Islam in Spain
Sunni, minority Shia | |
Languages | |
---|---|
Main: Spanish, Arabic, Berber and others |
Islam by country |
---|
Islam portal |
Islam was a major religion on the
While the 2022 official estimation of Centro de Investigaciones Sociológicas (CIS) indicates that 2.8% of the population of Spain has a religion other than Catholicism,[4] according to an unofficial estimation of 2020 by the Union of Islamic Communities of Spain (UCIDE) the Muslim population in Spain represents the 4.45% of the total Spanish population as of 2019, of whom 42% were Spanish citizens (most of them with foreign family origins), 38% Moroccans, and 20% of other nationalities.[5]In 2024 according to the Islamic Commission of Spain, there are 2.5 million Muslims in Spain, which is about 5.32 percent of the population of 47 million Spaniards. The number of converts, as per the commission, has increased to an estimated 10 times in the past three decades.[6]
History
Conquest
Hispania was the
News of the political unrest which existed from the late 6th century through the early 8th century was eventually received by the rulers of the growing Islamic empire which existed along the North African coast. Several historical sources state that the Islamic caliphate had not actually targeted the Visigothic Kingdom for conquest, but political divisions within it created an opportunity which was successfully exploited by an army which was led by the Muslim general Tariq ibn-Ziyad. The last Visigoth king, Roderick, was not considered a legitimate ruler by all of the inhabitants of the Spanish Kingdom, and some Visigothic nobles aided the Islamic conquest of Spain. One name frequently mentioned is Count Julian of Ceuta who invited Tariq ibn-Ziyad to invade southern Spain because his daughter had been raped by King Roderick.
On April 30, 711, Muslim General
Islamic rule of the Iberian peninsula lasted for varying periods of time, which ranged from only 28 years in the extreme northwest (Galicia) to 781 years in the area which surrounded the city of Granada in the southeast. This Empire added contributions to society such as libraries, schools, public bathrooms, literature, poetry, and architecture. This work was mainly developed through the unification of people of all faiths.[9] While the three major monotheistic religious traditions certainly did borrow from one another in Al-Andalus, benefiting especially by the blooming of philosophy and the medieval sciences in the Muslim Middle East, recent scholarship has brought into question the notion that the peaceful coexistence of Muslims, Jews, and Christians — known as the convivencia — could be defined as "pluralistic."[10] People of other religions could contribute to society and the culture developed in this time. One of the reasons for such great success under this empire was the legal terms offered to the public, which differed from the conditions which were implemented by the Visigoth kingdom which preceded it.[9]
Moreover, the appearance of Sufism on the Iberian peninsula is especially important because Sufism's "greatest shaykh," Ibn 'Arabi, was himself from Murcia. Nakshbandi Sufi order is the widely followed Sufi order in Spain.[11]
The topic of Convivencia remains a very hotly debated topic among scholars, with some of them believing that Spain was pluralistic under Muslim rule while others believe it was a very difficult place for non-Muslims to live in. Those who believe that Muslim ruled Spain was pluralistic point to the audio narration in the Museum of The Three Cultures in Cordoba, Spain, where the audio narration says that "when the East was not separated from the West, Muslims were not separated from Jews or Christians".
On the other side of the debate, many scholars believe that Muslim rule of Spain was far from a utopian society where all religions treated each other with respect. In fact, "Uprisings in Cordoba in 805 and 818 were answered with mass executions and the destruction of one of the city's suburbs".
Rule
History of Al-Andalus |
---|
Muslim conquest (711–732) |
Umayyad dynasty of Córdoba (756–1031) |
|
First Taifa period (1009–1110) |
Almoravid rule (1085–1145) |
Second Taifa period (1140–1203) |
Almohad rule (1147–1238) |
Third Taifa period (1232–1287) |
Emirate of Granada (1232–1492) |
Related articles |
This section needs additional citations for verification. (January 2010) |
In time Islamic migrants from places as diverse as North Africa to Yemen and Syria and Iran invaded territories in the Iberian peninsula. The Islamic rulers called the Iberian peninsula "Al-Andalus".
