Domestic rabbit
Domestic rabbit | |
---|---|
Domesticated
| |
Scientific classification | |
Domain: | Eukaryota |
Kingdom: | Animalia |
Phylum: | Chordata |
Class: | Mammalia |
Order: | Lagomorpha |
Family: | Leporidae |
Genus: | Oryctolagus |
Species: | O. cuniculus |
Subspecies: | O. c. subsp. domesticus
|
Trinomial name | |
Oryctolagus cuniculus subsp. domesticus |
The domestic or domesticated rabbit, commonly known as a pet rabbit, is the
Rabbits were first domesticated and used for their
Unwanted pet rabbits end up in animal shelters, especially after the Easter season (see Easter Bunny). In 2017, they were the United States' third most abandoned pet.[4] Some of them go on to be adopted and become family pets in various forms.[5] Because their wild counterparts have become invasive in Australia, pet rabbits are banned in the state of Queensland.[6] Pet rabbits, being a domesticated breed that lack survival instincts, do not fare well in the wild if they are abandoned or escape from captivity.[2][3]
Besides being used as pets, domesticated rabbits are used as laboratory animals and are farmed as livestock for their meat, wool and fur. Specific breeds are used in different industries; Rex rabbits, for example, are commonly raised for their fur, and the New Zealand rabbit is commonly used in animal testing for its docility and good health.
History
Phoenician sailors visiting the coast of Spain c. 12th century BC, mistaking the European rabbit for a species from their homeland (the rock hyrax Procavia capensis), gave it the name i-shepan-ham (land or island of hyraxes).[7]
The captivity of rabbits as a food source is recorded as early as the 1st century BC, when the Roman writer Pliny the Elder described the use of rabbit hutches, along with enclosures called leporaria .[1] A controversial theory is that a corruption of the rabbit's name used by the Romans became the Latin name for the peninsula, Hispania.[8] In Rome, rabbits were raised in large walled colonies with walls extended underground.[9] According to Pliny, the consumption of unborn and newborn rabbits, called laurices, was considered a delicacy.[10]
Evidence for the domestic rabbit is rather late. In the
The keeping of the rabbit as a pet commencing from the 1800s coincides with the first observable skeletal differences between the wild and domestic populations, even though captive rabbits had been exploited for over 2,000 years.[1] Domestic rabbits have been popular in the United States since the late 19th century. What became known as the "Belgian Hare Boom" began with the importation of the first Belgian Hares from England in 1888 and, soon after, the founding of the American Belgian Hare Association, the first rabbit club in America. From 1898 to 1901, many thousands of Belgian Hares were imported to America.[13] Today, the Belgian Hare is one of the rarest breeds, with only 132 specimens found in the United States in a 2015 census.[14]
The American Rabbit Breeders Association (ARBA) was founded in 1910 and is the national authority on rabbit raising and rabbit breeds having a uniform Standard of Perfection, registration and judging system. The domestic rabbit continues to be popular as a show animal and pet. Many thousand rabbit shows occur each year and are sanctioned in Canada and the United States by the ARBA. Today, the domesticated rabbit is the third most popular mammalian pet in Britain after dogs and cats.
Experimentation
Rabbits have been and continue to be used in
The New Zealand White is one of the most commonly used breeds for research and testing.[18]
The use of rabbits for the
Terminology
Male rabbits are called bucks; females are called does. An older term for an adult rabbit is coney, while rabbit once referred only to the young animals.[24] Another term for a young rabbit is bunny, though this term is often applied informally (especially by children and rabbit enthusiasts) to rabbits generally, especially domestic ones. More recently, the term kit or kitten has been used to refer to a young rabbit. A young hare is called a leveret; this term is sometimes informally applied to a young rabbit as well. A group of rabbits is known as a "colony" or a "nest".[25]
Biology
Genetics
The study of rabbit genetics is of interest to fanciers, the fiber and fur industry, medical researchers, and the meat industry. Among rabbit fanciers, the genetics of rabbit health and diversity are paramount. The fiber & fur industry focuses on the genetics of coat color and hair properties. In the biomedical research community and the pharmaceutical industry, rabbit genetics are important in model organism research, antibody production, and toxicity testing. The meat industry relies on genetics for disease resistance, feed conversion ratios, and reproduction potential in rabbits.
