, 161; Anderson (1922) pp. 512–513; Skene (1867) p. 10.
  96. ^ Book of Leinster (2015) § Genelach rig Alban; Duncan (2002) p. 21; Hudson, BT (1994) p. 94.
  97. ^ The Annals of Tigernach (2010) § 977.4; Annals of Tigernach (2005) § 977.4; Duncan (2002) p. 21; Anderson (1922) p. 484.
  98. ^ Walker (2013) ch. 4; The Annals of Ulster (2012) § 977.4; Dumville (2000) p. 77; Woolf (2009) p. 258; The Annals of Ulster (2008) § 977.4; Woolf (2007) pp. 196, 205; Duncan (2002) p. 21; Hudson, BT (1994) p. 93; Anderson (1922) pp. 484–485 n. 3, 485 n. 4.
  99. ^ Broun (2015f); Walker (2013) ch. 4; Broun (2004b); Broun (2004e); Duncan (2002) p. 21.
  100. ^ Walker (2013) ch. 4; Duncan (2002) p. 21.
  101. ^ The Annals of Ulster (2012) § 977.4; The Annals of Ulster (2008) § 977.4; Duncan (2002) p. 21 n. 45; Anderson (1922) p. 485 n. 4.
  102. ^ Duncan (2002) p. 22.
  103. ^ Clarkson (2014) ch. 7.
  104. ^ Walker (2013) ch. 4; Hudson, BT (1994) p. 93.
  105. ^ Woolf (2007) pp. 205–206.
  106. ^ Clarkson (2014) ch. 7; Walker (2013) ch. 4 ¶ 25; Woolf (2009) p. 259; Busse (2006a); Clarkson (2010) ch. 9; Broun (2004e).
  107. ^ Walker (2013) ch. 4 ¶ 25; Woolf (2009) p. 259.
  108. ^ Walker (2013) ch. 4 ¶ 25.
  109. ^ Clarkson (2010) ch. 9; Broun (2004e).
  110. ^ McGuigan (2015) p. 140; Clarkson (2012) ch. 9; Clarkson (2010) ch. 9.
  111. ^ The Annals of Tigernach (2010) § 997.1; Annals of Tigernach (2005) § 997.1; Bodleian Library MS. Rawl. B. 488 (n.d.).
  112. ^ Hudson, BT (1994) p. 91.
  113. ^ Hudson, BT (1996) pp. 49 § 168, 88 § 168, 88 n. 100; Hudson, BT (1994) p. 93; Anderson (1930) p. 48 § 166; Anderson (1922) p. 477; Skene (1867) p. 95.
  114. ^ Broun (2004b); Skene (1872) pp. 161–162; Skene (1871) pp. 169–170.
  115. ^ Broun (2004e).
  116. ^ Broun (2015b); Oram (2011) ch. 5; Woolf (2009) p. 260; Busse (2006a); Broun (2004b); Hudson, BT (1994) pp. 104–105.
  117. ^ a b Woolf (2009) p. 260.
  118. ^ Broun (2004b).
  119. ^ Broun (2015b); Broun (2015g); McGuigan (2015) pp. 160, 274; Clancy (2006b); Broun (2004b); Hudson, BT (1994) pp. 104–105.
  120. ^ Broun (2015h) p. 50 n. 193; Jackson (2008) pp. 33–34, 42–43, 49–50; Woolf (2007) p. 345; Ross, AD (2003) p. 143; Woolf (2000) p. 158.
  121. ^ Jackson (2008) p. 43; Woolf (2000) p. 158.
  122. ^ Woolf (2000) p. 158.
  123. ^ Jackson (1972) pp. 33–34, 42, 48–49; Woolf (2000) p. 158.
  124. ^ McGuigan (2015) p. 275; Woolf (2000) pp. 146 tab. 1, 158.
  125. ^ Woolf (2000) p. 158; Ross, AD (2003) p. 143.
  126. ^ The Annals of Ulster (2012) § 971.1; The Annals of Ulster (2008) § 971.1; Bodleian Library MS. Rawl. B. 489 (n.d.).
  127. ^ Woolf (2009) pp. 251–252; Broun (2007) p. 72; Woolf (2007) p. 340.
  128. ^ Broun (2015a) pp. 120, 122–123; Woolf (2009) p. 252.
  129. ^ McGuigan (2015) p. 274; Woolf (2009) p. 258; Broun (2001); Woolf (2007) pp. 223–224; Woolf (2000) pp. 152–154.
  130. ^ McGuigan (2015) p. 274; Woolf (2007) pp. 223–224; Woolf (2000) pp. 153–154.
  131. ^ Woolf (2007) p. 224; Ross, AD (2003) pp. 140–141; Woolf (2000) p. 154.
  132. ^ McGuigan (2015) pp. 274–275; Woolf (2007) p. 224; Ross, AD (2003) pp. 140–141; Woolf (2000) pp. 154–157.
  133. ^ Charles-Edwards (2008) p. 183; Woolf (2007) pp. 240–241; Ross, AD (2003) p. 141; Woolf (2000) pp. 154–155.
  134. ^ Woolf (2000) p. 154.
  135. ^ Woolf (2000) p. 155.
  136. ^ Taylor (2016) p. 8; McGuigan (2015) pp. 274–275; Ross, A (2008); Woolf (2007) p. 224; Woolf (2000) pp. 154–157.
  137. ^ Woolf (2000) p. 157; Hudson, BT (1994) pp. 150–158; Anderson (1922) p. 452; Skene (1867) p. 10.
  138. ^ Ross, AD (2003) p. 143; Woolf (2000) p. 157; Skene (1872) pp. 159–161; Skene (1871) pp. 167–169.
  139. ^ Charles-Edwards (2008) p. 183; Woolf (2000) p. 157.
  140. ^ a b McGuigan (2015) pp. 256, 275–276.
  141. ^ McGuigan (2015) pp. 256, 275–276; Charles-Edwards (2008) p. 183; Hudson, BT (1996) pp. 47 § 47, 87 § 156, 87 n. 95; Anderson (1930) p. 45 § 154; Anderson (1922) p. 448; Skene (1867) pp. 92–93.
  142. ^ Charles-Edwards (2008) p. 183; Hudson, BT (1996) p. 88, 88 n. 98, 88 n. 100; Anderson (1922) pp. 471, 477; Skene (1867) pp. 94–95.
  143. ^ Charles-Edwards (2008) p. 183; Hudson, BT (1998b) pp. 151, 159; Anderson (1922) pp. 472–473; Skene (1867) p. 10.

