James IV of Scotland

For the nine-year-old heir to the throne, the crisis of 1482 had shattered the calm of his youthful existence at Stirling.^[5] Following the death of Margaret of Denmark in July 1486, Prince James may have viewed the king's deliberate promotion of his second son — the 1486 and 1487 proposals to marry him to one of the younger daughters of Edward IV of England, and the conferring on him of the dukedom of Ross in January 1488 — with apprehension. There is no explanation of why James III seemed to be favouring his second son over his heir, although it has been suggested that James III's suspicion and distrust of his heir arose from the young Duke of Rothesay's meeting with the Duke of Albany during the 1482 crisis.^[9]

On 2 February 1488, the Duke of Rothesay departed from Stirling Castle, without the king's knowledge. This defection saw the start of another major rebellion against James III, led by the earls of Angus and Argyll, and the Home and Hepburn families. Pitscottie claimed that the prince defected as he had heard that his father was approaching Stirling with a large army to imprison him.^[10] The prince became the figurehead of the rebels, who claimed that they had removed him from Stirling to protect him from his vindictive father, who had surrounded himself with wicked Anglophile counsellors.^[11] Like Prince James, many of the rebels also feared for their safety if James III continued to rule.^[12] Matters came to a head on 11 June 1488, when the royal and rebel armies fought outside Stirling at the Battle of Sauchieburn. The royal army was defeated and James III was killed during the battle, though several later sources claimed that the Duke of Rothesay had forbidden any man to harm his father.^[13][14] James IV bore intense guilt for the indirect role which he had played in the death of his father. He decided to do penance for his sin, constantly wearing an iron belt around his waist, next to the skin, to which he added weight every year throughout his life.^[15][16]

The victorious rebels moved swiftly to consolidate their power, and on 12 June, only a day after Sauchieburn, the new king issued his first charter. Edinburgh and Stirling castles were secured, as were the late king's money and jewels, and the rebel leaders were rewarded with offices of state and posts in the royal household.

James IV received Warbeck in Scotland in November 1495. The attraction of Warbeck to James lay in the recognition of Warbeck's claim to the English throne by

James IV's use of war as a forceful extension of his diplomacy with England, and

From the perspective of the new administration in the early 1490s, the

The following year, Sir John MacDonald of Dunnyveg rebelled, and in July the king sailed with an army from Dumbarton to Tarbert Castle, before sailing south to Dunaverty Castle in Kintyre. The royal forces repaired both castles and soon afterwards Sir John was summoned for treason committed in Kintyre.^[48] Sir John ignored the summons and continued to reside at Islay, but was later captured by John MacIain of Ardnamurchan and brought to Edinburgh to be hanged for treason.^[48] In 1495 King James sailed on his third and final expedition to the Isles to find and reward supporters of the Crown within the forfeited lordship, sailing to Mingary Castle, where Lachlan Maclean of Duart, Alan Cameron, and MacNeil of Barra came in to Mingary to submit and offer their allegiance to the king in person, who confirmed them in their lands and offices.^[49]

In October 1496, the Privy Council ordered that the clan chiefs in the region would be held responsible by the king for crimes of the islanders. This act for the governance of the region was unworkable, and after the Act of Revocation of 1498 undermined the chiefs' titles to their lands, resistance to Edinburgh rule was strengthened. James waited at Kilkerran Castle at Campbeltown Loch to regrant the chiefs' charters in the summer of 1498. Few of the chiefs turned up.^[50] At first, Archibald Campbell, 2nd Earl of Argyll, was set to fill the power vacuum and enforce royal authority, but he met with limited success in a struggle with his brother-in-law, Torquil MacLeod of Lewis.^[50]

After this defiance, Alexander Gordon, 3rd Earl of Huntly, was granted Torquil's lands. He raised an army in Lochaber and also cleared the tenants of that area, replacing them with his supporters.^[51] After the parliament of 1504, a royal fleet sailed north from Ayr to attack the Castle of Cairn-na-Burgh, west of Mull, where it is thought that Maclean of Duart had Domhnall Dubh in his keeping.^[52] As progress at the siege was slow, James sent Hans the royal gunner in Robert Barton's ship and then the Earl of Arran with provisions and more artillery. Cairn-na-Burgh was captured by June 1504 but Domhnall Dubh remained at liberty.^[53] In September 1507, Torquil MacLeod was besieged at Stornoway Castle on Lewis. Domhnall Dubh was captured and imprisoned for 37 years until he was released in 1543 and died in 1545 in Ireland; Torquil MacLeod died in exile in 1511. The Earl of Huntly was richly rewarded for his troubles, a price that James was prepared to pay.^[54]

