Delaware River
Delaware River | |
---|---|
Physical characteristics | |
Source | West Branch |
• location | Mount Jefferson, Town of Jefferson, Schoharie County, New York, United States |
• coordinates | 42°27′12″N 74°36′26″W / 42.45333°N 74.60722°W |
• elevation | 2,240 ft (680 m) |
2nd source | East Branch |
• location | Grand Gorge, Town of Roxbury, Delaware County, New York, United States |
• coordinates | 42°21′26″N 74°30′42″W / 42.35722°N 74.51167°W |
• elevation | 1,560 ft (480 m) |
Source confluence | |
• location | Town of Hancock, Delaware County, New York, United States |
• coordinates | 41°56′20″N 75°16′46″W / 41.93889°N 75.27944°W |
• elevation | 880 ft (270 m) |
Mouth | Delaware Bay |
• location | Delaware, United States |
• coordinates | 39°25′13″N 75°31′11″W / 39.42028°N 75.51972°W |
• elevation | 0 ft (0 m) |
Length | 301 mi (484 km) |
Basin size | 13,539 sq mi (35,070 km2) |
Discharge | |
• location | Trenton |
• average | 12,100 cu ft/s (340 m3/s) |
• minimum | 4,310 cu ft/s (122 m3/s) |
• maximum | 329,000 cu ft/s (9,300 m3/s) |
Discharge | |
• location | Port Jervis |
• average | 7,900 cu ft/s (220 m3/s) |
• minimum | 1,420 cu ft/s (40 m3/s) |
• maximum | 52,900 cu ft/s (1,500 m3/s) |
Basin features | |
Tributaries | |
• left | Neversink River, Pequest River, Musconetcong River |
• right | Lehigh River, Schuylkill River, Christina River |
Type | Scenic, Recreational |
The Delaware River is a major river in the Mid-Atlantic region of the United States and is the longest free-flowing (undammed) river in the Eastern United States. From the meeting of its branches in Hancock, New York, the river flows for 282 miles (454 km)[1] along the borders of New York, Pennsylvania, New Jersey, and Delaware, before emptying into Delaware Bay.
The river has been recognized by the National Wildlife Federation as one of the country's Great Waters[2] and has been called the "Lifeblood of the Northeast" by American Rivers.[3] Its watershed drains an area of 13,539 square miles (35,070 km2) and provides drinking water for 17 million people, including half of New York City via the Delaware Aqueduct.
The Delaware River has two branches that rise in the
Before the arrival of European settlers, the river was the homeland of the Lenape native people. They called the river Lenapewihittuk, or Lenape River, and Kithanne, meaning the largest river in this part of the country.[5]
In 1609, the river was visited by a
Origin of the name
The Delaware River is named in honor of
It has often been reported that the river and bay received the name "Delaware" after
The name "Delaware" also came to be used as a collective name for the Lenape, a Native American people who inhabited an area of the basins of the Susquehanna River, Delaware River, and lower Hudson River in the northeastern United States at the time of European settlement,[14] as well as for their language. As a result of disruption following the French and Indian War, American Revolutionary War, and the later Indian removals from the eastern United States, the name "Delaware" has been spread with the Lenape's diaspora to municipalities, counties and other geographical features in the American Midwest and Canada.[15]
Watershed
The Delaware River's drainage basin has an area of 13,539 square miles (35,070 km2) and encompasses 42 counties and 838 municipalities in five U.S. states: New York, New Jersey, Pennsylvania, Maryland, and Delaware.[16]: 9 This total area constitutes approximately 0.4% of the land mass in the United States.[16]: 9 In 2001, the watershed was 18% agricultural land, 14% developed land, and 68% forested land.[16]: vi
There are 216 tributary streams and creeks comprising an estimated 14,057 miles of streams and creeks, in the watershed.[16]: p.11, 25 While the watershed is home to 4.17 million people according to the 2000 Federal Census, these bodies of water provide drinking water to 17 million people—roughly 6% of the population of the United States.[16]: vi, 9 The waters of the Delaware River's basin are used to sustain "fishing, transportation, power, cooling, recreation, and other industrial and residential purposes."[16]: 9 It is the 33rd largest river in the United States in terms of flow, but is among the nation's most heavily used rivers in daily freight tonnage.[16]: p.11 The average annual flow rate of the Delaware is 11,700 cubic feet per second at Trenton, New Jersey.[16]: 9 With no dams or impediments on the river's main stem, the Delaware is one of the few remaining large free-flowing rivers in the United States.[16]: 11
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East Branch of the Delaware River near Margaretville, New York
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Canoeing on the river at Hawk's Nest, New York
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A still remaining section of the Delaware and Hudson Canal seen from U.S. 209 near Summitville, New York
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Easton–Phillipsburg Toll Bridge crosses the Delaware, connecting Easton, Pennsylvania and Phillipsburg, New Jersey in the Lehigh Valley.