The rabbit genome has been sequenced and is publicly available.[26] The mitochondrial DNA has also been sequenced.[27] In 2011, parts of the rabbit genome were re-sequenced in greater depth in order to expose variation within the genome.[28]
-
Gene = du
Pattern: Dutch
Gene = B
Color: Black (on white) -
Gene = e(j)
Pattern: Harlequin -
Gene = Enen
Pattern: Broken
Gene = D
Color: Chocolate (on white) -
Gene = si
Silvering of the hair shaft
There are 11 color
Diet
As a refinement of the diet of the wild rabbit, the diet of the domestic rabbit is often a function of its purpose. Show rabbits are fed for vibrant health, strong musculoskeletal systems, and—like rabbits intended for the fur trade—optimal coat production and condition. Rabbits intended for the meat trade are fed for swift and efficient production of flesh, while rabbits in research settings have closely controlled diets for specific goals. Nutritional needs of the domestic rabbit may also be focused on developing a physique that allows for the safe delivery of larger litters of healthy kits. Optimizing costs and producing feces that meet local waste regulations may also be factors.[29] The diet of a pet rabbit, too, is geared toward its purpose—as a healthy and long-lived companion.[30]
Hay is an essential part of the diet of all rabbits and it is a major component of the commercial food pellets that are formulated for domestic rabbits and available in many areas. Pellets are typically fed to adult rabbits in limited quantities once or twice a day, to mimic their natural behavior and to prevent obesity. It is recommended only a teaspoon to an egg cup full of pellets is fed to adult rabbits each day. Most rabbit pellets are alfalfa-based for protein and fiber, with other grains completing the carbohydrate requirements. "Muesli" style rabbit foods are also available; these contain separate components—e.g., dried carrot, pea flakes and hay pellets as opposed to a uniform pellet. These are not recommended as rabbits will choose favored parts and leave the rest. Muesli style feeds are often lower in fiber than pelleted versions of rabbit food. Additionally, numerous studies have found they increase the risk of obesity and dental disease. Minerals and vitamins are added during production of rabbit pellets to meet the nutritional requirements of the domestic rabbit. Along with pellets, many commercial rabbit raisers also feed one or more types of loose hay, for its freshness and important cellulose components. Alfalfa in particular is recommended for the growth needs of young rabbits.[31] Alfalfa hay is not recommended for adult rabbits, as it is too rich in protein and too high in calcium.[32] Grass hays are best because they are lower in protein and calcium. Common sources of hay for rabbits include bluegrass, brome, fescue, marsh, orchard, timothy, oat and ryegrass. Offering a diversity of hay is important nutritionally. A diversity of hay also desensitizes rabbits to small changes in smell and texture, resulting in good, consistent eaters.[33]
Digestion
Easily digestible food is processed in the gastrointestinal tract & expelled as regular feces. But in order to get nutrients out of hard to digest fiber, rabbits ferment fiber in the cecum (in the GI tract) and then expel the contents as cecotropes, which are reingested (cecotrophy). The cecotropes are then absorbed in the small intestine to utilize the nutrients.[34]
Reproduction
Rabbits are prolific breeders, in part because rabbits reach breeding age quickly. To prevent unwanted offspring, rabbits may be
Like all mammals, rabbits produce milk for their young. Female rabbits have six to eight nipples and can produce milk for more than six weeks after birthing.[38] Rabbit milk is relatively high in fat, as a percentage by mass. While most herbivores produce approximately 5% milk fat, rabbits produce 12%. The excerpted table below compares milk characteristics among mammals.[39]
Species | Fat % |
Protein % |
Lactose % |
Ash % |
Total solids % |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Gray Seal | 53.2 | 11.2 | 2.6 | 0.7 | 67.7 |
Polar Bear | 31.0 | 10.2 | 0.5 | 1.2 | 42.9 |
Rabbit | 12.2 | 10.4 | 1.8 | 2.0 | 26.4 |
Bison | 1.7 | 4.8 | 5.7 | 0.96 | 13.2 |
Donkey | 1.2 | 1.7 | 6.9 | 0.45 | 10.2 |
Health
Disease is rare when rabbits are raised in sanitary conditions and provided with adequate care. Rabbits have fragile bones, especially in their spines, and need support on the bottom when they are picked up.
Rabbits will gnaw on almost anything, including electrical cords (possibly leading to
Spaying and neutering
However, castration of male pet rabbits is necessary, if they are to be kept species-appropriate (together with at least one other rabbit), which wouldn't otherwise be possible. Uncastrated male rabbits will engage in severe and often bloody fights with each other upon reaching adulthood, which can even end fatally. To prevent uncontrolled reproduction, it is advised to castrate males instead of females, as the necessary procedure, which requires only a small incision, has proven to be relatively safe and to have far less adverse effects on the rabbit's overall health.[44]
Vaccinations
In most jurisdictions, including the United States (except where required by local
Declawing
A rabbit cannot be declawed. Lacking pads on the bottoms of its feet, a rabbit requires its claws for traction. Removing its claws would render it unable to stand.[58][59]
Tonic immobility
Coping with stress is a key aspect of rabbit behavior, and this can be traced to part of the brain known as
Tonic immobility (TI) is sometimes called "trancing" or "playing dead".[61] Physiological and behavioral responses to human-induced TI have been found to indicate a fear-motivated stress state in rabbits.[61] Accordingly, even though people think the rabbits enjoy it, the promotion of TI to try to increase a bond between rabbits and their owners is misplaced.[62][61] However, some researchers conclude that inducing TI in rabbits is appropriate for certain medical procedures, as it holds less risk than anesthesia.[62][61]
Sore hocks
The formation of
The condition results when, over the course of time, the protective bristle-like fur on the rabbit's hocks thins down. Standing urine or other unsanitary cage conditions can exacerbate the problem by irritating the sensitive skin. The exposed skin in turn can result in tender areas or, in severe cases, open sores, which may then become infected and abscessed if not properly cared for.
Gastrointestinal stasis
Gastrointestinal stasis (GI stasis) is a serious and potentially fatal condition that occurs in some rabbits in which
GI stasis is the condition of food not moving through the
The first noticeable symptom of GI stasis may be that the rabbit suddenly stops eating. Treatment frequently includes intravenous or subcutaneous
Some rabbits are more prone to GI stasis than others. The causes of GI stasis are not completely understood, but common contributing factors are thought to include stress, reduced food intake, low fiber in the diet, dehydration, reduction in exercise or blockage caused by excess fur or carpet ingestion. Stress factors can include changes in housing, transportation, or medical procedures under anesthesia. As many of these factors may occur together (poor dental structure leading to decreased food intake, followed by a stressful veterinary dental procedure to correct the dental problem), establishing a root cause may be difficult.[65]
GI stasis is sometimes misdiagnosed as "hair balls" by veterinarians or rabbit keepers not familiar with the condition.[66][67] While fur is commonly found in the stomach following a fatal case of GI stasis, it is also found in healthy rabbits. Molting and chewing fur can be a predisposing factor in the occurrence of GI stasis; however, the primary cause is the change in motility of the gut.