James IV's reign saw a decline in the holding of

With the ending of the conflicts with England in 1497, the Crown no longer needed Parliament to grant extraordinary revenue in the form of taxation, with Parliament no longer being summoned with the same regularity as a result.[57] In the decade before 1496, successive parliaments had presided over, or sanctioned, regicide or rebellion, and failed foreign embassies to find the king a bride. With this experience of parliaments, perhaps James IV considered the frequent calling of parliaments inimical to good royal government.^[58]

The absence of parliaments between 1496 and 1504 may also have been due to James's discovery of other methods of raising revenue, and his reluctance to summon meetings of the three estates due to their propensity for dissent. The last three parliaments of James IV's reign in 1504, 1506 and 1509 were all called to address the administration of justice and the forfeiture of rebels following further risings in the western Highlands.^[59] James IV managed to govern effectively without regular parliaments from 1496 onwards due to his use of general councils (a sister institution to Parliament) in 1497, 1498, 1502, 1511 and 1512, and the use of greatly enlarged sessions of the Privy Council in 1508, 1511 and 1513.^[60]

From the beginning of his reign, one of James's objectives was to increase the relatively limited Crown income by extracting larger returns from all available sources of revenue. The king had to fund all government expenses out of his own income, which came from the revenue from Crown lands, and from burgh customs, mails, tolls and duties. The annual revenues of the Crown from these sources remained constant throughout James's reign (around £5–6,000 Scots).^[61] However, the king only received a small amount of the income from burgh revenues, as the majority of that income was alienated to provide annuities to reward numerous nobles and Crown servants.^[61]

Taxation imposed by Parliament offered the king greater opportunities to raise income. Between 1488 and 1497, Parliament voted taxation almost annually to support diplomacy and war, including embassies to the continent, the king's naval expeditions to the western Highlands, and the 1496–97 conflicts with England. However, James soon learned that using taxation extensively as a means of generating revenue was likely to provoke resistance without bringing in the sums required. Following the failure to raise the huge sum of £12,000 Scots from the three estates (clergy, nobility and burghs) in 1502–1504 to fund the sending of a naval expedition and a small army to Denmark, no further taxation was imposed until 1512, and even then the tax which brought in almost £7,000 was only imposed on the clergy.^[62]

James's annual income increased remarkably between 1497 and 1513, due to several sources of revenue. In 1497 he received a substantial windfall from the death of Archbishop William Scheves of St Andrews.^[63] James appointed his younger brother, the Duke of Ross, to fill the vacant see of St Andrews, bringing the highest office of the Scottish church within the royal family, with the appointment generating an annual income of around £2,500 for the Crown from the revenues of the archbishopric.^[64] Although Bishop Elphinstone protested against this scandalous appointment, it was a shrewd move by the king as it removed any potential dynastic threat which his legitimate younger brother might pose in the future.^[65] James also appointed Ross as abbot of Holyrood (1498), Dunfermline (1500) and Arbroath (1503). These offices, in combination with his appointment to the chancellorship in 1501, gave the Duke of Ross the highest status after the king.^[65] Following the death of the Duke of Ross in 1504, James IV appointed his eleven-year-old illegitimate son, Alexander, as archbishop, thereby ensuring that the Crown would continue to receive the revenues of St Andrews.^[64]

In 1498, James IV reached the age of twenty-five and was entitled to make a formal act of revocation of all grants made by him during his minority. Although James could — in theory — cancel all grants of lands and offices which had been made since his accession, the purpose of the revocation was only to assert royal authority by re-granting lands and offices surrendered to the Crown, and raise thousands of pounds in revenue, as their holders paid compensation to the Treasurer to receive confirmation of their holdings.^[63] The payment of Margaret Tudor's dowry between 1503 and 1505 also brought in a relatively meagre £10,000 sterling.^[66] By the end of the reign the Treasurer's annual receipts had increased — due to feudal payments made to the Crown by the holders of land, and judicial fines for criminal offences — from around £4,500 in 1496–1497 to a huge £28,000 by 1512.^[67] When these receipts are added to income from ecclesiastical properties and the rental income from Crown lands, James IV may have received a total income of around £44,500 by 1513, although by that time there was an annual deficit of around £7,000.^[67]