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The Delaware within the southern portion of the Delaware Water Gap National Recreation Area, near Worthington State Forest in New Jersey
-
A flood in Westfall, Pennsylvania, in 2006
Course
West Branch of the Delaware
The West Branch of the Delaware River, also called the Mohawk Branch, spans approximately 90 miles (140 km) from the northern Catskill Mountains to its confluence with the Delaware River's East Branch at Hancock, New York. The last 6 miles (9.7 km) forms part of the boundary between New York and Pennsylvania.
The West Branch rises in
East Branch of the Delaware
Similarly, the
The East Branch and West Branch of the Delaware River parallel each other, both flowing in a southwesterly direction.
Upper Delaware Valley
From Hancock, New York, the Delaware flows between the northern Poconos in Pennsylvania, and the lowered shale beds north of the Catskills. The river flows down a broad Appalachian valley, passing Hawk's Nest overlook on the Upper Delaware Scenic Byway. The river flows southeast for 78 miles through rural regions along the New York-Pennsylvania border to Port Jervis and Shawangunk Ridge.
The Minisink
At Port Jervis, New York, it enters the Port Jervis trough. At this point, the Walpack Ridge deflects the Delaware into the Minisink Valley, where it follows the southwest strike of the eroded Marcellus Formation beds along the Pennsylvania–New Jersey state line for 25 miles (40 km) to the end of the ridge at Walpack Bend in the Delaware Water Gap National Recreation Area.[17][18] The Minisink is a
The Appalachian Trail, which traverses the ridge of Kittatinny Mountain in New Jersey, and Blue Mountain in Pennsylvania, crosses the Delaware River at the Delaware Water Gap near Columbia, New Jersey.
Central Delaware Valley
In Easton, Pennsylvania, the Lehigh River joins the Delaware. At Trenton, the Delaware crosses the Atlantic Seaboard Fall Line with a drop of 8 feet (2.4 m).
Lower Delaware and Tidewater
Below Trenton, the Delaware flows between Philadelphia and New Jersey before becoming a broad, sluggish inlet of the sea, with many marshes along its side, widening steadily into its great estuary, Delaware Bay.
The Delaware River constitutes the boundary between Delaware and New Jersey. The Delaware-New Jersey border is actually at the easternmost river shoreline within the
History
At the time of the arrival of the
American Revolutionary War
The strategic Delaware River was the scene of several important campaigns during the
During the
Canals
The magnitude of the commerce of Philadelphia has made the improvements of the river below that port of great importance. Small improvements were attempted by Pennsylvania as early as 1771. Commerce was once important on the upper river, primarily prior to railway competition of 1857.
- The Delaware Division of the Pennsylvania Canal, running parallel with the river from Easton to Bristol, opened in 1830.
- The Delaware and Raritan Canal, which runs along the New Jersey side of the Delaware River from Bulls Island, New Jersey to Trenton, unites the waters of the Delaware and Raritan rivers as it empties the waters of the Delaware River via the canal outlet in New Brunswick. This canal water conduit is still used as a water supply source by the State of New Jersey.
- The Morris Canal (now abandoned and almost completely filled in) and the Delaware and Hudson Canal connected the Delaware and Hudson rivers.
- The Chesapeake and Delaware Canal joins the waters of the Delaware with those of the Chesapeake Bay.
