European Islam
This article possibly contains original research. (November 2009) |
European Islam is a hypothesized new
The terms "European Islam" and "Euro-Islam" were originally introduced at a conference presided by Carl E. Olivestam, senior lecturer at
Proponents
Bassam Tibi
German-Syrian Bassam Tibi is considered the original coiner of the term "Euro-Islam",[14] which he used for the first time in his 1992 paper Les conditions d'une "Euro-Islam", published in 1995,[13] to describe a type of Islam that embraces Western political values, such as liberal democracy, religious pluralism, secularism, tolerance, and the separation between religion and state.[15] He argues that Muslims in Europe must create a specific form of Islam that can coexist with European values.[16] The term reflects a concept for the integration of Muslims as European citizens, often assuming a liberal and progressive interpretation based on the idea of Europeanizing Islam.[16] Tibi dissociates himself from the Islamists, who reject Euro-Islam; he estimates that they amount to 3–5% of the Muslims currently living in Europe. He says they are nevertheless a dangerous minority since they want to "hijack" the Muslim community and other values of civil society. More precisely, Tibi seeks to dissociate his reasoning on Euro-Islam from that of Tariq Ramadan, whom he considers a rival within Islam in Europe.[14]
Tibi speaks of the need of Muslims to become "European citizens of the heart".
Tariq Ramadan
Tariq Ramadan is erroneously considered to be one of the coiners of the term "European Islam".[14] Ramadan calls for creating a new European-Muslim identity in his book To Be a European Muslim (1999).[8][20] He demands participation of Muslims in social and cultural life in conformation with European culture and Muslim ethics and says Muslims should disassociate themselves from Saudi Arabia[21] and Islamic terrorism. He also thinks that European Muslims "need to separate Islamic principles from their cultures of origin and anchor them in the cultural reality of Western Europe."[22] However, Ramadan says that "Europeans also must start considering Islam as a European religion."[23]
Maria Luisa Maniscalco
Maria Luisa Maniscalco, professor of Sociology at the University of Roma Tre, in her book "European Islam. Sociology of an encounter", considers that in a process of "Europeanisation" of Muslims and "Islamization" of Europe directions of change are diverse.[24] While family law, the status of women, religious freedom, social justice and criminal laws are still areas of high controversy within Islam, in Europe and elsewhere, and in comparison with European societies, attempts to Islamize modernity performed in European territory and in dialogue with Europe express creativity and innovation capacity. According to Maniscalco, when different segments of the Muslim world in Europe will propose themselves and will act as "active minorities", being able to take leadership and provide new impetus towards a dynamic and positive meeting, this will be significant for the future of Europe.[25]
Xavier Bougarel
Jocelyne Cesari
Jocelyne Cesari, Professor of Religion and Politics and Director of Research at Edward Cadbury Centre at University of Birmingham, as well as President of European Academy of Religion,[28] says that while Islam is perceived as colliding with European secular values "Islam is simply a religion."[23] According to Cesari, Muslims need to reveal the "genuine tolerant face of Islam, to show its diversity and reveal to the world that an intellectual such as Muhammad Abduh is the best example for a modern thinker."[23]
Cesari talks of the secularization of individual Islamic practices and of Islamic institutions, as well as the efforts Muslims are making to maintain the relevancy of Islamic legal systems and what she calls the "gender jihad"[29] She thinks that Islam should be merged into European culture and that Islamic culture should be added to Europe's educational curricula.[23] She has also held post as research associate at the Center for Middle Eastern Studies at Harvard University and director of Islamopedia Online.
Jørgen S. Nielsen
Jørgen S. Nielsen, professor of Islamic studies at the University of Copenhagen, says that "Europeanizing" Islam "requires changes in relations between the sexes, in relations between parents and children, significant changes in attitudes to people of other religions, and in attitudes toward the State."[30] Nielsen believes that this is happening. While only a minority of Muslims is assimilating completely with secular European culture, "the majority are sticking to their religion but divorcing it from the cultural tradition and redressing it in a new culture." Nielsen also argues that the emergence of a European Islam is not only linked to the Muslim communities in Europe, but also to structures inherited from European society and the State.[31]
Other approaches to integration
Robert S. Leiken
Robert S. Leiken says that both the multiculturalism and assimilation methods failed and that an integration policy still needs to be developed, something which will not happen overnight.[23]
European Commission proposal
Following the
See also
- American Islam (term)
- Islam in Europe
- Liberal and progressive movements within Islam
- Muslim world
- Religion in the European Union
References
Citations
- ^ LCCN 2001050240.
- ^ JSTOR 23076193.
- ^ ISSN 1877-1432.
- S2CID 199364516.
- ^ ISSN 1874-7337.
- ^ S2CID 153038977.
- ^ ISSN 0590-0239 – via Cairn.info.
- ^ ISBN 978-2-8111-0905-9 – via Cairn.info.
- S2CID 161615853.