James IV took a close interest in the development of the Royal Scots Navy, viewing a strong fleet as a means of protecting Scottish shipping, gaining international prestige, and providing him with an outlet to pursue foreign policies in alliance with either England or France. In the course of his reign, James commissioned or acquired a total of at least thirty-eight ships. His naval building programme was large, especially so for the ruler of a small kingdom. Naval spending was by far the greatest single item of royal expenditure in the later years of his reign.^[68] In the early years, the annual average spent on ships was about £140 Scots. By the early 1510s it was £8,710.^[69]

In 1491, James determined to address the many attacks on Scottish shipping in the vicinity of the

The Margaret, built at Leith and launched in 1506, weighed around 600–700 tons, was armed with four falconets, a cannon and twenty-one other guns, and cost the king an estimated £8,000 — more than a quarter of his annual income.^[75] The carrack Great Michael was the largest warship of its time.^[76][77] Built at Newhaven and launched in 1511, it measured between 150 feet (46 m) and 180 feet (55 m) in length, weighed around 1,000 tons, and was supposed to have cost around £30,000.^[77] Armed with twenty-four bronze cannons and three basilisks, it marked a shift in design as it was designed specifically to carry a main armament of heavy artillery.^[76][78] The navy's core of four large ships (the Treasurer, the Margaret, the James and the Michael) were supported by a number of smaller craft and privately owned merchant ships.^[74]

Like his grandfather and father, James IV also took an enthusiastic interest in

James IV was a true

James was both highly intelligent and well educated. In July 1498, Spanish ambassador, Pedro de Ayala, reported to Ferdinand II of Aragon and Isabella I of Castile:

The King is 25 years and some months old. He is of noble stature, neither tall nor short, and as handsome in complexion and shape as a man can be. His address is very agreeable. He speaks the following foreign languages: Latin, very well; French, German, Flemish, Italian, and Spanish; Spanish as well as the Marquis, but he pronounces it more distinctly. He likes, very much, to receive Spanish letters. His own Scots language is as different from English as Aragonese from Castilian. The King speaks, besides, the language of the savages who live in some parts of Scotland and on the islands. It is as different from Scots as Biscayan is from Castilian. His knowledge of languages is wonderful. He is well read in the Bible and in some other devout books. He is a good historian. He has read many Latin and French histories, and profited by them, as he has a very good memory. He never cuts his hair or his beard. It becomes him very well.^[85][4]

James also ensured that the very best education was given to his illegitimate son, Alexander, who was tutored by

James IV had a wide range of intellectual interests and took an interest in practical and scientific matters. He patronised the establishment of Scotland's first printing press, Chepman and Myllar Press, in 1507, and granted the Incorporation of Surgeons and Barbers of Edinburgh a royal charter in 1506.^[90] James was also interested in dentistry, an interest which began in 1503 when the king summoned a "barbour" to extract one of his teeth for the sum of 14 shillings.^[91][92] In 1504, he sought more practical experience of dentistry and purchased two gold toothpicks suspended from a chain, and "ane turcase [pincer] to tak out teith".^[93] It is recorded that James pulled two teeth from one of his own barber-surgeons, for which the king paid him 14 shillings, and also tried bloodletting on patients, and treating and dressing ulcer wounds.^[94] He also took an interest in other sciences which are now less creditable, establishing an alchemy workshop at Stirling Castle, where alchemist John Damian looked for ways to turn base metals into gold.^[95] The project consumed quantities of mercury, golden litharge, and tin. A goldsmith, Matthew Auchinleck, provided the alchemists with a still made of silver.^[96] Damian also researched aviation and undertook a failed experiment to fly from the battlements of Stirling Castle, an event which William Dunbar satirised in two separate poems.^[97]

James poured large amounts of money into the construction or remodelling of several royal residences.