Dental problems
- Malocclusion: Rabbit teeth are open-rooted and continue to grow throughout their lives, which is why they need constant abrasion. Since tooth enamel is the hardest substance in the body and much harder than anything a rabbit could chew, wearing down the teeth can only happen through chewing movements, i.e., by the teeth wearing down each other. If the teeth are not properly aligned, a condition called malocclusion, the necessary abrasion cannot happen naturally and needs to be done manually by an experienced veterinarian. Malocclusion can be either inborn or have a secondary cause. Inborn malocclusion usually presents as brachygnathism or prognathism and will generally show within the first few months of a rabbit's life. Any dental problems that start appearing in adult rabbits, however, cannot be inborn. The most common secondary causes of malocclusion are trauma (e.g., falls on the nose, nibbling on cage grids, clipping the teeth with unsuited tools), bacterial infection, and low-fiber diet.[68][69]
- Molar spurs: These are caused by improper abrasion of the molars and can dig into the rabbit's tongue and/or cheek causing severe pain. They can develop into a secondary malocclusion and need to be filed down by an experienced veterinarian. If left untreated, molar spurs can be fatal. The underlying cause of molar spurs in rabbits without (inborn) malocclusion is usually a wrong diet. Since, as mentioned above, teeth cannot wear down on food, rabbits need high-fiber and other chewing intensive food, particularly hay, grass, potherbs, and herbs, to keep their teeth in shape. Some industrially produced ready-made rabbit foods, especially pellets and muesli, are very low-fiber and therefore are known to be one of the main causes of molar spurs and secondary malocclusion if fed over an extended period of time.[70]
- vitamin D3 and magnesiumcan be given mixed with the rabbit's drinking water, once or twice per week, according to the veterinarian's instructions. The molar spurs should also be trimmed down by an experienced exotic veterinarian specialised in rabbit care, once every 1–2 months, depending on the case.
Signs of dental difficulty include difficulty eating,
Respiratory and conjunctival problems
An over-
Sneezing can be a sign of environmental pollution, such as too much dust or high ammonia levels.[73]
Runny eyes and other
Viral diseases
Rabbits are subject to infection by a variety of
Myxomatosis
Myxomatosis is a virulent threat to all rabbits but not to humans.[77] The intentional introduction of myxomatosis in rabbit-ravaged Australia killed an estimated 500 million feral rabbits between 1950 and 1952. The Australian government will not allow veterinarians to purchase and use the myxomatosis vaccine that would protect domestic rabbits, for fear that this immunity would be spread into the wild via escaped livestock and pets.[78] This potential consequence is also one motivation for the pet-rabbit ban in Queensland.[79]
In Australia, rabbits caged outdoors in areas with high numbers of
Rabbit hemorrhagic disease (RHD)
Rabbit hemorrhagic disease (RHD), also known as viral hemorrhagic disease (VHD) or rabbit calicivirus disease (RCD),[80] is caused by a rabbit-specific calicivirus known as rabbit hemorrhagic disease virus (RHDV) or rabbit calicivirus (RCV). Discovered in 1983, RHD is highly infectious and usually fatal. Initial signs of the disease may be limited to fever and lethargy, until significant internal organ damage results in labored breathing, squealing, bloody mucus, and eventual coma and death. Internally, the infection causes necrosis of the liver and damages other organs, especially the spleen, kidneys, and small intestine.
RHD, like myxomatosis, has been intentionally introduced to control feral rabbit populations in Australia and (illegally) in New Zealand, and RHD has, in some areas, escaped
In the United States, an October 2013 USDA document stated:[81]
RHD has been found in the United States as recently as 2010, and was detected in Canada in 2011. Thus far, outbreaks have been controlled quickly through quarantine, depopulation, disease tracing, and cleaning and disinfection; however, rabbit losses have been in the thousands. An RHD vaccine exists, but it is not recommended for use where the disease is not widespread in wildlife, as it may hide signs of disease and is not considered a practical response for such a rapidly spreading disease.
In the UK, reports of RHD (as recently as February 2018) have been submitted to the British Rabbit Council's online "Notice Board".[82] Vaccines for RHD are available—and mandatory—in the UK.
A new strain of the virus has been discovered, called rabbit hemorrhagic disease virus 2 (RHDV2).
West Nile virus
West Nile virus is another threat to domestic as well as wild rabbits.[83] It is a fatal disease, and while vaccines are available for other species, there are none yet specifically indicated for rabbits.[84]
Wry neck and parasitic fungus
The causes of wry neck can be middle- or inner-ear infections, ear mites (Psoroptes cuniculi), nematodes (roundworms, Baylisascaris procyonis), cancer (in brain, neck, ear), cervical muscle contractions, ingestion of lead or toxic plants, or diseases or injuries affecting the brain (stroke, abscess, tumor, trauma).[85][86]
However, the most common cause is a parasitic microscopic fungus called
Mites
Ear Canker is caused by nonburrowing ear mites Psoroptes cuniculi. It causes severe scabbing and inflammation on the ears and is very painful. Infected rabbits scratch a lot, which causes secondary bacterial infections. Rabbits should be treated as soon as possible, as the mites & infections can cause severe complications.[88][89] It can also cause Wry neck (as described above).