Delaware Water Gap National Recreation Area
The
Because of massive environmental opposition, dwindling funds, and an unacceptable geological assessment of the dam's safety, the government transferred the property to the National Park Service in 1978. The National Park Service found itself as the caretaker of the previously endangered territory, and with the help of the federal government and surrounding communities, developed recreational facilities and worked to preserve the remaining historical structures.[25][26]
The nearby Shawnee Inn,[27][28] was identified in the 1990s as the only resort along the banks of the Delaware River.[29][30]
Commerce
Wine regions
In 1984, the
Shipping
In the Project of 1885, the U.S. government undertook systematically the formation of a 26-foot (7.9 m) channel 600 feet (180 m) wide from Philadelphia to deep water in Delaware Bay. The River and Harbor Act of 1899 provided for a 30-foot (9.1 m) channel 600 feet (180 m) wide from Philadelphia to the deep water of the bay.[35]
Since 1941, the Delaware River Main Channel was maintained at a depth of 40 ft (12 m). There is an effort underway to deepen the 102.5-mile stretch of this federal navigation channel, from Philadelphia and Camden to the mouth of the Delaware Bay to 45 feet.[36][37][38][39][40][41]
The Delaware River port complex refers to the ports and energy facilities along the river in the tri-state
At one time it was a center for petroleum and chemical products and included facilities such as the
Crossings
The Delaware River is a major barrier to travel between New Jersey and Pennsylvania. Most of the larger bridges are tolled only westbound, and are owned by the Delaware River and Bay Authority, Delaware River Port Authority, Burlington County Bridge Commission or Delaware River Joint Toll Bridge Commission.
Environmental issues
New York City water supply
After
Pollution
The Delaware River has been attached to areas of high pollution. The Delaware River in 2012 was named the 5th most polluted river in the United States, explained by PennEnvironment[48] and Environment New Jersey.[49] The activist groups claim that there is about 7–10 million pounds of toxic chemicals flowing through the waterways due to dumping by DuPont Chambers Works. PennEnvironment also claims that the pollutants in the river can cause birth defects, infertility among women, and have been linked to cancer.[48]
In 2015, the EPA saw the Delaware River as a concern for mass pollution especially in the Greater Philadelphia and Chester, Pennsylvania area. The EPA was involved after accusations that the river met standards made illegal by the Clean Water Act. In complying with the Clean Water Act, the EPA involved the Delaware County Regional Water Authority (DELCORA) where they set up a plan to spend around $200 million to help rid the waterway of about 740 million gallons of sewage and pollution. DELCORA was also fined about $1.4 million for allowing the Delaware River to have so much pollution residing in the river in the first place and for not complying with the Clean Water Act.[50]
Part of the Clean Water Act explains how conditions of the river should be stable enough for human fishing and swimming.[citation needed] Even though the river has had success with the cleanup of pollution, the Delaware River still does not meet that standard of swimmable or fishable conditions in the Philadelphia/Chester region.
In March 2023, a pipe rupture at a Trinseo chemical plant in Bristol, Pennsylvania, released over 8,000 gallons of latex finishing material into the Otter Creek tributary, leading to a water advisory in Philadelphia.[51]
Flooding
With the failure of the dam project to come to fruition, the lack of flood control on the river left it vulnerable, and it has experienced a number of serious flooding events as the result of snow melt or rain run-off from heavy rainstorms. Record flooding occurred in August 1955, in the aftermath of the passing of the remnants of two separate hurricanes over the area within less than a week: first Hurricane Connie and then Hurricane Diane, which was, and still is, the wettest tropical cyclone to have hit the northeastern United States. The river gauge at Riegelsville, Pennsylvania recorded an all-time record crest of 38.85 feet (11.84 m) on August 19, 1955.
More recently, moderate to severe flooding has occurred along the river. The same gauge at Riegelsville recorded a peak of 30.95 feet (9.43 m) on September 23, 2004, 34.07 feet (10.38 m) on April 4, 2005, and 33.62 feet (10.25 m) on June 28, 2006, all considerably higher than the flood stage of 22 feet (6.7 m).[52]
Since the upper Delaware basin has few population centers along its banks, flooding in this area mainly affects natural unpopulated flood plains. Residents in the middle part of the Delaware basin experience flooding, including three major floods in the three years (2004–2006) that have severely damaged their homes and land. The lower part of the Delaware basin from Philadelphia southward to the Delaware Bay is tidal and much wider than portions further north, and is not prone to river-related flooding (although tidal surges can cause minor flooding in this area).
