Delaware and Hudson Canal

Delaware and Hudson Canal
A remaining section of the canal in Sullivan County, NY, used as a linear park
Specifications
Length	108 miles (174 km)
Locks	108
Maximum height above sea level	1,075 ft (328 m)
Status	Closed, partially infilled
Navigation authority
Delaware and Hudson Canal
U.S. National Register of Historic Places
U.S. National Historic Landmark
NRHP reference No.	68000051[1]
Significant dates
Added to NRHP	November 24, 1968[1]
Designated NHL	November 24, 1968[2]
History
Original owner	Delaware and Hudson Canal Company
Construction began	1825
Date of first use	1828 (1828)
Date closed	1902
Geography
Start point	Honesdale, PA
End point	Kingston, NY

The Delaware and Hudson Canal was the first venture of the

Construction of the canal involved some major feats of civil engineering, and resulted in the development of some new technologies, particularly in rail transport. Its operation stimulated the city's growth and encouraged settlement in the sparsely populated region. Unlike many other canals of that era, the canal remained a profitable private operation for most of its existence.

The canal was declared a National Historic Landmark in 1968.^[2]

The canal was abandoned during the early 20th century, and much of it was subsequently drained and filled. Some fragments remain in New York and Pennsylvania.

During the early 19th century, Philadelphia businessman William Wurts often would leave his affairs for weeks at a time to explore the then-sparsely populated northeastern part of Pennsylvania. He began noticing, mapping, and researching blackish rock outcroppings, becoming the first explorer of the anthracite fields that have since become known as the Coal Region. He believed they could be a valuable energy source, and brought samples back to Philadelphia for testing.^[3]

Eventually, he convinced his brothers Charles and Maurice to come along with him and see for themselves. Starting in 1812, they began buying and mining large tracts of inexpensive land. They were able to extract several tons of anthracite at a time, but lost most of what they tried to bring back to Philadelphia due to the treacherous waterways that were the main method of transportation in the interior. While the southern reaches of the Coal Region were already beginning to supply Philadelphia, they realized that the areas they had been exploring and mining were well-positioned to deliver coal to New York City, which had experienced an energy shortage after the War of 1812, when restrictions were placed on the import of British coal. Inspired by the new and successful Erie Canal, they conceptualized a canal of their own from Pennsylvania to New York, through the narrow valley between the Shawangunk Ridge and the Catskill Mountains, to the Hudson River near Kingston, a route followed by the Old Mine Road, America's first long-distance transportation route.^[3]

D&H Canal map, showing feeder railroads and competition, circa 1865

After several years of lobbying by the Wurtses, the Delaware and Hudson Canal Company was chartered by separate laws in the state of New York and commonwealth of Pennsylvania in 1823, allowing William Wurts and his brother Maurice to construct the Delaware and Hudson Canal. The New York law, passed April 23, 1823, incorporated "The President, Managers and Company of the Delaware and Hudson Canal Company", and the Pennsylvania law, passed March 13 of the same year, authorized the company "To Improve the Navigation of the Lackawaxen River". The company hired Benjamin Wright, who had engineered the Erie Canal, and his assistant John B. Jervis to survey and plan a route. A primary challenge was the 600-foot (180 m) elevation difference between the Delaware River at Lackawaxen and the Hudson at Rondout. Wright's initial estimated cost of $1.2 million was later revised to $1.6 million (in 1825 dollars).^[3]

To attract investment, the brothers arranged for a demonstration of anthracite at a Wall Street coffeehouse in January 1825. The reaction was enthusiastic, and the stock oversubscribed within hours.

Ground was first broken on July 13, 1825. After three years of labor by 2,500 men, the canal was opened to navigation in October 1828. It began at the

To get the anthracite from the Wurts' mine in the Moosic Mountains near Carbondale to the canal at Honesdale, the canal company built the Delaware and Hudson Gravity Railroad. The Commonwealth of Pennsylvania authorized its construction on April 8, 1826. On August 8, 1829, the D&H's first locomotive, the Stourbridge Lion, made history as the first locomotive to run on rails in the United States.

Business developed rapidly as the Wurtses had anticipated, and in 1832 the canal carried 90,000 tons (81,000 tonnes) of coal and three million board-feet (7,080 m³) of lumber. The company invested the profits in improving the canal, making it deeper so larger barges could be used.^[3]

In 1850, the Pennsylvania Coal Company constructed its own

After the end of the 1898 season, the company opened all the waste weirs and drained the canal. Catskill railroad magnate Samuel Coykendall purchased the canal the next summer, reportedly to benefit the Ramapo Water Company for use as a water supply resource^[5] However, that never happened. Instead, Coykendall used the northernmost section, from Rosendale to Rondout, to transport Rosendale cement and other general merchandise to the Hudson River until abandoning that business in 1904.^[6] The canal was never used again.

