Denominación de origen
In Spain, the denominación de origen (Spanish:
Definition
![](http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/78/Reserva_Rioja.jpg/220px-Reserva_Rioja.jpg)
The
History
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Food and wine are inseparable from Spanish culture, historically bound to the social, economic, literary and even mystical fabric of society over thousands of years, so it is perhaps not surprising that attempts to regulate and normalise activities related to them have proven highly elusive. It was not until the seventeenth century, when legislative authorities became sufficiently interested in issues such as
A series of
Despite being thorough and wide-ranging, the Estatuto was quickly overwhelmed by technological advances in agriculture. By the time the EEC became influential in this area. it was clear that the law would require fundamental re-drafting. A new Estatuto, the Ley del Vino y de los Alcoholes (25/1970) came into place in December 1970 but was again undermined, this time by two important events: the new
Finally, in March 1996, the Spanish government unveiled its own multi-tier sub-classifications, consistent with EU regulation but more pertinent to Spanish agriculture. Hence, for example, the EU's
Product types
Denominaciones de origen status can be applied to a wide range of foods and condiments, specifically:
Quality foods may be designated a range of classifications, of which denominación de origen is the recognition of superior quality, with identifiable characteristics and specific ingredients, derived from an identifiable and verifiable source. Other classifications, not necessarily mutually exclusive, are as follows, under the general heading of alimentos de calidad diferenciada ('foods of distinguished quality'):
- Denominación de origen protegida (DOP, literally 'protected denomination of origin') – an protected geographical status, referring to food products specific to a particular region or town and conveying a particular quality or characteristic of the designated area.
- Indicación geográfica protegida' (IGP, 'protected geographical indicator') – similar to DOP, but relating to a wider and less specific geographical region.
- Especialidades tradicionales Garantizadas (ETG, 'traditional specialty guaranteed') – products made using traditional ingredients, recipes or methods.
- Artisan food product stamp A – recognising small, family-run food businesses with high quality, distinctive produce overseen by a qualified artisan (Catalonia only, not recognised by the EU).[3]
- Food quality stamp Q – foods with superior quality composition, production methods or presentation (Catalonia only, not recognised by the EU).[3]
- Producción agricultura ecológica' (PAE, 'organic agricultural production' – an organic food designation recognising natural, environmentally friendly production methods.[4]
By 2004, Spain had 250 denominaciones de origen and indicaciones geográficas protegidas, over half of which related to food. The following list of better-known denominaciónes de origen is by no means exhaustive:
![](http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/02/Aceite_montes_de_granada.jpg/200px-Aceite_montes_de_granada.jpg)
![](http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/04/Pata_jam%C3%B3n_serrano.jpg/200px-Pata_jam%C3%B3n_serrano.jpg)
![](http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/25/Paleta-ib%C3%A9rico.jpg/200px-Paleta-ib%C3%A9rico.jpg)
![](http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b7/Queso_roncal.jpg/200px-Queso_roncal.jpg)
Olive oil
The denominaciones de origen for olive oil include:
- Aceite Monterrubio – from Badajoz in Extremadura, mostly Cornezuelo and Picual varieties.
- Cordoba.
- .
- Priego de Córdoba – Picado, Hojiblanca and Picual varieties from the province of Córdoba.
- Jaénprovince.
- Sierra Segura – mostly Picual from the north-east of Jaén province.
- Siurana – Arbequina, Royal, and Murrot varieties from the province of Tarragona.
Iberian ham (jamón ibérico)
The famous jamón ibérico has several denominaciones de origen, including:
- Huelva – source of the jamón de Jabugo.
- Teruel
- Guijuelo – well known for jamón y paleta ibéricos de bellota (from acorn-fed pigs)
- Dehesa de Extremadura
- Los Pedroches
Cheese
- Tetilla unusually shaped cheese from Galicia.
- Cabrales – Asturian blue cheese.
- Picon Bejes-Tresviso – from Liébanaregion in the province of Cantabria.
- Liebana– from Cantabria, renowned for smoked cheeses.
- Cantabria – "fresh" Cantabrian cheese.
- .
- Roncal – from Navarre.
- Zamora
- Manchego – from La Mancha.
- La Serena – sheep-milk cheese from Badajoz.
- Torta del Casar – sheep-milk cheese from Cáceres.
- Afuega'l pitu – cow-milk cheese from Asturias.
Vinegar
There are just four protected appellations for vinegar in the EU, of which three are in Spain:
- Jerez
- Condado de Huelva – white wine vinegar from Huelva
- Montilla-Moriles
Wine
Wine region classification in Spain takes a quite complex hierarchical form in which the denominación de origen is a mainstream grading, equivalent to the French AOC and the Italian DOC. As of 2019, Spain has 138 identifiable wine regions under some form of geographical classification (2 DOCa/DOQ, 68 DO, 7 VC, 19 VP, and 42 VT). The Spanish DO is actually a
DOP – denominación de origen protegida ('protected denomination of origin'), is the mainstay of Spain's wine quality control system. Each region is governed by a consejo regulador, which decides on the boundaries of the region, permitted varietals, maximum yields, limits of alcoholic strength and other quality standards or production limitations pertaining to the zone. As of 2019 there are 96 DOPs that are subdivided into DOCa, DO, VP, and VC. The sub-categories can be called DOP, or they can use the traditional terms of DOCa, DO, VP, and VC.