The first evidence of whisky production in Scotland comes from an entry in the Exchequer Rolls for 1494 where malt is sent "To Friar John Cor, by order of the king, to make aquavitae", enough to make about 500 bottles.^[99] James IV reportedly had a great liking for whisky, and in 1506 the town of Dundee purchased a large amount of whisky from the Guild of Barber-Surgeons, which held the monopoly on production at the time.^[99]

James IV's court and royal household were cosmopolitan, containing assorted foreign peoples including French, Italian and German minstrels, Flemish metalworkers, and Spanish dancers.^[100] The court also hosted a number of Africans, some working as servants or (possibly) slaves, but others appearing to have been courtiers, invited guests or musicians.^{[101][102][103]} In 1504, two African women, who were later christened as Margaret and Helen or Elen More, are mentioned in the Accounts of the Lord High Treasurer of Scotland.^{[104][105][106]} The women were visible in court life and Helen More became the presumed subject of the poem "Of Ane Blak-Moir" by William Dunbar describing an African woman offered as a prize in jousting tournaments.^[107][108] The poem is critical of her appearance and status as a black woman in a predominantly white court and country.^[109][110]

An African drummer referred to as the "More taubronar" travelled with James around Scotland.^[105][111] "Peter the Moor" was an African man whose travel and expenses were paid for by royal funds.^[112] He first appears in records in 1500 and some historians believe he and other Africans arrived in Scotland initially as "human booty" captured by Scottish privateers from Portuguese cargo ships.^[113] Records show that Peter the Moor was a companion to King James in his various trips across the country, appearing in the records until August 1504, when he received a large and final payment.^[113] Historian Imtiaz Habib argues that Peter was "clearly a favourite companion to the monarch" and was "well accepted" into the court culture.^[113] The status of the Africans in James IV's court is contested, with some historians taking the view that the two women Elen and Margaret More were "enjoying in the royal service a benevolent form of ... black slavery".^[114] Other historians emphasise that these individuals were treated as "court curiosities" rather than being in control of their own lives,^[107] and were most likely enslaved to some extent.^[108]

Louis XII of France

James was granted the title

Louis XII of France was endeavouring to have James renew the Franco-Scottish alliance, and James wrote to Louis raising the idea of a joint Franco-Scottish crusade to the Holy Land.^[118][119] James's maintenance of Scotland's traditional good relations with France occasionally created diplomatic problems with England. In April 1508, Thomas Wolsey was sent to Scotland discuss Henry VII's concerns over rumours that James would renew the Auld Alliance with France. Wolsey found "there was never a man worse welcome into Scotland than I. ... They keep their matters so secret here that the wives in the market know every cause of my coming."^[120] Wolsey was unable to persuade James to abandon the Auld Alliance, but Anglo-Scottish relations nonetheless remained stable until the death of Henry VII in 1509.^[121]

Relations between Scotland and England deteriorated with the accession of

Arthurian legend and as a British name for a potential British king.^[123] Then on 10 April 1512, Margaret gave birth to another boy, to be called James. This boy, the future James V, was still alive and well a year later, while his uncle continued to remain childless.^[124]

As a result of the Italian Wars, in October 1511 Pope Julius II created a Holy League against France.^[125] The new alliance included the Papacy, Venice, Spain and the Holy Roman Empire. In November 1511, England also joined the League, with Henry VIII deciding to use the occasion as an excuse to conclude the Treaty of Westminster — a pledge of mutual aid against the French — with Ferdinand II.^[126][127] Relations between the Scottish and English kings continued to deteriorate with the passing of the Subsidy Act by the English parliament in 1512, with the act preamble declaring that the King of Scotland was "the very homage and obedience of right to your Highness [Henry VIII]".^[128] This assault on Scotland's independence was a reassertion of claims to English overlordship which had been implicitly revoked on a permanent basis by the 1502 Treaty of Perpetual Peace. The English justification of the claim was that James IV had broken the peace, and was preparing for war. This was completely specious as James had by then not even acceded to Louis XII's urgent requests to renew the Franco-Scottish alliance. In theory, there was a "court of appeal" which had the power to adjudicate such differences between the parties to the treaty: the Papacy. But Pope Julius II was now an ally of England, and far from being an honest broker.^[128] James IV had so far refused the French king's requests to renew the Franco-Scottish alliance as Louis XII was not offering a sufficient benefit in return. However, Henry VIII's increasingly belligerent stance effectively ensured that the Auld Alliance would be renewed.^[129] James gave formal agreement to the renewal of the alliance in July 1512, but this was a gesture rather than a commitment of active support against England, and it was still possible that Scotland would remain neutral in any Anglo-French war.^[130]