The Delaware River Basin Commission, along with local governments, is working to try to address the issue of flooding along the river. As the past few years have seen a rise in catastrophic floods, most residents of the river basin feel that something must be done. The local governments have worked in association with FEMA to address many of these problems, however, due to insufficient federal funds, progress is slow.[53]
Oil spills
A number of oil spills have taken place in the Delaware over the years.[54][55][56]
- January 31, 1975: around 11,172,000 US gallons (42,290 m3) of crude oil spilled from the Corinthos tanker
- September 28, 1985: 435,000 US gallons (1,650 m3) of crude oil spilled from the Grand Eagle tanker after running aground on Marcus Hook Bar
- June 24, 1989: 306,000 US gallons (1,160 m3) of crude oil spilled from the Presidente Rivera tanker after running aground on Claymont Shoal
- November 26, 2004: 265,000 US gallons (1,000 m3) of crude oil spilled from the Athos 1 tanker; the tanker's hull had been punctured by a submerged, discarded anchor at the Port of Paulsboro. In 2020, the Supreme Court ruled that Citgo had failed to provide a safe berth for the vessel and was therefore jointly responsible for clean up costs. The company was ordered to pay $143 million.
Atlantic sturgeon
The National Marine Fisheries Service is considering designating sixteen rivers as endangered habitat for the Atlantic sturgeon which would require more attention to be given to uses of the rivers that affect the fish.[57]
National Wild and Scenic River
The river is part of the National Wild and Scenic Rivers System.
See also
- Foul Rift, rapids just south of Belvidere, New Jersey
- Geography of Pennsylvania
- List of municipalities on the Delaware River
- List of crossings of the Delaware River
- List of rivers of Delaware
- List of rivers of New Jersey
- List of rivers of New York
- List of rivers of Pennsylvania
- Partnership for the Delaware Estuary
- Upper Delaware Scenic and Recreational River
Citations
- ^ a b "DRB river-mileage spreadsheet" (PDF). River Mileage System. Delaware River Basin Commission. Retrieved October 24, 2022.
- ^ National Wildlife Federation (August 18, 2010). "America's Great Waters Coalition". Archived from the original on August 15, 2011. Retrieved August 18, 2011.
- ^ "Delaware River". www.americanrivers.org. American Rivers. Retrieved March 23, 2023.
- ^ "National Wild and Scenic Rivers in the DRB". nj.gov. Delaware River Basin Commission. Retrieved October 24, 2022.
- JSTOR 1004837
- ^ a b Pollard, Albert Frederick (1899). "West, Thomas (1577–1618)". In Lee, Sidney (ed.). Dictionary of National Biography. Vol. 60. London: Smith, Elder & Co. pp. 344–345.
- ^ Tyler, Lyon Gardiner, ed. (1915). Encyclopedia of Virginia Biography. Vol. I. New York: Lewis Historical Publishing Company. pp. 33–34.
- ISBN 0-521-84566-1.
- ^ Random House Dictionary
- ^ World Digital Library. Articles about the Transfer of New Netherland on the 27th of August, Old Style, Anno 1664 Archived January 26, 2013, at the Wayback Machine. Retrieved March 21, 2013
- ^ Versteer, Dingman (editor). "New Amsterdam Becomes New York" in The New Netherland Register. Volume 1 No. 4 and 5 (April/May 1911): 49-64.
- ^ Evelin, Robert. A direction for Adventurers With small stock to get two for one, and good land freely : And for Gentleman, and all Servants, Labourers, and Artificers to live plentifully, And the true Description of the healthiest, pleasantest and richest plantation of New Albion in North Virginia. (London, s.n., 1641).
- ISBN 0-87413-947-3.
- ISBN 978-0-8122-3993-5.
- ISBN 0-8135-1494-0.
- ^ a b c d e f g h i Philadelphia Water Department. "Moving from Assessment to Protection…The Delaware River Watershed Source Water Protection Plan" (PWSID #1510001) Archived July 28, 2013, at the Wayback Machine (June 2007). Retrieved July 17, 2013.
- ^ White, Ron W.; Monteverde, Donald H. (February 2006). "Karst in the Delaware Water Gap National Recreation Area" (PDF). Unearthing New Jersey Vol. 2, No. 1. New Jersey Geological Survey. Archived (PDF) from the original on September 10, 2008. Retrieved June 7, 2008.
- ^ White, I.C.; Chance, H.M. (1882). The geology of Pike and Monroe counties. Second Geol. Surv. of Penna. Vol. Rept. of Progress, G6. Harrisburg. pp. 17, 73–80, 114–115.
{{cite book}}
: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (link) - ^ Delaware Place Names Archived August 11, 2017, at the Wayback Machine United States Geological Survey
- ^ Savas, 2006, p. 84
- ^ Brooks, 1999 p. 55
- ^ Dorwart 1998, pp. 40–41
- ^ Leach, 1902, p. 2
- ^ McGeorge, 1905, pp. 3–7
- ^ Delaware Water Gap National Recreation Area (pp. 7–8), Obiso, Laura, 2008.