DOCa – denominación de origen calificada ('denomination of qualified origin'), is the highest category in Spanish wine regulations, reserved for regions with above-average grape prices and particularly stringent quality controls.
DO – denominación de origin, the mainstay of Spain's wine quality control system. Each region is governed by a consejo regulador, which decides on the boundaries of the region, permitted varietals, maximum yields, limits of alcoholic strength and other quality standards or production limitations pertaining to the zone.
VP – vino de pago ('estate wine'), a special term for high-quality, single-estate wines (pago is a Spanish term for a vineyard estate) which in some cases also have DO or VC or IGP appellations. This category was formed in 2003.
VC – vino de Calidad con indicación geográfica ('quality wine with geographic indication'), a category formed in 2003 along with VP. The VC category is used for wines that do not fully meet the stringent standards of the DO category, but are above the standards of the IGP category.
IGP – indicación geográfica protegida (
VdM – vino de mesa ('table wine'), the catch-all at the bottom of the pyramid, for all wine from unclassified vineyards, and wine that has been declassified by blending. This includes both inexpensive jug wines and some expensive wines that are not yet classified due to innovation outside traditional lines.
The two DOCa/DOQ regions are
The more prominent DO regions include:
- Campo de Borja (Zaragoza) – features a number of cooperatives that produce Garnacha and Tempranillo.
- Málaga and Sierras de Málaga (Málaga) – Sierras de Málaga is in effect a sub-appellation of the Málaga DO, traditionally known for its liquor wines and sweet wines.
- Montilla – Moriles (Córdoba) – produces mainly sweet dessert wines using similar techniques to those used for the production of sherry.
- Navarra (Navarre) – a neighbour of the Rioja, the Navarra DO region used to be renowned only for its rosado wines but in recent years has been producing quality reds and whites as well.
- Penedès (Barcelona) – notable not only for the production of the sparkling wine Cava, but red wines from Tempranillo, Garnacha, and Cariñenagrapes.
- Sousón.
- Ribera del Duero (Castile and León) – challenges Rioja for the most popular red wines produced in Spain. Almost all of its wines are made from the Tempranillo grape.
- Rueda (Castile and León) – located west of Ribera del Duero, producing reds and whites, typically less expensive than those of its more famous neighbours.
- Jerez (Xérès) (Cádiz) – source of the English term "sherry", a fortified wine that can either be dry or sweet.
- Duero, producing reds such as Tinta de Toro, the local name for Tempranillo.
Sherry / Jerez
Along with the DO appellations, the Jerez-Xérès-Sherry DO of Spain uses the following categories:
- VOS – Latin: vinum optima signatum (and sometimes mistaken to stand for "very old sherry" by English speakers) – applies to sherries with an average age of at least 20 years.[6]
- VORS - Vinum Optimu Rare Signatum, sometimes anglicized as Very Old Rare Sherry
See also
- Traditional food
- Endemic gastronomy
- Appellation d'origine contrôlée, an analogous system in France
- Denominação de Origem Controlada, an analogous system in Portugal
- Denominazione di origine controllata, an analogous system for Italian wines
- List of Andalusian food and drink products with protected status
Notes
- ^ In other languages of Spain:
- Catalan: denominació d'origen (IPA: [dənuminəsiˈo ðuˈɾiʒən]).
- Galician: denominación de orixen (IPA: [denominaˈθjon dɪ oˈɾiʃɪŋ]).
- Basque: jatorrizko deitura (IPA: [jatoris̻ko deituɾa]).
References
- ^ Denominaciones de origen e indicaciones geográficas – Alimentación – M.A.P.A Archived March 6, 2011, at the Wayback Machine
- ^ "elmundovino.elmundo.es".
- ^ a b Whole Foods Market (2007). "European "Designation of Origin" for Wine and Food".
- ^ "Alimentos de Calidad Diferenciada: Alimentación". Ministerio de Agricultura, Pesca y Alimentación. Archived from the original on 29 March 2007. Retrieved 2 June 2017.
- ^ "[Denominaciones de Origen e Indicaciones Geográficas] – Alimentación – M.A.P.A". Archived from the original on 20 March 2007. Retrieved 2 June 2017.
- ISBN 0764142658"VOS stands for Very Old Sherry (or Vinum Optima Signaturn) and applies to sherries with an average age of at least 20 years.
External links
- MAPA website (in Spanish)