- ^ ISBN 9780415776547.
- S2CID 161373775.
- S2CID 144393965.
- ^ ISBN 978-2876782013.
- ^ LCCN 2013955942.
- ^ "Q&A: Islam and Europe – New York Times".
- ^ S2CID 148008368.
- ^ See Tibi's article "A Migration Story: From Muslim Immigrants to European "Citizens of the Heart?"" in: The Fletcher Forum of World Affairs Vol.31 (Winter 2007) 1: 191–210.
- ^ On the ethnicization of Islam in Europe see Tibi's chapter in Roland Hsu (Ed.), Ethnic Europe: Mobility, Identity, and Conflict in a Globalized World, Stanford University Press, 2010, pp. 127–156; also Bassam Tibi, "Ethnicity of Fear? Islamic Migration and the Ethnicization of Islam in Europe," in: Studies in Ethnicity and Nationalism, Vol. 11, No. 1, 2010, pp. 126–157.
- ISSN 1613-4826. Retrieved 21 January 2021.
Der Islamologe und gebürtige Syrer Bassam Tibi sieht keine Chancen mehr für einen europäischen Islam. Im Magazin Cicero (Juni-Ausgabe) schreibt er, dass der „Kopftuch-Islam" über den „Euro-Islam" gesiegt habe: „Den Euro-Islam wird es nicht geben. Ich kapituliere." Sein Essay ist der erste Teil einer neuen Cicero-Serie mit dem Titel: „Gehört der Islam zu Deutschland?"
- ISBN 978-2876782013.
- ^ Ramadan, Tariq (June 2000). "Who speaks for Europe's Muslims?". mondediplo.com.
- ^ N. Le Quesne, "Trying to Bridge A Great Divide" in Time
- ^ Al Ahram Weekly. 2005. Archived from the originalon 9 July 2007. Retrieved 11 July 2007.
- ^ Maria Luisa Maniscalco, Islam Europeo. Sociologia di un incontro, Milano, FrancoAngeli, 2014.
- ^ Antonelli, Francesco (19 February 2015). "La fede trovata nella cittadinanza in Il Manifesto, 20 febbraio 2015". ilmanifesto.info.
- ^ "European Policy Centre Website". Archived from the original on 29 September 2007. Retrieved 13 August 2019.
- ^ Xavier Bougarel, Balkans. Les différentes facettes de l'islam, in P@ges Europe, La Documentation française DILA, 1° aprile 2014
- ^ "Professor Jocelyne Cesari – Department of Theology and Religion – University of Birmingham". www.birmingham.ac.uk. Retrieved 3 March 2019.
- ISBN 1403971463.
- ^ Peter Ford, "Europe's rising class of believers: Muslims", The Christian Science Monitor, 24 February 2005
- ISBN 978-0-333-72374-6.
- ^ a b Renata Goldirova, "Brussels questions EU capitals over approach to Islam" in the EUobserver, 6 July 2007
Bibliography
- AlSayyad, Nezar; Castells, Manuel, eds. (2002). Muslim Europe Or Euro-Islam: Politics, Culture, and Citizenship in the Age of Globalization. LCCN 2001050240.
- Allen, Chris; Amiraux, Valerie; Choudhury, Tufyal; Godard, Bernard; Karich, Imane; Rigoni, Isabelle; (PDF) from the original on 18 April 2018. Retrieved 21 January 2021.
- Archick, Kristin; Belkin, Paul; Blanchard, Christopher M.; Ek, Carl; Mix, Derek E. (7 September 2011). "Muslims in Europe: Promoting Integration and Countering Extremism" (PDF). Washington, D.C.: CRS Report for Congress. Archived(PDF) from the original on 25 November 2011. Retrieved 21 January 2021.
- Bougarel, Xavier (2005). "Balkan Muslim Diasporas and the Idea of a "European Islam"". In Dulic, Tomislav (ed.). Balkan Currents. Essays in Honour of Kjell Magnusson. Uppsala Multiethnic Papers. Vol. 49. Halshs.archives-ouvertes.fr.
- Bougarel, Xavier (2012) [2007]. "Bosnian Islam as 'European Islam': Limits and Shifts of A Concept". In al-Azmeh, Aziz; Fokas, Effie (eds.). Islam in Europe: Diversity, Identity, and Influence (PDF). S2CID 91182456.
- Bougarel, Xavier; Clayer, Nathalie (2013). Les musulmans de l'Europe du Sud-Est: Des Empires aux États balkaniques. Terres et gens d'islam. Paris: ISBN 978-2-8111-0905-9 – via Cairn.info.
- Bustanov, A. K.; Kemper, M. (2012). "From Mirasism to Euro-Islam: The Translation of Islamic Legal Debates into Tatar Secular Cultural Heritage". Islamic Authority and The Russian Language: Studies on Texts from European Russia, the North Caucasus, and West Siberia. Pegasus Oost-Europese studies. Vol. 19. S2CID 132614050.