Fur mites can be any of a variety of species including Leporacarus gibbus, but most commonly Cheyletiella parasitivorax.[90] C. parasitivorax do not burrow into the skin but rather live in the keratin layer. They can cause dandruff, itching and fur loss. Diagnosis is not easy & it might take several tries to determine if mites are present.[91]
Tropical rat mites (Ornithonyssus bacoti) (and pigeon mites) cause severe itching. While rabbits can be easily treated (described below), to prevent reinfection, the host species (e.g., rat, pigeon) must also be treated or removed.[92]
Burrowing mange mites (Trixacarus caviae) are rare in rabbits but can cause such painful itching that the rabbit can become aggressive.[92]
All mites that infect rabbits can be treated by drugs given orally, by injection or applied on the skin (most common treatment), at intervals, as dictated by a veterinarian. The environment must also be treated.[91][93]
Fly strike
Bot flies
Bot flies that infect rabbits (generally Cuterebra buccata) lay their eggs where rabbits live. The eggs hatch into larvae which enter the rabbit through the nose, mouth or open wound. The larvae migrate within the rabbit to just under the skin, where it forms a visible bump with breathing hole. It feeds off of the rabbit's flesh and bodily fluids for up to 30 days, reaching up to 3 cm (1.2 in) long. It then exits through the hole, pupates in the ground & emerges as an adult. These bot flies live in the eastern US and Canada and as far west as Arizona.[96][97]
Whereas flystrike occurs in rabbits with soiled fur, bot flies can infect even very clean rabbits. Even before the bump and hole are visible, the larvae are very painful and the rabbit may become depressed, weak, lose weight or even go into shock. The hole may become moist and cause secondary bacterial or fungal infections. The larvae can also migrate to the nasal cavity, eyes, trachea and brain.[98]
Larvae are typically treated through careful removal by a veterinarian when they are identified. If the larvae are damaged, the rabbit can die from an anaphylactic reaction.[98]
Neoplasia
The most common tumor type of rabbits is uterine adenomcarcinoma, followed by neoplasia in hematopoietic organs, skin, mammary gland, testes, and the digestive system.[99] Subsequently, female intact rabbits have highest prevalence of neoplasia (19.7%) as compared to all sex combined (prevalence: 14.4%). Overall prevalence of neoplasia continuously increases with age and may affect up to 45% of rabbits older than 6 years. Histologic criteria of malignancy is present in most tumor specimens and distant spread to other organs is common for lymphoma and uterine adenocarcinoma. Lymphoma commonly occur in younger rabbits and frequently affect lymph nodes, gastrointestinal tract, kidneys, spleen, and liver.
Breeds
As of 2017, there were at least 305 breeds of domestic rabbit in 70 countries around the world.[100] The American Rabbit Breeders Association currently recognizes 52 rabbit breeds[101] and the British Rabbit Council recognizes 106.[102] Selective breeding has produced rabbits ranging in size from dwarf to giant. Across the world, rabbits are raised as livestock (in cuniculture) for their meat, pelts, and wool, and also by fanciers and hobbyists as pets.
Rabbits have been selectively bred since ancient times to achieve certain desired characteristics.
Many genetic defects in the domestic rabbit (such as dental problems in the Holland Lop breed) are due to recessive genes.[105][106] Genetics are carefully tracked by fanciers who show rabbits, to breed out defects.[107]
As pets
Rabbits have been kept as pets in Western nations since the 19th century,[108] but because of the destructive history of feral rabbits in Australia, domestic rabbits are illegal as pets in Queensland.[6] Rabbits can bond with humans,[109] can learn to follow simple voice commands and to come when called,[57]: 166 and are curious and playful.
Rabbits, like many other pets, do not make good pets for small children because rabbits are fragile and easily injured by rough handling, can bite when hurt or frightened, and are easily frightened by loud noises and sudden motions.[110] With the right guidance, rabbits can be trained to live indoors perfectly.[111]
Rabbits are especially popular as pets in the United States during the
Thus, there are many
House rabbits
Rabbits may be kept inside as
Rabbits are often compatible with others of their kind, or with
Rabbits as house companions began appearing with frequency in the late 19th century.[117][118][119] The most notable documentation is from Beatrix Potter's published diaries and letters.[120] Potter allowed both rabbits to live at least part time in the house with her.[121] "Both were fond of the fire, and one used to lie inside the fender",[118] and one rabbit slept, "under the grate on the hot ashes when the fire had gone out."[118] The strongest push to keep rabbits as litter-trained spayed and neutered indoor pets came with the publication of Marinell Harriman's House Rabbit Handbook: How to Live with an Urban Rabbit in 1985.[121][122][123]
As the domestic descendants of wild
In addition, there is evidence to suggest that young rabbits that occupy the periphery of the "
Bonding
When bonding two rabbits, the journey usually commences with carefully supervised meetings on neutral territory. This helps minimize territorial aggression and allows the rabbits to establish a hierarchy.[126] Over time, through these encounters, the rabbits will learn to tolerate with each other's presence, form a social bond, and engage in vital social behaviors such as grooming, playing, and snuggling.
Once a successful bond is established, the rabbits can progress to sharing the same habitat, enabling them to coexist as companions in a safe and contented environment. However, not all bonding attempts result in success, and sometimes bonds may break due to various factors, including personality clashes or stress. In such cases, it is essential to carefully assess the situation and, if necessary, seek guidance from experienced rabbit caregivers or veterinarians to provide the best possible care for the rabbits involved.[127]
During bonding, as rabbits become more comfortable with each other's presence, they often engage in mutual grooming sessions.