Before his death in February 1513, Pope Julius II had been persuaded by the Archbishop of York,

unforeseen consequences for his land campaign.^[133]

Flodden

Main article: Battle of Flodden

Led by James IV, the Scottish army, numbering some 42,000 men, and including a large artillery train, crossed the

archers armed with the English longbow.^[140] The English artillery consisted of light field guns of rather old-fashioned design, typically firing a ball of only about 1 pound (0.45 kg), but easy to handle and capable of rapid fire.^[141]

James IV began the battle with an artillery duel, but his heavy guns did not perform well, contemporary accounts putting this down to the difficulty for the Scots of shooting downhill, another factor being that their guns had been hastily sited instead of the careful emplacement which was usually required for such heavy weapons, slowing their rate of fire. This allowed the light English guns to turn a rapid fire on the massed ranks of Scottish infantry.[142] The Scottish left, under Lord Home and the Earl of Huntly, then advanced downhill towards the English army. The Scots had placed their most heavily armoured men in the front rank so that the English archers had little impact. The outnumbered English formation was forced back and elements of it began to run off before Surrey ordered the intervention of Dacre's light horsemen. The eventual result was a stalemate in which both sides stood off from each other and played no further part in the battle.^[143]

In the meantime, James had observed Home and Huntly's initial success and ordered the advance of the next formation in line, commanded by the earls of Errol, Crawford and Montrose. At the foot of Branxton Hill, they encountered an unforeseen obstacle, an area of marshy ground, made worse by days of heavy rain.^[144] As they struggled to cross the waterlogged ground, the Scots lost the cohesion and momentum on which pike formations depended for success. Once the line was disrupted, the long pikes became an unwieldy encumbrance, and the Scots began to drop them. Reaching for their side-arms of swords and axes, they found themselves outreached by the English bills in the close-quarter fighting that developed.^[145] It is unclear whether James had seen the difficulty encountered by the earls formation, but he followed down the slope regardless, making for Surrey's formation. James has been criticised for placing himself in the front line, thereby putting himself in personal danger and losing his overview of the field. He was, however, well known for taking risks in battle, and it would have been out of character for him to stay back. Encountering the same difficulties as the previous attack, James's men nevertheless fought their way to Surrey's bodyguard. The fierce fighting continued, centred on the contest between Surrey and James. As other English formations overcame the Scottish forces they had initially engaged, they moved to reinforce the Earl of Surrey. An instruction to English troops that no prisoners were to be taken explains the exceptional mortality amongst the Scottish nobility.^[146] James IV himself was killed in the final stage of the battle, having fought to within a spear length of the Earl of Surrey.^[147]

The Battle of Flodden was one of Scotland's worst military defeats: the loss of not only a popular and capable king but also a large portion of the political community, was a major blow to the realm. James IV's son, James V, was crowned three weeks after the disaster at Flodden but was only one year old, and his minority was to be fraught with political upheaval.

Death

Antony van den Wyngaerde

The body of James IV was found the following day amongst the thousands of Scottish dead on the battlefield, having been identified by two Scottish soldiers captured by the English, and by Thomas Dacre, 2nd Baron Dacre.^[148][149] James's lower jaw had been pierced by an arrow, an injury which would have disabled him sufficiently for the attacking English soldiers to move in and slash him with their bills, almost severing his left hand and slicing his throat open.^[150] James's body was taken to Berwick-upon-Tweed, where it was embalmed, sealed in a lead-lined coffin, and transported to Sheen Priory in Surrey, where it remained unburied. James's slashed and bloodstained surcoat was sent to Henry VIII (then on campaign in France) by his queen, Catherine of Aragon.^[151]

As James had been excommunicated prior to his death, he could not be buried in consecrated ground until the Pope remitted the sentence. Although Henry VIII obtained a dispensation from