For a time, Al-Andalus was one of the great Muslim civilizations, reaching its summit with the
had the following chronological phases:- The Al-Andalus province of the Umayyad Caliphate in Damascus (711–756)
- The Independent Umayyad Emirate of Cordoba(756–929)
- The Umayyad Caliphate of Córdoba (929–1031)
- The first Taifas (1031–c. 1091)
- The Almoravid rule (c. 1091–c. 1145)
- The second Taifas (c. 1145–c. 1151)
- The Almohadrule (c. 1151–1212)
- The third Taifas (1212–1238)
- The Kingdom of Granada(1238–1492)
- The late Alpujarras revolt (1568–1571), with two monarchs appointed successively by the Moriscorebels
(Note: the dates when the different taifa kingdoms were annexed by Almoravids and Almohads vary)
The
Reconquista
After the disintegration of the Caliphate, Islamic control was gradually eroded by the Christian
After the Reconquista
The conquest was accompanied by the Treaty of Granada signed by Emir Muhammad XII of Granada, allowing the Spanish crown's new Muslim subjects a large measure of religious toleration. They were also allowed the continuing use of their own language, schools, laws and customs.[citation needed] But the interpretation of the royal edict was largely left to the local Catholic authorities. Hernando de Talavera, the first Archbishop of Granada after its Catholic conquest, took a fairly tolerant view.[citation needed]
However 1492 started the monarchy's reversal of freedoms beginning with the
The majority therefore are forced to accept conversion, becoming known as "New Christians". Many of the New Christians (also called "Moriscos"), though outwardly Catholic, continued to adhere to their old beliefs in private as crypto-Muslims.[19] Responding to a plea from his co-religionists in Spain, in 1504 Ahmad ibn Abi Jum'ah, an Islamic scholar in North Africa, issued a fatwa, commonly named the "Oran fatwa", saying that Muslims may outwardly practice Christianity, as well as drink wine, eat pork and other forbidden things, if they were under "compulsion" to conform or "persecution".[20]
The clandestine practice of Islam continued well into the 16th century. In 1567, King
The last mass prosecution against Moriscos for crypto-Islamic practices occurred in Granada in 1727, with most of those convicted receiving relatively light sentences. Some of the Morisco community including these final convicts were said to have kept their identity alive at least through the late eighteenth century.[3]
Nevertheless, communities of Moorish freed slaves known as "moros cortados" continued to be present throughout various parts of Spain, many of which had been freed as a result of a reciprocal deal with Morocco in 1767. Such former slaves, although baptised continued to discreetly practice their religion. As a result of a second Treaty with Morocco in 1799, the King of Spain formally guaranteed the right of Moroccans in Spain to practice their religion in exchange for Spanish Catholics being granted the same rights in Morocco.[21]
Demography and ethnic background
The
The
Year | Pop. | ±% |
---|---|---|
2003 | 525,000 | — |
2004 | 801,284 | +52.6% |
2005 | 1,064,904 | +32.9% |
2006 | 1,080,478 | +1.5% |
2007 | 1,145,424 | +6.0% |
2008 | 1,310,148 | +14.4% |
2009 | 1,446,939 | +10.4% |
2010 | 1,498,707 | +3.6% |
2011 | 1,595,221 | +6.4% |
2012 | 1,671,629 | +4.8% |
2013 | 1,732,191 | +3.6% |
2014 | 1,858,409 | +7.3% |
2015 | 1,887,906 | +1.6% |
2016 | 1,919,141 | +1.7% |
2017 | 1,946,300 | +1.4% |
2018 | 1,993,675 | +2.4% |
2019 | 2,091,656 | +4.9% |
2020 | 2,216,513 | +6.0% |
2021 | 2,250,486 | +1.5% |
2022 | 2,349,288 | +4.4% |
Source: [26] The information regarding Muslim population will be found on the first page of each Annual Report (e.g., Informe 2003). For this purpose, the Annual Reports must be downloaded. |
Autonomous Communities |
Muslim population 2019 |
Percentage |
---|---|---|
Melilla | 44,958 | 51.98 |
Ceuta | 36,822 | 43.43 |
Region of Murcia | 112,527 | 7.53 |
Catalonia | 564,055 | 7.35 |
La Rioja (Spain) | 19,462 | 6.14 |
Balearic Islands | 59,418 | 5.17 |
Aragon | 59,821 | 4.53 |
Navarre | 29,563 | 4.52 |
Community of Madrid | 299,311 | 4.49 |
Valencian Community | 221,355 | 4.42 |
Andalusia | 341,069 | 4.05 |