As the 20th century began, the company used some of the canal

During the early 21st century residents of the town of Deerpark, north of Port Jervis, complained that the canal had been leaking water and causing flooding in the neighborhoods near Cuddebackville in recent years. Orange County, which maintains it in that area, met with town officials and local residents to discuss possible solutions.^[8]

Some of the ruins of the canal and its associated structures remain. The Delaware & Hudson Canal Historical Society was formed in 1967;^[9] its museum has an extensive education program and hosts hundreds of area students each season. The Neversink Valley Area Museum was formed in Orange County New York in 1968 and the National Park Service recognized the canal site in Orange County as a National Historic Landmark.^[2] In 1969, New York's Sullivan County bought a 4-acre (16,000 m²) portion to develop as a park.^[10] Many other buildings and sites associated with the canal have been added to the National Register of Historic Places and state and local landmark lists.

The finished canal ran 108 miles (174 km), from Honesdale to Kingston (counting the tidewater portions of the Rondout where the canal joined the creek at

Barges were pulled by

The canal was divided into three sections for operational purposes: the Lackawaxen, from Honesdale to the river Delaware; the Delaware, along the river from there to Port Jervis; and the Neversink, from Port Jervis to Rondout (now part of the city of Kingston) near the junction of Rondout Creek with the Hudson River. A voyage along its length took, initially, a week. It was closed on Sundays,[6] and would suspend operations each winter when the canal froze or was likely to do so.

Its primary business was the transport of coal and lumber from the interior to the river Hudson, where it could be floated downstream to New York by river. There was little traffic to Pennsylvania other than empty barges. The company tried offering passenger service for a while, and Washington Irving, a friend of Hone's, made the trip during the 1840s, but it was ultimately ended as unprofitable.

Besides its historical firsts, the canal's most significant effect was to help stimulate the growth of New York City along with the other anthracite canals. Fueled by the cheap and plentiful coal barged along the canal and the river Hudson, the city was able to develop and industrialize rapidly. The company's first president, Philip Hone, served a term as the city's mayor during the canal's construction. Later, John Roebling's experience building the canal served him well in designing the Brooklyn Bridge.

On the Pennsylvania end, the interior anthracite regions were able to grow and develop from the rough wilderness they had been when William Wurts traveled them and mapped the coal deposits. The viability of its anthracite encouraged selling to other markets as well, sustaining the region economically well into the 20th century.

Along its route, the canal created small communities at some of its stops. Some were named for canal executives. Honesdale was named for

After its designation as a National Historic Landmark, interest increased for preserving what remained of the canal during the late 1960s. The canal, its infrastructure and associated buildings survive in many areas along its length.

• Honesdale: The terminal basin site has a state historical marker, and traces of the gravity railroad route can still be seen. Some stretches of the bed are visible along Routes 6 and 590 as they approach town from the south.
• Lower Lackawaxen valley: Route 590 follows the bed and towpath in some areas, and Towpath Road follows the route in
  Lackawaxen Township
  .
• National Historic Civil Engineering Landmark as the oldest wire suspension bridge in the United States, was restored by the National Park Service and still carries automobiles over the Delaware River between the two states. Just north of the bridge, a former company office has been converted into a bed and breakfast
  .

New York

• Port Jervis: A portion of the old towpath near Park Avenue (NY 42/97) on the north end of the city has been paved and is used as a city park. Canal Street is the former bed, now filled. Fort Decker
  , the oldest building in the city, was used to house canal workers during construction.
• Cuddebackville: Orange County has developed a county park along the Neversink River, just south of Hamilton Bicentennial Elementary School off Route 209. The footings of Roebling's aqueduct still stand, and a portion of the bed and towpath persist in the adjacent woods. The Neversink Valley Museum, also located in the park, has some exhibits related to the canal.^[16]
• Linear Park. Hiking, cross-country skiing and jogging, bicycling and fishing are permitted along the 3.5-mile (5.6 km), 45-acre (18 ha) section near Summitville, north of Wurtsboro in the Town of Mamakating. Much of the land is beginning to return to its natural state due to the long years since the canal was abandoned. Some locks and other structures can be found from three different access points along US Route 209. The county park ^[10]
  provides a seasonal interpretive facility at the northerly Bova Road access.
• Woodridge: Silver Lake Dam, some distance from the canal mainline, was built during the 1840s expansion to provide a reliable reservoir for the summit section of the canal.
• Ellenville: Towpath Road follows the old route from Route 209 south of the village to Canal Street (NY 52) within it, and a wet section of the bed remains just north of Canal Street in the woods adjacent to Berme Road just opposite the village's firehouse.
• Ontario and Western railroad station
  .
• High Falls: Several old locks are located here, near the site of the last of Roebling's aqueducts, as well as the canal museum. The downtown area was largely developed as a result of the canal.
• Rosendale Village
  .
• Creeklocks: The northernmost lock still exists, as does the final section before the canal flowed into the Rondout Creek.
• Rondout: The former port of
  Rondout-West Strand Historic District
  and revitalized, still in use as a waterfront and a draw for visitors to the city.