Royal Mid-Surrey Golf Course.^[154] Elizabeth I's master glazier, Lancelot Young, is said to have kept James's "sweetly scented" head (still identifiable as James by its red hair and beard) as a curio at his home in Wood Street in the City of London, before giving it to the sexton of the local church, St Michael's.^[152][153] The head was then buried in a charnel pit in St Michael's churchyard.^[152] The church was later demolished, and the site redeveloped many times.^[154][155]

Rumours persisted that James IV had survived and was seen riding back across the Tweed; that he had gone on pilgrimage to Jerusalem; or that his body was buried in Scotland. Two castles in the

John Stewart, 2nd Duke of Albany the king's grave ten years after the battle, but Albany refused.^[156]

Issue

Legitimate issue

Name	Birth	Death	Notes[40]
By Margaret Tudor
James, Duke of Rothesay	21 February 1507	27 February 1508	died aged one at Stirling Castle
Unnamed daughter	15 July 1508		died shortly after birth at Palace of Holyroodhouse
Arthur, Duke of Rothesay	20/21 October 1509	14/15 July 1510	died aged almost ten months at Edinburgh Castle
King James V	10 April 1512	14 December 1542	Married: Madeleine of Valois, 1537; no issue; Mary of Guise, 1538; had issue, including Mary, Queen of Scots
Unnamed daughter	November 1512		died shortly after birth at Palace of Holyroodhouse
Alexander, Duke of Ross	30 April 1514	18 December 1515	posthumous son of James IV, died aged nineteen months at Stirling Castle

Illegitimate issue

Name		Birth	Death	Notes[157]
By Marion Boyd
Alexander Stewart		c. 1493	9 September 1513	Archbishop of St Andrews; Lord Chancellor of Scotland; no issue;
Catherine Stewart		c. 1495	1554	Married James Douglas, 3rd Earl of Morton and had issue.
By Margaret Drummond
Margaret Stewart		c. 1498	?	Married: John Gordon, Lord Gordon and had issue; Alexander Stewart and had issue; Sir John Drummond 2nd of Innerpeffray and had issue.
By Janet Kennedy
James Stewart, 1st Earl of Moray		c. 1500	1544	Married Lady Elizabeth Campbell and had issue.
By Isabel Stewart
Janet Stewart, Lady Fleming		17 July 1502	20 February 1562	Married Malcolm Fleming, 3rd Lord Fleming and had issue (including a son by King Henry II of France, Duke Henri d'Angoulême).

Fictional portrayals

James IV has been depicted in historical novels, short stories and media portrayals. They include the following:[158]

• The Yellow Frigate (1855) by James Grant,^[158] also known as The Three Sisters.^[159] The main events of the novel take place in the year 1488, covering the Battle of Sauchieburn, the assassination of James III, the rise to the throne of James IV, and the plots of the so-called English faction in Scotland. James IV and Margaret Drummond are prominently depicted. Andrew Wood of Largo and Henry VII of England are secondary characters;^[158]
• In the King's Favour (1899) by J. E. Preston Muddock, which covers the last few months of James IV's reign and ends with the Battle of Flodden.^[160]
• The Arrow of the North (1906) by R. H. Forster. The novel mainly depicts Northumberland in the reigns of Henry VII and Henry VIII. It covers the Flodden campaign of the Anglo-Scottish Wars and the finale depicts the battle that ended James IV's life.^[160]
• The Crimson Field (1916) by Halliwell Sutcliffe, which also covers the Anglo-Scottish Wars. It features James IV and ends with a full account of the Battle of Flodden;^[160]
• King Heart (1926) by Carola Oman. The story depicts Scotland in the time of James IV. The king himself is depicted in an epilogue featuring the Battle of Flodden;^[158]
• Gentle Eagle (1937) by Christine Orr, an account of the king's life;
• Sunset at Noon (1955) by Jane Oliver, an account of the king's life;
• Chain of Destiny (1964) by Nigel Tranter, an account of the king's life, from Sauchieburn to Flodden;
• Falcon (1970) by A.J. Stewart, an unusual work by an author claiming to be a reincarnation of the king;
• The Shadow of the Tower television drama where he was played by Derek Anders;
• Three Sisters, Three Queens (2016) by Philippa Gregory, written from the point of view of Margaret Tudor, extensively featuring James;
• The Spanish Princess (2020) by Philippa Gregory, with James portrayed by actor Ray Stevenson;
• James IV – The Queen of the Flight (2022), a play by Rona Munro, centred on the life of Ellen More at his court.^[161]