Canary Islands | 75,662 | 3.51 |
Castile-La Mancha | 69,914 | 3.44 |
Basque Country | 62,466 | 2.83 |
Extremadura | 19,858 | 1.86 |
Castile and León | 41,275 | 1.72 |
Cantabria | 5,526 | 0.95 |
Asturias | 8,623 | 0.84 |
Galicia | 19,971 | 0.74 |
Spain | 2,091,656 | 4.45 |
The ethnic background of the Spanish Muslim population has two main nationalities: Spanish and Moroccan, followed by the Pakistani and Senegalese nationalities. Within the foreign-born Muslim population, four geographic zones can be highlighted: the
Country of origin | Population |
---|---|
Spain | 879,808 |
Morocco | 812,412 |
Pakistan | 88,783 |
Senegal | 70,879 |
Others | 63,286 |
Algeria | 63,051 |
Nigeria | 39,241 |
Mali | 24,965 |
Gambia | 20,354 |
Bangladesh | 18,093 |
Guinea | 10,784 |
Total population | 2,091,656 |
In “Others” we can find the following countries: Mauritania (8,165), Syria (7,321), Cameroon (6,232), Iran (5,913), Turkey (5,000), Guinea-Bissau (4,413), Ivory Coast (4,249), Egypt (4,020), Albania (3,004), Kazakhstan (2,438), Tunisia (2,287), Lebanon (2,116), Indonesia (1,764), Iraq (1,554), Jordan (1,315), Burkina Faso (1,276), Saudi Arabia (745), Sierra Leone (685), Togo (451), Benin (338).
Islamic organisations
The creation of Islamic communities as legal entities has been an instrument for Muslims to organize themselves in order to communicate with public institutions and achieve the rights established in the legal arrangements. Since the signature of the Cooperation Agreement between the State and the Islamic Commission of Spain in 1992 and the increase of migratory flows, there has been a significant growth of organisations in form of religious communities, associations, and federations. The local communities and associations can incorporate themselves directly within the Islamic Commission or through an already integrated federation. In 2019, there were 49 Islamic federations, 1,704 communities, and 21 associations registered in the Religious Entities Office of the Ministry of Justice (RER). A total of 365 religious entities remained outside the Islamic Commission.
Autonomous Communities |
Islamic entities (IE) 2019 |
IE rate (per 10k Muslim inhab.) |
---|---|---|
Ceuta | 67 | 18.20 |
Castile-La Mancha | 116 | 16.59 |
Navarre | 46 | 15.56 |
Extremadura | 28 | 14.10 |
Aragon | 80 | 13.37 |
La Rioja (Spain) | 26 | 13.36 |
Castile and Leon | 53 | 12.84 |
Asturias | 11 | 12.76 |
Galicia | 25 | 12.52 |
Basque Country | 77 | 12.33 |
Region of Murcia | 128 | 11.38 |
Valencian Community | 235 | 10.62 |
Balearic Islands | 62 | 10.43 |
Cantabria | 5 | 9.05 |
Andalusia | 265 | 7.77 |
Canary Islands | 54 | 7.14 |
Catalonia | 340 | 6.03 |
Community of Madrid | 142 | 4.74 |
Melilla | 14 | 3.11 |
Total | 1.774 | 8.48 |
Source: Observatorio Andalusí[27] |
Relations between Islam and the State
In Spain, Islam is considered a minority though "deep-rooted" religion together with
Muslims and the state in the 20th century
The colonialist policy conducted by the Spanish state during the 19th and the 20th century mostly in North-Africa shaped also the politics toward the Islamic religion in the metropole. After the
The legal framework of religious diversity
In the Spanish case, the legal framework for the governance of religious diversity has its foundations in the historical church-state model. In political science, the theory explaining how historical patterns can influence new policy outcomes is called
The Constitution of 1978 stipulated in Article 16 that all beliefs within the Spanish society will be taken into account and the state will maintain cooperative relations with the Catholic Church as well as with other religious denominations.[36] Furthermore, The Organic Law of Religious Liberty (LOLR) of 1980 specified in Article 7 that the state should establish Cooperation Agreements with those “Churches, Confessions and Communities” that had achieved 'deep-rootedness' (Notorio arraigo) in Spanish society, due to their scope and the number of believers.[37] The criteria were the following ones:[38]
- A sufficient number of members, referred to the federation or organism gathering the different churches or denominations of the requesting confession.