References

Primary sources

  • Amours, FJ, ed. (1906). The Original Chronicle of Andrew of Wyntoun. Vol. 4. Edinburgh: William Blackwood and Sons – via Internet Archive.
  • Anderson, AO, ed. (1922). Early Sources of Scottish History, A.D. 500 to 1286. Vol. 1. London: Oliver and Boyd – via Internet Archive.
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  • "Bodleian Library MS. Rawl. B. 488". Early Manuscripts at Oxford University.
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    . n.d. Retrieved 21 June 2016.
  • "Bodleian Library MS. Rawl. B. 489". Early Manuscripts at Oxford University. Oxford Digital Library. n.d. Retrieved 21 June 2016.
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  • "Chronicon Scotorum". Corpus of Electronic Texts (14 May 2012 ed.). University College Cork. 2012. Retrieved 15 June 2016.
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  • Hudson, BT (1998b). "The Scottish Chronicle".
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  • Laing, D, ed. (1872). Andrew of Wyntoun's Orygynale Cronykil of Scotland. The Historians of Scotland (series vol. 3). Vol. 2. Edinburgh: Edmonston and Douglas – via Internet Archive.
  • Lat. 4126. n.d. – via
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  • "The Annals of Tigernach". Corpus of Electronic Texts (2 November 2010 ed.). University College Cork. 2010. Retrieved 19 June 2016.
  • "The Annals of Ulster". Corpus of Electronic Texts (29 August 2008 ed.). University College Cork. 2008. Retrieved 14 June 2016.
  • "The Annals of Ulster". Corpus of Electronic Texts (15 August 2012 ed.). University College Cork. 2012. Retrieved 14 June 2016.
  • Skene, WF, ed. (1867). Chronicles of the Picts, Chronicles of the Scots, and Other Early Memorials of Scottish History. Edinburgh: H.M. General Register House – via Internet Archive.
  • Skene, WF, ed. (1871). Johannis de Fordun Chronica Gentis Scotorum. Edinburgh: Edmonston and Douglas – via Internet Archive.
  • Skene, WF, ed. (1872). John of Fordun's Chronicle of the Scottish Nation. Edinburgh: Edmonston and Douglas – via Internet Archive.
  • The Bannatyne Club
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Secondary sources

External links

Media related to Cuilén mac Illuilb at Wikimedia Commons

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