The area is now part of the city of Kingston.

See also

• Morris Canal
• Delaware and Raritan Canal
• Delaware and Hudson Canal Gravity Railroad Shops
• List of canals in New York
• List of canals in the United States
• List of National Historic Landmarks in Pennsylvania
• List of National Historic Landmarks in New York
• National Register of Historic Places listings in Pike County, Pennsylvania
• National Register of Historic Places listings in Wayne County, Pennsylvania
• National Register of Historic Places listings in Orange County, New York
• National Register of Historic Places listings in Sullivan County, New York
• National Register of Historic Places listings in Ulster County, New York

References

1. ^ ^{a b} "National Register Information System". National Register of Historic Places. National Park Service. July 9, 2010.
2. ^ ^{a b c} "Delaware and Hudson Canal". National Historic Landmark summary listing. National Park Service. September 11, 2007. Archived from the original on October 9, 2012. Retrieved September 12, 2007.
3. ^ ^{a b c d e f g h} Whitford, Noble (1905). "Chapter XX: The Delaware and Hudson Canal.". History of the Canal System of the State of New York. Archived from the original on August 7, 2007. Retrieved October 22, 2007.
4. ISBN 0-9659540-0-5
   .
5. ^ "Ramapo's Big Purchase" (PDF). The New York Times. August 26, 1899. Retrieved October 23, 2007.
6. ^
   ISBN 0-8232-1677-2
   . Retrieved October 23, 2007.
7. ^ ^{a b} Kirby, David (August 25, 2002). "A Main Artery of the 1800s". The New York Times. Retrieved October 23, 2007. Much of the D & H in Port Jervis was filled in around 1900, after a drunken city elder supposedly toppled in and drowned.
8. Ottaway Community Newspapers
   . Retrieved May 29, 2009.
9. ^ "D & H Canal Historical Society, High Falls, NY". Retrieved October 23, 2007.. The Society's D&H Canal Museum and Five Lock's Walk (a National Historic Landmark) operate from May through October. Visitors can view a working lock model and retrace the steps of the historic "canawlers" on the recently restored 1/2 mile towpath trail which features five stone locks and lock tender's cottages. }
10. ^ ^{a b} "Delaware & Hudson Canal Linear Park". Retrieved October 24, 2007.
11. ISBN 1-58465-598-4
    . Retrieved October 23, 2007. The D & H accomplished a greater change in elevation — 1,075 feet versus the Erie's 675 ..."
12. ^ "The D & H Canal: An Engineering and Entrepreneurial Challenge". D & H Canal Historical Society. April 11, 2007. Archived from the original on September 29, 2007. Retrieved October 23, 2007.
13. ISBN 0-7385-1087-4
    . Retrieved October 23, 2007.
14. ^ Atkinson, D. Scott (March 2000). "Theodore Robinson: Pioneer of American Impressionism". Traditional Fine Arts Organization.
15. ^ Rinaldi (2006), p. 129.
16. ^ "D&H Canal Park". Orange County Department of Parks, Recreation and Conservation. Archived from the original on May 9, 2007. Retrieved October 24, 2007.

Further reading

• Jones, Chester Lloyd. The Economic History of the Anthracite-tidewater Canals, Chap. IV, "The Delaware and Hudson Canal"

External links

Template:Attached KML/Delaware and Hudson Canal

KML is not from Wikidata

Wikimedia Commons has media related to Delaware and Hudson Canal.

• Neversink Valley Area Museum, located in Cuddebackville at canal park
• Delaware and Hudson Linear Park, interpretive center in Summitville.
• D&H Canal Park
• Route of the D&H Canal
• Historic American Engineering Record (HAER) No. PA-1, "Delaware & Hudson Canal, Delaware Aqueduct, spanning Delaware River at Lackawaxen, Pike County, PA", 56 photos, 1 color transparency, 8 measured drawings, 16 data pages, 3 photo caption pages
• HAER No. NY-205, "Delaware & Hudson Canal, Delaware Aqueduct Toll House, Minisink Ford, Sullivan County, NY", 10 photos, 3 measured drawings, 1 photo caption page
• HAER No. NY-262, "Delaware & Hudson Canal, Survey of Locks 70-72, Downstream from Delaware Aqueduct between Delaware River & Route 97, Minisink Ford, Sullivan County, NY", 1 measured drawing
• Historic American Buildings Survey (HABS) No. NY-4383, "De Motte House, Delaware & Hudson Canal, High Falls, Ulster County, NY", 1 photo
• Wurts family papers at Hagley Museum and Library offer an opportunity to examine in detail the early history of the Delaware and Hudson Canal Company