- ^ Delaware Water Gap National Recreation Area Archived August 3, 2011, at the Wayback Machine, njskylands.com.
- ^ "Shawnee Marking Golden Season". The Daily Record. Stroudsburg, Pennsylvania. June 17, 1960. Retrieved December 21, 2020.
- ^ Squeri, p. 182.
- ^ Fodor's national parks and seashores of the east (1 ed.). New York: Fodor's Travel Publications. 1994. p. 164.
- ^ Shea, Barbara (September 11, 1994). "Let the current set the pace at the Delaware Water Gap". The Courier-News. Somerville, New Jersey.
- ^ Tanenbaum, Michael (April 15, 2020). "Delaware River named 2020 River of the Year by national environmental organization". PhillyVoice. Retrieved August 14, 2023.
- ^ The Wine Institute. "American Viticultural Areas by State" Archived January 27, 2008, at the Wayback Machine (2008). Retrieved February 5, 2008.
- ^ a b Code of Federal Regulations. Section 9.49 Central Delaware Valley. Archived April 22, 2013, at the Wayback Machine (27 CFR 9.49) from Title 27 - Alcohol, Tobacco Products and Firearms. CHAPTER I - ALCOHOL AND TOBACCO TAX AND TRADE BUREAU, DEPARTMENT OF THE TREASURY. SUBCHAPTER A - LIQUORS. PART 9 - AMERICAN VITICULTURAL AREAS. Subpart C - Approved American Viticultural Areas. Retrieved June 30, 2013.
- ^ New Jersey Division of Alcoholic Beverage Control. "New Jersey ABC list of wineries, breweries, and distilleries" (February 5, 2013). Retrieved May 2, 2013. An analysis was done comparing a list of wineries provided by the New Jersey Division of Alcoholic Beverage Control with the AVA's description in the Code of Federal Regulations.
- ^ public domain: Chisholm, Hugh, ed. (1911). "Delaware River". Encyclopædia Britannica. Vol. 7 (11th ed.). Cambridge University Press. p. 951. One or more of the preceding sentences incorporates text from a publication now in the
- ^ United States Army Corps of Engineers. Delaware River Main Channel Deepening Archived July 29, 2013, at the Wayback Machine. Retrieved July 25, 2013.
- ^ Ruch, Robert J. Ruch (Lt. Col.), District Engineer, Philadelphia District. Delaware River Main Channel Deepening Project Archived September 23, 2015, at the Wayback Machine Delaware Valley Regional Planning Commission (January 20, 2005). Retrieved July 14, 2013.
- ^ a b U.S. Army Corps of Engineers. Delaware River Main Channel Deepening Project Archived September 3, 2014, at the Wayback Machine. (May 2012). Retrieved July 14, 2013.
- ^ Delaware Riverkeeper. The Delaware River Main Channel Deepening Project: Background Archived July 16, 2012, at the Wayback Machine. Retrieved July 14, 2013.
- ^ "Epic Effort to Deepen Delaware River Shipping Channel Nears End". www.njspotlight.com – NJ Spotlight. May 24, 2016. Archived from the original on May 28, 2016. Retrieved May 27, 2016.
- ^ "Murky Bottom: Will Deeper Delaware River Make Philly More Competitive?". www.njspotlight.com – NJ Spotlight. May 25, 2016. Archived from the original on May 28, 2016. Retrieved May 27, 2016.
- ^ "Delaware River Ports Fight For Market as Dredging Project Nears Completion". www.njspotlight.com – NJ Spotlight. May 23, 2016. Archived from the original on May 28, 2016. Retrieved May 27, 2016.
- ^ "Archived copy" (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on April 11, 2019. Retrieved April 9, 2019.
{{cite web}}
: CS1 maint: archived copy as title (link) - ^ "Paulsboro Refinery". June 26, 2013. Archived from the original on June 22, 2015. Retrieved April 11, 2019.
- ^ Tuttle, Robert (February 3, 2017). "America's Biggest Asphalt Plant Is Shutting When the Country Might Need It Most". Bloomberg News. Archived from the original on February 3, 2017. Retrieved February 4, 2017.
- ^ Renshaw, Jarrett (January 18, 2017). "Axeon plans to shutter New Jersey asphalt refinery: sources". Reuters. Archived from the original on February 5, 2017. Retrieved February 4, 2017.