- An appropriate and binding juridical organisation for all entities gathered within the organisation.
- Historical roots in Spain, both legal and clandestinely, since a certain time that is deemed appropriate.
- Importance of the social, care and cultural activities conducted by the requesting confession.
- Confession's scope assessed by his territorial extension, the number of local churches, worship places, etc.
- Institutionalisation of the ministers of religion, i.e., proportionality in relation to the members of the confession, study certificate, stability...
This law allowed the state to sign Cooperation Agreements with the
Cooperation Agreement between the Spanish State and the Islamic Commission of Spain
Following the church-state model, the agreement would be signed by two parties: on the one side, the Ministry of Justice representing the Spanish State, and on the other side, one representative body for each religious denomination. This obligated the different religious communities to organise themselves in a centralised and hierarchal way within a short period of time. Moreover, this model did not take into account the heterogeneous nature of the communities, especially for the Islamic religion.[41] In 1989, after the recognition of the Islam as "deep-rooted" religion, the Spanish Federation of Islamic Religious Entities (FEERI) was created with 15 federated associations in order to serve as the single interlocutor with the state. However, in 1991 a group of communities left the Federation to form a new one under the name Union of Islamic Communities of Spain (UCIDE). So far, there were two competing Islamic federations, which wanted to monopolise the communication with the state. The request for a Cooperation Agreement should be carried out by the religious confession and then reviewed by the public administration. Both federations started to draft an agreement in parallel. Finally, the solution was found in the creation of the Islamic Commission of Spain, founded by the FEERI and the UCIDE and established on 18 February 1992.[42] Its raison d'être was the "negotiation, signature and follow- up on the Cooperation Agreement with the state" as it is written in the first article of his statutes.[43]
1992 was chosen as the year for the signature of the Cooperation Agreements, due to the 500th anniversary regarding the conquest of the
- Legal affairs (arts. 1, 6): the Islamic Commission of Spain shall validate the incorporation of communities and federations within its body. The communities must be also registered in the Religious Entities Office of the Ministry of Justice. The certification of religious purposes for the creation of religious entities can be issued by their belonging federation in accordance with the Islamic Commission of Spain or directly by the commission.
- Worship places (art. 2): mosques or places of worship will be certified by the respective community in conformity with the CIE. Those worship places enjoy inviolability according to the terms established by law. Moreover, this topic comprises the right of those Islamic communities, which are integrated within the CIE, to the granting of plots in public cemeteries or the ownership of private ones.
- Imams (arts. 3, 4, 5): on the one side, the Islamic Commission of Spain is the organ that can certify imams and Islamic religious leaders. On the other side, the Ministry of Justice must first recognise those centres for religious instruction. Furthermore, those persons who meet the requirements will be covered by the General Social Security Plan.
- Marriage and festivities (arts. 6, 12): the marriage celebrated under Islamic Law will be effective if the applicants meet the criteria demanded by the Civil Code. Moreover, the members of the Islamic communities belonging to the Islamic Commission of Spain can apply for the interruption of their work every Friday, the day of collective compulsory prayer, from 1:30 pm till 4 pm, and the cessation of the working day one hour before sunset during the month of Ramadan.
- Religious assistance (arts. 8, 9): the religious assistance is recognised as a right for Muslims within the hospitals, penitentiary centres and Alien Internment Centres(CIES). Those public centres are responsible for covering the costs of religious assistance.