- Cesari, Jocelyne, ed. (2014). The Oxford Handbook of European Islam. S2CID 153038977.
- Clayer, Nathalie (2004). "Les musulmans des Balkans Ou l'islam de "l'autre Europe"/The Balkans Muslims Or the Islam of the "Other Europe"". Religions, pouvoir et société: Europe centrale, Balkans, CEI. Le Courrier de Pays de l'Est (in French). 5 (1045). Paris: La Documentation française: 16–27. ISSN 0590-0239 – via Cairn.info.
- El Ayoubi, Mostafa; Paravati, Claudio, eds. (2018). Dall'islam in Europa all'islam europeo: La sfida dell'integrazione. Biblioteca di testi e studi (in Italian). Vol. 1177. ISBN 9788843091072.
- Elbasani, Arolda; S2CID 164180984.
- Hashas, Mohammed (2018). "Does European Islam Think?". In Thielmann, Jörn; Račius, Egdūnas; Vinding, Niels Valdemar (eds.). Exploring the Multitude of Muslims in Europe: Essays in Honour of Jørgen S. Nielsen. Muslim Minorities. Vol. 27. LCCN 2017058914.
- Hashas, Mohammed (2018). The Idea of European Islam: Religion, Ethics, Politics and Perpetual Modernity. London: S2CID 158337114.
- S2CID 144393965.
- Martikainen, Tuomas; Mapril, José; Khan, Adil Hussain, eds. (2019). Muslims at the Margins of Europe: Finland, Greece, Ireland and Portugal. Muslim Minorities. Vol. 32. LCCN 2019023090.
- Merdjanova, Ina (30 April 2008). "Euro-Islam v. "Eurabia": Defining the Muslim Presence in Europe". www.wilsoncenter.org. Washington, D.C.: Woodrow Wilson International Center for Scholars. Retrieved 21 January 2021.
- ISBN 978-0-333-72374-6.
- Nielsen, Jørgen S. (2012) [2007]. "The Question of Euro-Islam: Restriction or Opportunity?". In al-Azmeh, Aziz; Fokas, Effie (eds.). Islam in Europe: Diversity, Identity, and Influence. S2CID 143052880.
- Račius, Egdūnas, ed. (2020). Islam in Post-communist Eastern Europe: Between Churchification and Securitization. Muslim Minorities. Vol. 35. LCCN 2020907634.
- Šuško, Dževada, ed. (2019). Both Muslim and European: Diasporic and Migrant Identities of Bosniaks. Muslim Minorities. Vol. 30. LCCN 2018061684.
- S2CID 148008368.
Further reading
- Akyol, Riada Asimovic (13 January 2019). "Bosnia Offers a Model of Liberal European Islam". The Atlantic. Washington, D.C. Archived from the original on 13 January 2019. Retrieved 18 April 2021.
- Allievi, Stefano; Maréchal, Brigitte; Dassetto, Felice; S2CID 142974009.
- Aščerić-Todd, Ines (2015). Dervishes and Islam in Bosnia: Sufi Dimensions to the Formation of Bosnian Muslim Society. The Ottoman Empire and its Heritage. Vol. 58. S2CID 127053309.
- Bencheikh, Ghaleb; Brahimi-Semper, Adam (19 May 2019). "L'Islam dans le Sud-Est Européen". www.franceculture.fr (in French). Paris: France Culture. Retrieved 25 March 2021.
- Bougarel, Xavier; Clayer, Nathalie, eds. (2001). Le Nouvel Islam Balkanique. Les Musulmans, acteurs du post-communisme, 1990–2000 (in French). Paris: Maisonneuve et Larose. ISBN 2-7068-1493-4.
- Ghodsee, Kristen (2010). Muslim Lives in Eastern Europe: Gender, Ethnicity, and the Transformation of Islam in Postsocialist Bulgaria. Princeton Studies in Muslim Politics. OCLC 677987523.
- Isani, Mujtaba; Schlipphak, Bernd (August 2017). Schneider, Gerald (ed.). "In the European Union we trust: European Muslim attitudes toward the European Union". S2CID 158771481.
- Nielsen, Jørgen S. (2021). "European Islam (as a concept)". In Fleet, Kate; ISSN 1873-9830.
- Popović, Alexandre (1986). L'Islam balkanique: les musulmans du sud-est européen dans la période post-ottomane. Balkanologische Veröffentlichungen (in French). Vol. 11. OCLC 15614864.
- Stieger, Cyrill (5 October 2017). "Die Flexibilität der slawischen Muslime". Neue Zürcher Zeitung (in German). Zürich. Archived from the original on 5 October 2017. Retrieved 25 March 2021.
- Zheliazkova, Antonina (July 1994). "The Penetration and Adaptation of Islam in Bosnia from the Fifteenth to the Nineteenth Century". S2CID 144333779.