On the flip side, when rabbit bonds break, it can have detrimental effects on their physical and emotional well-being. Rabbits are highly social animals, and sudden separation from a bonded partner can cause stress and anxiety. This stress can lead to health issues, such as gastrointestinal problems, reduced appetite, and even a weakened immune system. Additionally, the sudden absence of a grooming partner can result in neglected fur, making the rabbit more susceptible to matting and skin issues.[128]
Care
Not all veterinarians will treat rabbits, and pet owners may have to seek out an
Baby rabbits under eight weeks old should be watched for enteritis along with gut stasis and bloat.[131]
Pet rabbits can often exhibit behaviour problems, including aggression towards humans and conspecifics, particularly with poor husbandry. Rabbit owners can seek behaviour help through their vets and rabbit behaviourists.
Advantages and disadvantages
Some advantages of keeping rabbits as pets is that they can be friendly, sociable and playful. They may or may not react favorably to handling and petting, depending on their personality and how they were raised.[42] There are many different sizes and characteristics available, owing to a long history of breeding. Rabbits can be friendly to each other, especially when introduced while young,[42] and are often compatible with other pets given time and space.[133] Rabbits are herbivores and their diet is relatively simple.[134] Compared to other small animals kept as pets, rabbits are physically robust creatures with strong hind legs that enable them to run fast, and they have powerful teeth. Rabbits breed rapidly and so it is often easy, and affordable, to find one to buy or adopt; however, since they are a social species, it is better to keep at least 2 rabbits.[135]
A disadvantage of keeping rabbits as pets is that they may chew things in the house. Rabbits chew as a natural behavior to maintain their dental health and must be provided with a healthy way to do so. Rabbits can potentially be aggressive and territorial, and unneutered male rabbits may spray their territory with a strong-smelling urine. Unspayed female urine is also pungent, and a litter box may smell and requires training to use. Additionally, fearful rabbits can bite and scratch, and may do so to communicate displeasure.[42] Rabbits should never be picked up by the ears or the "scruff" on the back of their neck, as their skeletons are light and fragile in comparison to their bodies, and are susceptible to trauma from falling, twisting and kicking. They have to be picked up and handled properly to avoid injury to the rabbit or the owner.[136]
Rabbits have needs that differ from other common household pets, which can lead to poor quality of life for the animal if their owners are unaware of these needs and often results in rabbits being returned to animal shelters.[137] Inappropriate treatment of a rabbit can include inadequate diet, housing, or socialisation.[134] A lack of knowledge may also lead to improper treatment and health care for rabbits.[138] Rabbits also have a body language that is more subtle than that of common domestic pets, such as cats and dogs,[139] and compared to these species are prey animals rather than predators, which poses different challenges to a potential owner.[140]
As livestock
Rabbits have been kept as livestock since ancient times for their meat, wool, and fur. In modern times, rabbits are also utilized in scientific research as laboratory animals.
Meat rabbits
Breeds such as the New Zealand and Californian are frequently utilized for meat in commercial rabbitries. These breeds have efficient metabolisms and grow quickly; they are ready for slaughter by approximately 14 to 16 weeks of age. The main consumer of rabbit meat in the world was China, as of 2017.[141]
Rabbit fryers are rabbits that are between 70 and 90 days of age, and weighing between 3–5 lb (1.4–2.3 kg) live weight. Rabbit roasters are rabbits from 90 days to 6 months of age weighing between 5–8 lb (2.3–3.6 kg) live weight. Rabbit stewers are rabbits from 6 months on weighing over 8 lb (3.6 kg).
Any type of rabbit can be slaughtered for meat, but those exhibiting the "commercial" body type are most commonly raised for meat purposes. Dark fryers (any other color but albino whites) are sometimes lower in price than albino fryers because of the slightly darker tinge of the fryer (purely pink carcasses are preferred by consumers) and because the dark hairs are easier to see than if there are residual white hairs on the carcass. There is no difference in skinability.
Wool rabbits
Rabbits such as the
Fur rabbits
Rabbit breeds that were developed for their fur qualities include the Rex with its plush texture, the Satin with its lustrous color, and the Chinchilla for its exotic pattern. White rabbit fur may be dyed in an array of colors that are not produced naturally. Rabbits in the fur industry are fed a diet focused for robust coat production and pelts are harvested after the rabbit reaches prime condition, which takes longer than in the meat industry. Rabbit fur is used in local and commercial textile industries throughout the world.[143][144]
Housing
Rabbits can live outdoors in properly constructed, sheltered
Show jumping
Rabbit show jumping, a form of animal sport between rabbits, began in the 1970s and has since become popular in Europe, particularly Sweden and the United Kingdom. When rabbit jumping was first starting out, the rules of competition were the same as horse jumping rules. However, rules were later changed to reflect a rabbit's abilities. The first national championship for rabbit show jumping was held in Stockholm, Sweden in 1987.[146] Any rabbit, regardless of breed, may participate in this kind of competition, as it is based on athletic skill.
See also
- Cuniculture
- Dwarf rabbit
- Lop rabbit
- Small pet
- Domestication of animals
- Domestic dog
- Domestic cat
- Domestic bird
References
- ^ S2CID 3380288.
- ^ a b "These Baby Bunny Hybrids Are 100% Adorable". 13 March 2015.
- ^ a b "Can Wild and Domestic Rabbits Live Together?". 23 July 2019.
- ^ "Here's why Easter Is bad for bunnies". Animals. 2017-04-12. Archived from the original on March 5, 2021. Retrieved 2021-12-21.
- ^ Lovett, Ian (19 April 2014). "When Delight Turns to Reality, It's Goodbye, Easter Bunny". The New York Times. Retrieved 18 February 2018.