- Religious education (art. 10): the Spanish school system integrates already the possibility to course catholic religion as an optative subject. Article 10 opens thus the possibility for Muslims to request Islamic religious teaching in the levels of preschool, primary and secondary education. The communities belonging to the Islamic Commission of Spain will appoint the teachers in conformity with their own federation.
- Fiscal benefits (art. 11): the Islamic Commission of Spain as well as the communities, among other fiscal benefits, will be exempt from corporate income taxes and taxes on asset transfersand legal documents.
- Cultural heritage (art. 13): both the state and the Islamic Commission of Spain commit themselves to cooperate in order to conserve and promote the historical, cultural, artistic, Islamic heritage, which will continue to serve society for its contemplation and study.
- Halal products (art. 14): the Islamic Commission of Spain will elaborate a specific label for halal products in order to guarantee that those have been produced in accordance with Islamic Law. Nevertheless, the animal sacrifice should meet the health regulations in force. On the matter of food supplies in public centres and military units, it will be sought to adapt food and schedule to Islamic precepts.
Implementation of the Cooperation Agreement
The implementation of the Cooperation Agreement has been a long process that has not been yet completed. When the Agreement was signed in 1992, no other regulations regarding the concrete implementation nor financial means were determined directly afterwards. Moreover, since Spain is a semi-federal state, the competencies over the agreed measures correspond to different administrative levels: the Central Government, the Autonomous Communities, and the Municipal councils. The Agreement did not include, however, any references regarding the jurisdiction of the measures.
Worship places
The Cooperation Agreement identifies mosques and cemeteries as Islamic worship places. In Spain, there are 13 big mosques in the cities of
Autonomous Communities |
Worship places in 2019 |
Cemeteries in 2019 |
---|---|---|
Catalonia | 324 | 5 |
Andalusia | 271 | 11 |
Valencian Community | 227 | 4 |
Community of Madrid | 131 | 1 |
Region of Murcia | 121 | 1 |
Castile-La Mancha | 109 | 0 |
Basque Country | 78 | 1 |
Aragon | 75 | 1 |
Ceuta | 63 | 1 |
Balearic Islands | 57 | 1 |
Canary Islands | 53 | 3 |
Castile and León | 51 | 3 |
Navarre | 45 | 1 |
Extremadura | 28 | 0 |
La Rioja (Spain) | 25 | 1 |
Galicia | 23 | 0 |
Melilla | 14 | 1 |
Asturias | 10 | 1 |
Cantabria | 5 | 0 |
Spain | 1710 | 36 |
Source: Observatorio del Pluralismo Religioso en España[50] |
Religious assistance
The competence over religious assistance varies across the institutions involved. For instance, the central government is responsible for the religious assistance in penitentiary centres except in
Religious education
Education is a complex matter since there is no exact distribution of competencies between the state and the
Regarding the regulatory framework, the Spanish government signed an agreement about the designation and economic regime of the Islamic religion teachers that went into effect for the 1996–1997 school year.[55] This agreement referred just to public schools in primary and secondary education, although the Cooperation Agreement explicitly mentioned the semi-private schools, which are co-funded by the Public Administration. In 2000, 20 teachers were designated for the cities of Ceuta and Melilla and in 2005 another 20 teachers would cover the Islamic religious teaching in the communities whose competencies remained by the Spanish State.[56] Since then, the Islamic Commission of Spain has signed different agreements with the remaining Autonomous Communities for the implementation of Islamic religious teaching. However, there was not always the need for an agreement at the autonomic level, since some communities introduced Islamic religious teaching in their school systems on the basis of the Cooperation Agreement of 1992 as in the case of islamic religious teaching in the primary school for Andalusia.[57] In 2019, a total of 80 Islamic religious teachers were reported.[5] On the following table, the Autonomous Communities are listed with the respective year of implementation of the Islamic religion subject and the total number of teachers for each one in 2019. While Navarre, Galicia, and Asturias opened the opportunity to take the subject if the requirements are fulfilled, the Region of Murcia has not yet answered the petitions of the Islamic Commission of Spain.[58] Catalonia began a pilot program for the school year 2020–2021.[59]