Ancestors

Ancestors of James IV of Scotland
8. James I of Scotland 4. James II of Scotland 9. Joan Beaufort 2. James III of Scotland 10. Arnold, Duke of Guelders 5. Mary of Guelders 11. Catherine of Cleves 1. James IV of Scotland 12. Dietrich, Count of Oldenburg 6. Christian I of Denmark 13. Hedvig of Holstein 3. Margaret of Denmark 14. John, Margrave of Brandenburg-Kulmbach 7. Dorothea of Brandenburg 15. Barbara of Saxe-Wittenberg

References

1. ^ Henry VIII owned a "picture of Jacobe kinge of Scottes with an hawke on his fist", Maria Hayward, The 1542 Inventory of Whitehall Palace, 2 (Illuminata Press, 2004), p. 96 no. 799.
2. ^ MacDougall, Margaret of Denmark, ODNB
3. ^ Macdougall, Norman, James IV, p. 1.
4. ^ ^{a b} Calendar of State Papers, Spain (1485–1509), volume 1 (1862), No. 210, English translation from Spanish: See original letter at Archivo General de Simancas, PTR, LEG,52, DOC.166 – 857V – Imagen Núm: 2 / 26 Archived 22 January 2019 at the Wayback Machine
5. ^ ^{a b} Macdougall, Norman, James IV, p. 2.
6. ^ Marshall, Rosalind K. (2003). Scottish Queens, 1034–1714. Tuckwell Press. p. 85.
7. ^ ^{a b} Macdougall, Norman, James IV, pp. 1–2.
8. ^ Macdougall, Norman, James IV, pp. 5–7.
9. ^ Macdougall, Norman, James IV, p. 13.
10. ^ Macdougall, Norman, James IV, p. 24.
11. ^ Macdougall, Norman, James IV, p. 39.
12. ^ Macdougall, Norman, James IV, p. 40.
13. ^ Mackie, R.L., James IV, (1958), pp. 36–44.
14. ^ Goodwin, George. Fatal Rivalry: Flodden 1513, New York: WW Norton, 2013. pp. 9–10.
15. ^ Macdougall, Norman, James IV, p. 53.
16. Lindsay of Pitscottie
    , Robert, The History of Scotland, Robert Freebairn, Edinburgh (1778), p. 149.
17. ^ Macdougall, Norman, James IV, p. 49.
18. ^ ^{a b c} Macdougall, Norman, James IV, p. 52.
19. ^ Macdougall, Norman, James IV, pp. 68–74.
20. ^ Macdougall, Norman, James IV, p. 84.
21. ^ Macdougall, Norman, James IV, p. 82.
22. ^ ^{a b} Macdougall, Norman, James IV, p. 117.
23. ^ Macdougall, Norman pp. 123–124, 136, 140–141.
24. ^ Accounts of the Lord High Treasurer of Scotland, vol. 1 (Edinburgh, 1877), pp. 299–300.
25. ^ Bain, Joseph, ed., Calendar of Documents relating to Scotland, 1357–1509, vol. 4 (Edinburgh, 1888), pp. 418–419 no. 35 (there dated as if "1497"): David Dunlop (1991), 108–109 and fn., quotes another version, and cites four more, noting mistaken date in Bain (1888).
26. ^ Calendar State Papers Milan (London, 1912), no. 514.
27. ^ Robert Kerr Hannay, Letters of James IV (SHS: Edinburgh, 1953), p. 9.
28. ^ Thomas Dickson, Accounts of the Treasurer, vol. 1 (Edinburgh, 1877), pp. 342–345.
29. ^ Macdougall, Norman p. 139.
30. ^ Rymer, Thomas, ed., Foedera, vol. 12 (1711), pp. 670–680, see sources
31. ^ Macdougall, Norman, James IV, Tuckwell, (1997), 141, citing CSP Spain, vol. 1 no. 186.
32. ^ ^{a b} Goodwin, George, Fatal Rivalry, p. 39.
33. ^ Goodwin, George, Fatal Rivalry, p. 40.
34. ^ Bain, Joseph, ed., Calendar of Documents relating to Scotland, 1357–1509, vol. 4, HM Register House, Edinburgh (1888), nos. 1681, 1690–1697.
35. ^ Leland (1770, pp. 258–264)
36. ^ Goodwin, George, Fatal Rivalry, p. 47.
37. ^ Buchanan (1985, pp. 30–32)
38. ISBN 978-0-520-02266-9
    .
39. ^ W. Mackay Mackenzie, The Poems of William Dunbar, The Mercat Press, 1990, pp. 107–112
40. ^ ^{a b c d} Alison Weir, Britain's royal families: the complete genealogy, (London: Pimlico, 2002), p. 241.
41. ^ Macdougall, Norman, James IV, p. 250.
42. ^ Macdougall, Norman, James IV, p. 196
43. ^ Goodwin, George, Fatal Rivalry, p. 133.
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51. ^ MacDougall, Norman, (1997), 179–181.
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155. ^ Aikman, James, Buchanan's History of Scotland, vol. 2 (1827), 259 note, quoting Stow's Survey of London on St Michael, Cripplegate ward.
156. Adam de Cardonnel, The Edinburgh Magazine, vol. 4, August (1786), p. 112, and Numismata Scotiae, (1786), p. 83, note both legends: Pitscottie, History of Scotland, Glasgow, (1749), p. 214; Spencer, Nathaniel
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Bibliography