- ^ a b "Rabbit Laws in QLD: Real life threat". Greencross Vets. Archived from the original on 19 February 2018. Retrieved 18 February 2018.
- OCLC 786137135.
- ^ Anthon, Charles (1850). A System of Ancient and Mediæval Geography for the Use of Schools and Colleges. New York: Harper. p. 14.
- ISBN 1595808736.
- ^ Pliny, the Elder, Natural history, 8.81 (55) The different species of hares, online: http://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text?doc=Perseus%3Atext%3A1999.02.0137%3Abook%3D8%3Achapter%3D81
- S2CID 3380288.
- OCLC 1124537499.
- ^ "Heritage Rabbits - Belgian Hare". The Livestock Conservancy. Retrieved 21 February 2018.
Status: Threatened
- ^ "Hare Survey - Submitted by the Rare Breed Rabbits Group". American Belgian Hare Club. Archived from the original on 21 February 2018. Retrieved 21 February 2018.
- ^ Kulpa-Eddy, Jodie; Snyder, Margaret; Stokes, William (2008). "A review of trends in animal use in the United States (1972–2006)" (PDF). AATEX (14, Special Issue: Proceedings of the 6th World Congress on Alternatives & Animal Use in the Life Sciences, 21–25 August 2007). Japanese Society for Alternatives to Animal Experiments: 163–165. Archived from the original (PDF) on 13 March 2012. Retrieved 3 October 2015.
- PMID 3383822.
- PMID 26487317.
- PMID 22363373.
Amongst various strains, New Zealand white strains of rabbits are commonly being used for research activities. These strains are less aggressive in nature and have less health problems as compared with other breeds.
- PMID 16055303.
- S2CID 172116640. Retrieved 11 June 2020.
- ^ "Rabbits in Laboratories". PETA. 23 June 2010. Retrieved 11 June 2020.
- ^ "Do Cosmetic Companies Still Test on Live Animals?". Scientific American. 6 August 2009. Retrieved 11 June 2020.
- ISBN 978-0-06-135185-3. Retrieved 12 March 2013.
- ^ "coney | Search Online Etymology Dictionary". www.etymonline.com.
- ^ "The Collective Noun Page". Retrieved 30 January 2008.
- United States National Institutes of Health. Retrieved 19 February 2018.
- PMID 9653643.
- PMID 21216839.
- ^ Maertens, L. (1999). "Towards reduced feeding costs, dietary safety and minimal mineral excretion in rabbits: A review". World Rabbit Science. 7 (2): 65–74. Retrieved 24 February 2018.
- ^ "Nutrient Constrain Calculator For Rabbits". Bunnyhorde.com. 11 April 2021. Retrieved 15 June 2021.
- ^ "Hay and Pellets: What do you feed a bunny?". IndianaHRS.org. House Rabbit Society, Indiana Chapter. Retrieved 24 February 2018.
- ^ "Feeding Your Rabbit". Retrieved 12 October 2020.
- ^ "The Importance Of Hay by House Rabbit Society". Retrieved 12 October 2020.
- ^ "Exploring a Rabbit's Unique Digestive System". Rabbits for Dummies. Retrieved 2013-08-14.
- PMC 7150064.
- ISSN 1470-1626.
- PMC 7158370.
- hdl:10251/9560.
- ^ Bremel (University of Wisconsin), Robert D.; Jensen (Handbook of Milk Composition), R.G. "Milk Composition - Species Table". Lactation Biology. University of Illinois - Department of Animal Sciences. Archived from the original on 5 September 2015. Retrieved 19 February 2018.
- ^ a b c "Outdoor and Indoor Hazards". Rabbit.org. House Rabbit Society. 2 March 2013.
- ^ Dawson, Bronwyn (10 July 2011). "Dealing with Medical Emergencies". House Rabbit Journal. II (4). House Rabbit Society. Retrieved 2 October 2015. A differently formatted version is also available here.
- ^ .
- ^ Streicher, Michael; Hach, Volker (2006). "Das Uterus-Adenokarzinom des Kaninchens". Kleintierpraxis. 51 (6): 3–8.
- ^ S2CID 243376323.
- PMID 10673664.
- ISSN 1557-5063.
- PMID 26474688.
- ISSN 1557-5063.
- PMID 26776933.
- PMID 18334964.
- S2CID 150169140.
- S2CID 46044895.
- S2CID 28921499.
- ^ Whitehead, Martin L. (2015). "'80% of entire female rabbits get uterine adenocarcinoma.' A case report of a veterinary factoid" (PDF). Proceedings of the British Veterinary Zoological Society Conference, March 2015, Loughborough University: 37. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2023-01-21. Retrieved 2023-01-21.
- ^ "British Veterinary Association Rabbit Care Downloads" (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on 2005-01-25.
- ^ "The importance of vaccination for your rabbit" (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on 25 February 2009. Retrieved 26 May 2008. Intervet vaccination literature.[full citation needed]
- ^ ISBN 978-0-7645-0861-5.
- ^ "Why Rabbits Should Not Be Declawed". www.rabbit.org. Archived from the original on 2018-02-20. Retrieved 2017-04-06.
- ^ "Rabbit Care: Rabbit Never Do's". www.rabbitwise.org. Archived from the original on 2017-02-04. Retrieved 2017-04-06.
- S2CID 10451981.
- ^ a b c d "HopperHome" (PDF). 24 November 2010. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2010-11-24.