Autonomous Communities |
Year of implementation |
Islamic religious teachers in 2019[5] |
---|---|---|
Ceuta | 2000[60] | 14 |
Melilla | 2000[60] | 10 |
Andalusia | 2005[61] | 23 |
Basque Country | 2005[61] | 5 |
Aragon | 2005[61] | 5 |
Canary Islands | 2005[62] | 1 |
Cantabria | 2005[61] | 0 |
Castile and León | 2016[63] | 6 |
Community of Madrid | 2016[64] | 3 |
La Rioja (Spain) | 2018[65] | 5 |
Valencian Community | 2018[66] | 3 |
Extremadura | 2018[67] | 3 |
Castile-La Mancha | 2018[68] | 2 |
Balearic Islands | 2020[69] | 0 |
Navarre | opened[70] | 0 |
Galicia | opened[71] | 0 |
Asturias | opened[71] | 0 |
Catalonia | 2020 | 0 |
Region of Murcia | denial | 0 |
Spain | 80 |
Support for Integration Programmes
The Cooperation Agreement established fiscal benefits and tax exemptions for the Islamic religious communities but did not stipulate a financial mechanism similar to the one for the Catholic Church. However, in the aftermath of the Madrid bombings of 2004, the Spanish government saw the need for integrating Muslims in Spanish society besides of formulating policies to ensure national security.[72] In December 2004, the Foundation for Pluralism and Coexistence (FPC) was created to support programmes related to cultural, educative, and social integration for those religions with "deep-rootedness", i.e. the Evangelic Church, Judaism, and Islam.[73] Catalonia's regional government had already in 2000 created the Directorate General of Religious Affairs (DGAR) and in 2004, this public agency launched a programme to provide access to public funding for activities regarding the integration of minority religions, which was developed before the creation of the FPC at the national level.[74]
Halal products
The Agreement stipulated that the Islamic Commission of Spain would be the organization responsible for obtaining the Halal guarantee mark from the Industrial Property Registry. In practice, it was the Islamic Committee of Spain (Junta Islámica de España), one of the communities integrated within the FEERI, that created a Halal Institute in 2003 to regulate and certify food and products in line with the requirements of Islamic rituals under the trademark "Halal Guarantee Distinction of the Islamic Committee" (Marca de Garantía Halal de Junta Islámica).[75] Their claim to be the only official Institution in Spain that guarantees the halal production, however, has not been accomplished since it can be found so far 45 national trademarks in the Spanish Patent and Trademark Office website[76] which refer to the same product categories (Nice Classification: 1, 5, 29–33, 39, 43), without counting the European and international products commercialised in Spain. Furthermore, one of these trademarks was registered by the Islamic Commission of Spain in 2018, claiming its official mandate established in the Cooperation Agreement.[77]
Radicalization and terrorism
Jihadists entered in Spain from 1994, when an al-Qaeda cell was established. In 1996, the Armed Islamic Group of Algeria (GIA), an organisation affiliated with al-Qaeda, founded a cell in the province of Valencia. In the 1995–2003 period, slightly over 100 people were arrested for offences related to militant salafism, an average of 12 per year.[78]
In 2004, Madrid commuters suffered the 2004 Madrid train bombings, which were perpetrated by remnants of the first al-Qaeda cell, members of the Moroccan Islamic Combatant Group (GICM) plus a gang of criminals turned into jihadists.[78]
In the period 2004–2012, there were 470 arrests, an average of 52 per year and four times the pre-Madrid bombings average which indicated that the jihadist threat persisted after the Madrid attack. In the years after the Madrid attack, 90% of all jihadists convicted in Spain were foreigners, mainly from
In the period 2013, jihadism in Spain transformed to be less overwhelmingly associated with foreigners. Arrests 2013–2017 show that 4 out of 10 arrested were Spanish nationals and 3 out of 10 were born in Spain. Most others had Morocco as a country of nationality or birth with its main focus among Moroccan descendants residing in the North African cities of
Attitudes towards Muslims
Survey published in 2019 by the Pew Research Center found that 54% of Spaniards had a favourable view of Muslims, whereas 42% had an unfavourable view.[79]
See also
- Islam in Europe
- Turks in Spain
- List of mosques in Spain
- Islamic Federation of the Canary Islands
- Ahmadiyya in Spain
- List of former mosques in Spain
References
- ^ "Religious Composition by Country, 2010-2050". Pew Research Center. 12 April 2015. Retrieved 22 October 2017.