- ^ American Waterways. New Jersey A key link in the nation's import/export economy[permanent dead link]. Retrieve July 26, 2013.
- ^ a b "Environmental group: Delaware River tops list of most polluted waterways". Bucks Local News. March 29, 2012. Archived from the original on January 28, 2020. Retrieved January 28, 2020.
- ^ Augenstein, Seth (April 5, 2012). "Delaware River is 5th most polluted river in U.S., environmental group says". NJ.com News. Archived from the original on January 28, 2020. Retrieved March 30, 2019.
- ^ "Settlement to Improve Water Quality in Delaware River, Philadelphia-Area Creeks". U.S. EPA Region 3 Water Protection Division. August 20, 2015. Archived from the original on January 28, 2020. Retrieved January 28, 2020.
- ^ Hanna, Maddie (March 26, 2023). "Philly residents advised to drink bottled water Sunday afternoon following chemical spill, officials say". The Philadelphia Inquirer. Archived from the original on March 26, 2023. Retrieved March 26, 2023.
- ^ USGS Archived February 13, 2007, at the Wayback Machine See Also: State of New Jersey: Recent flooding events in the Delaware River basin Archived September 16, 2008, at the Wayback Machine
- ^ Delaware River Basin Commission (July 20, 2005). "Delaware River Basin Commission's Role in Flood Loss Reduction Efforts." Archived August 18, 2006, at the Wayback Machine West Trenton, NJ.
- ^ "Athos 1 Oil Spill". University of Delaware Sea Grant Program. November 3, 2005. Archived from the original on April 27, 2006. Retrieved April 29, 2006.
- ^ "1985 Grand Eagle Oil Spill". University of Delaware Sea Grant Program. December 16, 2004. Archived from the original on April 18, 2006. Retrieved April 29, 2006.
- ^ "Presidente Rivera Spill – June 24, 1989". University of Delaware Sea Grant Program. December 8, 2004. Archived from the original on June 19, 2006. Retrieved April 29, 2006.
- ^ "Feds Move to Protect Endangered Atlantic Sturgeon in Delaware River - NJ Spotlight". www.njspotlight.com. June 8, 2016. Archived from the original on June 11, 2016. Retrieved June 11, 2016.
General and cited references
- Brooks, Victor (1999). How America Fought Its Wars. New York: Da Capo Press. ISBN 1-58097-002-8.
- Devastation on the Delaware: Stories and Images of the Deadly Flood of 1955 Archived May 14, 2021, at the Wayback Machine (2005, Word Forge Books Archived April 18, 2021, at the Wayback Machine, Ferndale, PA) The only comprehensive documentary of this weather disaster in the Delaware River Valley.
- Leach, Josiah Granville (1902). "Commodore John Hazlewood, Commander of the Pennsylvania Navy in the Revolution". The Pennsylvania Magazine of History and Biography. 26 (1). The Historical Society of Pennsylvania: 1–6. JSTOR 20086007.
- McGeorge, Wallace (1905). The Battle of Red Bank, Resulting in the Defeat of the Hessians and the Destruction of the British Frigate Augusta, Oct. 22 and 23, 1777. Camden, New Jersey: Sinnickson Chew, Printers.
- Savas, Theodore (2006). Guide to the Battles of the American Revolution. Savas Beatie. ISBN 1-932714-12-X.
External links
- Delaware Riverkeeper Network
- Delaware River Basin Commission
- Delaware River Vessel Reporting System
- National Park Service: Delaware Water Gap National Recreation Area
- National Park Service: Upper Delaware Scenic & Recreational River
- National Park Service: Lower Delaware Wild & Scenic River
- U.S. Geological Survey: NJ stream gaging stations
- U.S. Geological Survey: NY stream gaging stations
- U.S. Geological Survey: PA stream gaging stations
Historical content
- Marine Railway and Sectional Floating Dry Dock, Delaware River, Philadelphia, 1893 by D.J. Kennedy, Historical Society of Pennsylvania Archived November 19, 2012, at the Wayback Machine
- Winter on the River Delaware, 1856. Shows "U.S.S. Powhatan" by D.J. Kennedy, HSP Archived May 7, 2012, at the Wayback Machine
- "Map of the South River in New Netherland" from c. 1639 via the World Digital Library
- Socioeconomic Value of the Delaware River Basin in Delaware, New Jersey, New York, and Pennsylvania
Encyclopedias
- Collier's New Encyclopedia. 1921. .
- . . 1914.
- New International Encyclopedia. 1905. .