• James the Fourth, Norman Macdougall (2006 with two earlier editions, regarded as definitive).
• King James IV of Scotland, R.L. Mackie (1958, the most important previous biography).
• Ashley, Mike (2002). British Kings & Queens. Carroll & Graf. pp. 280–286.
  ISBN 978-0-7867-1104-8
  .
• Buchanan, Patricia Hill (1985). Margaret Tudor, Queen of Scots. Scottish Academic Press.
  ISBN 978-0-7073-0424-3
  .
• Dawson, Jane (2007). Scotland Re-formed, 1488–1587 (New Edinburgh History of Scotland). Edinburgh University Press.
  ISBN 978-0-7486-1455-4
  .
• James IV in Oxford Dictionary of National Biography, Oxford University Press, New York, 2004, Vol. 29, pp. 609–619
• Higgins, James, Scotland's Stewart Monarchs. A Free Translation of Works by Hector Boece / John Bellenden and Robert Lindsay of Pitscottie (2020). Archived 13 August 2023 at the Wayback Machine
• Accounts of the Comptroller, Sir Duncan Forestar, 1495–1499, Miscellany of the Scottish History Society, vol. 9 (1958), 57–81 (in Latin).
• Bain, Joseph, ed., Calendar of Documents relating to Scotland, 1357–1509, vol. 4, HM Register House, Edinburgh (1888)
• Leland, John (1770). Joannis Lelandi Antiquarii de Rebus Britannicis Collectanea. Impensis Gul. & Jo. Richardson. pp. 258–300.
• ISBN 978-1-905615-42-1
  .
• Flodden Papers, 1505–1517, ed. Marguerite Wood, Scottish History Society, (1933), French diplomatic correspondence (does not refer to the battle).
• Letters of James IV, 1505–1513, ed. Mackie & Spilman, Scottish History Society (1953), English summaries of international letters.
• Nield, Jonathan (1968), A Guide to the Best Historical Novels and Tales, Ayer Publishing,
  ISBN 978-0-8337-2509-7
• Fatal Rivalry: Henry VIII, James IV and the Battle for Renaissance Britain – Flodden 1513, George Goodwin (2013)
• Gosman, Martin; MacDonald, Alasdair A.; Vanderjagt, Arjo J. (2003). Princes and Princely Culture 1450–1650, Volume 1. Brill.
  ISBN 978-9004253520
  .
• Setton, Kenneth Meyer (1976). The Papacy and the Levant, 1204–1571. American Philosophical Society.
  ISBN 978-0-87169-161-3
  .

External links

Wikimedia Commons has media related to James IV of Scotland.

• James IV at the official website of the
  British monarchy
• Portraits of James IV of Scotland at the National Portrait Gallery, London

James IV of Scotland House of Stewart Born: 17 March 1473 Died: 9 September 1513
Regnal titles
Preceded by James III	King of Scots 11 June 1488 – 9 September 1513	Succeeded by James V
Peerage of Scotland
Vacant Title last held by James (III)	Duke of Rothesay 1473–1488	Vacant Title next held by James