- ^ a b McBride, Anne; Day, Simone; McAdie, Tina; Meredith, Anna; Barley, Jasmine; Hickman, Janice; Lawes, Lesley (2006). "Trancing rabbits: Relaxed hypnosis or a state of fear?". Proceedings of the VDWE International Congress on Companion Animal Behaviour and Welfare. Sint-Niklaas, Belgium: Vlaamse Dierenartsenvereniging (VDV): 135–137. Archived from the original on 12 July 2016.
- ^ "Housing". Rabbit.org. House Rabbit Society.
- ISBN 978-0-8138-1531-2.
- ISBN 978-0-7216-4023-5.
- ^ "House Rabbit Society: Sluggish Motility in the Gastrointestinal Tract".
- ^ Dana M. Krempels (July 1997). "Gastrointestinal Stasis, The Silent Killer". University of Miami Department of Biology. Retrieved March 20, 2024.
- ^ "When Teeth Turn to Tusks". www.rabbit.org. Retrieved 2022-04-15.
- ^ "Medirabbit". www.medirabbit.com. Retrieved 2022-04-15.
- ^ Meredith, Anna. "Rabbit dentistry" (PDF).
- ^ "Zolcal D liquid calcium". www.vetark.co.uk. Archived from the original on 20 December 2016. Retrieved 16 December 2016.
- ^ "Differential diagnosis for ptyalism". www.medirabbit.com.
- ^ PMC 7150336.
- ^ a b Krempels, Dana. "Runny Eyes, Runny Nose. What do They Mean?". Georgia House Rabbit Society. Retrieved March 19, 2024.
- ^ Brown, Susan. "Care of Rabbits" (PDF). Midwest Bird and Exotic Animal Hospital. Retrieved March 19, 2024.
- PMC 7152055.
- ^ "Myxomatosis (Chapter 2.6.1)" (PDF). Manual of Diagnostic Tests and Vaccines for Terrestrial Animals ("Terrestrial Manual 2014") (Lagomorpha (Chapter 2.6)). World Organization for Animal Health (OIE): 1–18. May 2014. Archived from the original (PDF) on 15 March 2018. Retrieved 19 February 2018.
- ^ "A Statement from the Chief Veterinary Officer (Australia) on myxomatosis vaccine availability in Australia". Australian Government - Department of Agriculture and Water Resources. 12 September 2017. Retrieved 19 February 2018.
- ^ "Restricted Invasive Animals - Rabbit". Queensland [Australia] Government - Business Queensland. 22 November 2017. Retrieved 18 February 2018.
- ^ Center for Food Security & Public Health; Institute for International Cooperation in Animal Biologics (September 2007). "Rabbit Hemorrhagic Disease: Viral Hemorrhagic Disease of Rabbits, Rabbit Calicivirus Disease" (PDF). CFSPH.IAState.edu. Iowa State University College of Veterinary Medicine. Retrieved 3 October 2015.
- ^ Animal and Plant Health Inspection Service - Veterinary Services (October 2013). "Rabbit Hemorrhagic Disease: Standard Operating Procedures: 1. Overview of Etiology and Ecology" (PDF). Foreign Animal Disease Preparedness and Response Plan (FAD PReP). United States Department of Agriculture: 1–11. Archived from the original (PDF) on 1 February 2017. Retrieved 19 February 2018.
- ^ "Notice Board". The British Rabbit Council. Retrieved 19 February 2018.
- ISSN 2398-2969. Retrieved 21 February 2018.
- PMID 26184326.
- ^ a b c Krempels, Dana. "Head Tilt in Rabbits: Don't Give Up". House Rabbit Society. Retrieved 2024-03-20.
- ^ "Head Tilt in Rabbits". Disabled Rabbits. Retrieved 2023-12-31.
- ^ a b "Rabbits and E. cuniculi (Encephalatizoon cuniculi)". Rabbit Welfare Association & Fund. 4 May 2013. Archived from the original on 19 February 2018. Retrieved 18 February 2018.
- ^ Delaney, Martha. "Lagomorpha, Ectoparasites". Science Direct. Retrieved 2023-12-31.
- ^ van Praag, Esther. "Ear mite: Psoroptes cuniculi". MediRabbit. Retrieved 2024-01-02.
- ISBN 978-0-8138-1596-1.
- ^ a b van Praag, Esther. "Common Fur Mites or Cheyletiellosis". MediRabbit. Retrieved 2023-12-30.
- ^ a b c Kremples, Dana. "Fur Loss and Skin Problems in Rabbits". Kremples website. Retrieved 2023-12-31.
- ^ a b van Praag, Esther. "Mange: burrowing mites Sarcoptes scabiei or Notoedres cati". MediRabbit. Retrieved 2024-01-02.
- ^ Harriman, Marinell. "Fly Strike". House Rabbit Society. Retrieved 21 February 2018.
- ^ "Summary of [Rearguard] Product Characteristics (AN. 01134/2015)" (MS Word document). Veterinary Medicines Directorate. Government of the United Kingdom (gov.uk). 15 December 2015. Retrieved 21 February 2018.
- ^ Brown, Dave. "Cuterebra buccata". Animal Diversity Web (ADW). Retrieved 2024-01-06.
- ^ "Warbles (Cuterebra Botfly Larvae)". Wisconsin Dept. of Natural Resources. Retrieved 2024-01-06.
- ^ a b van Praag, Esther. "Myiasis (botfly) in rabbits". MediRabbit. Retrieved 2024-01-06.
- S2CID 227079099.
- ^ "Data export". DAD-IS (Domestic Animal Diversity Information System). FAO (Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations). 21 November 2017. Retrieved 30 March 2018.
- ^ "ARBA Recognized Breeds". American Rabbit Breeders Association. Retrieved 8 February 2024.
- ^ "Breed Standards 2016-2020" (PDF). The British Rabbit Council. Archived from the original (PDF) on 21 January 2018. Retrieved 18 February 2018.
- ISBN 978-1585972753.
- ^ "Longest ears on a rabbit". Guinness World Records. Retrieved 9 February 2018.
- ^ Botha, Miklos; Petrescu-Mag, Valentin; Hettig, Andrea (2014). "Genetic disorders in domestic rabbits (Oryctolagus cuniculus)" (PDF). Rabbit Genetics. 4 (1).
- S2CID 85671191.
- ISBN 978-0-598-96820-3.
- ^ "Companion rabbits: Assessing their needs and behaviour - Fellowship of Animal Behaviour Clinicians" (PDF).
- ^ Ramnaraine, Amy (12 January 2017). "Bonding With Your Rabbit". House Rabbit Society. Retrieved 21 March 2018.
- ^ Mixon, Carolyn (10 July 2011). "Children and Rabbits". House Rabbit Society. Retrieved 28 February 2018.
- ^ "Rabbit Facts - Top 20 Facts about Rabbits".
- ^ "Easter Rabbits". ABC7 News. Chicago: WLS-TV. 4 April 2007. Archived from the original on 2 February 2009.
- ^ "Rabbit behaviour | rabbit advice and welfare | rspca advice".
- ^ "Chewing". Rabbit.org. House Rabbit Society. Archived from the original on 10 November 2015. Retrieved 25 February 2010.
- ^ "Litter Training". House Rabbit Society. Retrieved 18 February 2018.
- ^ Rubins, Suzanne. "Guinea Pigs as Rabbit Buddies". Rabbit.org. House Rabbit Network. Archived from the original on 10 September 2012. Retrieved 10 June 2009.
- ASIN B005MJF9OQ.
- ^ a b c Potter, Beatrix (1981). The Art of Beatrix Potter. VikingPress.
- ^ "William Henry Lippincott, Farm Interior: Breton Children Feeding Rabbits, 1878, oil on canvas". Smithsonian American Art Museum.
- ^ Taylow, Judy (1989). Beatrix Potter's Letters. Frederick Warne.
- ^ ISBN 9781590560440.
- ^ DeMello, M. (2010). "Becoming rabbit: Living with and knowing rabbits". Spring: A Journal of Archetype and Culture. 83: 237–252 – via animalstudiesrepository.org.
- ISBN 978-0940920187.
- ^ Davis, Susan (2 April 2013). "Aggression". House Rabbit Society. Retrieved 21 March 2018.
- S2CID 21342427.
- ^ Bunnyhugga. "Understanding rabbit hierarchy and its importance". www.bunnyhugga.com. Retrieved 2023-10-01.
- ^ "Bunny bonding basics | Animal Humane Society". www.animalhumanesociety.org. Retrieved 2023-09-21.
- ^ "Bonding Rabbits". House Rabbit Society. Retrieved 2023-09-21.
- ISBN 978-0764142536.
- ^ "Holland Lop". RabbitPedia.com. Retrieved 2019-04-01.
- ^ "Holland Lop Rabbit Breed". Lafeber Co. - Small Mammals. 2017-05-18. Retrieved 2019-04-01.
- ^ "Hiding places". www.rspca.org.uk. RSPCA. Retrieved 29 December 2019.
- ^ "Rabbits in Homes with Other Animals". Wisconsin Humane Society. Retrieved March 20, 2024.
- ^ PMID 31903189.
- PMID 33189256.
- ^ O'Meara, Holly (10 February 2013). "An Uplifting Experience". House Rabbit Journal (Fall 1998). 3 (11). Retrieved 1 April 2018.
- PMID 29508633.
- PMID 32977692.
- ^ Witherell, Melissa (27 October 2022). "What do Different Bunny Positions Mean?". PetMD.
- .
- ^ "Global rabbit meat market has increased and will continue to grow". New Food Magazine. 16 May 2019.
- ISSN 1229-9197.
- ^ Xian, Vivian (2007). "China, Where American Mink Gets Glamour". USDA Foreign Agricultural Service Global Agriculture Information Network. Retrieved March 20, 2024.
- ^ "The reality of commercial rabbit farming in Europe" (PDF). Coalition Against the Fur Trade. Retrieved March 20, 2024.
- ^ "Rabbit Housing Options". IndianaHRS.org. House Rabbit Society, Indiana Chapter.
- ^ "Hopping versus Agility". (n.d.).
External links
- The Rabbit Welfare Association and Fund
- The American Rabbit Breeders Association – the oldest and largest rabbit specialist organization in the United States
- The Livestock Conservancy – a registry of the rarest breeds of domestic rabbits
- World Rabbit Science Association – an international science organization dedicated to rabbit health research
- The British Rabbit Council – recognized breeds with photographs and more
- MediRabbit – a site dedicated to spreading the knowledge of rabbit medicine and safe medication in rabbits, for the owner and the vet professional
- Rabbit Breeds – directory of ARBA-recognized breeds of rabbit
- Complete Guide of Rabbit Breeds – List of rabbit breeds approved by American Rabbit Breeders Association
- RabbitPedia.com – Source for information about rabbit care.
- Rabbit.org Foundation – a US-based educational and advocacy organization for rabbit pet-keepers, founded in 2023
- House Rabbit Society – a US-based rescue organization for rabbit pet-keepers, founded in 1988
- Domestic rabbit at Curlie