- ^ Dadson, Trevor J. (15 October 2018). "Tolerance and Coexistence in Early Modern Spain: Old Christians and Moriscos in the Campo de Calatrava". Boydell & Brewer Ltd – via Google Books.
- ^ Dialnet.
- ^ CIS."Barómetro de Enero de 2022", 3,777 respondents. The question was "¿Cómo se define Ud. en materia religiosa: católico/a practicante, católico/a no practicante, creyente de otra religión, agnóstico/a, indiferente o no creyente, o ateo/a?".
- ^ a b c d e "Estudio demográfico de la población musulmana Explotación estadística del censo de ciudadanos musulmanes en España referido a fecha 31/12/2019" (PDF). Unión de Comunidades Islámicas de España. Observatorio Andalusí: 14. 2020. Retrieved 18 April 2020.
- ^ "Seeking peace': Why Islam is becoming popular in southern Spain". TRTWORLD. 2024. Retrieved 11 April 2024.
{{cite journal}}
: Cite journal requires|journal=
(help) - ISBN 978-90-272-6312-4.
[A] number of named early Germanic groups are to be counted among the East Germanic peoples... Usually included in this group are Goths (among whom are probably to be counted Gepids, Greuthingi, and Thervingi), Bastarnae, Burgundians, Heruli, Rugii, Sciri, Silingi, and Vandals.
- ^ ISBN 978-1-55407-480-8. Page 202
- ^ a b "BBC – Religions – Islam: Muslim Spain (711–1492)". www.bbc.co.uk. Archived from the original on 2017-02-27. Retrieved 2018-12-31.
- ISBN 9780802714985.
- ^ Sánchez Alonso, Fernando (2015-01-30). "The quiet devotion of Spain's Sufis". EL PAÍS. Retrieved 2020-10-17.
- ^ from the original on 2019-11-03. Retrieved 2019-11-03.
- ^ a b c d Thomas, Sarah-Mae. "The Convivencia in Islamic Spain". fountainmagazine.com. Archived from the original on 2019-11-03. Retrieved 2019-11-03.
- ^ "The Myth of the Golden Age of Tolerance in Medieval Muslim Spain". www.newenglishreview.org. Archived from the original on 2021-09-28. Retrieved 2019-11-03.
- ISBN 978-90-474-2688-2. Archivedfrom the original on 15 February 2017. Retrieved 24 January 2017.
- ^ "Muslim Spain (711–1492): Decline and fall". BBC. 4 September 2009. Archived from the original on 22 February 2009. Retrieved 13 August 2008.
- ^ Eisenberg, Daniel (1992). "Cisneros y la quema de los manuscritos granadinos". Journal of Hispanic Philology (16): 107–124. Archived from the original on 15 October 2014. Retrieved 7 August 2014.
- ^ Harvey 2005, p. 48.
- ^ Harvey 2005, p. 270.
- ^ Harvey 2005, p. 60.
- ^ Martínez Almira, Magdalena (2013). Masferrer, Aniceto; Obarrio Moreno, Juan A.; Ramos Vázquez, Isabel; Franco Chasán, José; Aitslin, Anna; Cañizares, Juan B.; Mirow, Matthew; Simpson, Andrew (eds.). "El intercambio de moros cortados entre España y Marruecos tras la firma del Tratado de 1767. La Comunidad de Musulmanes de Cartagena" [The Rescue of Moors (Moros Cortados) Between Spain and Marocco after the 1767 Treaty. The Case of Moorish Community Cartagena] (PDF). Glossae. European Journal of Legal History (in Spanish) (10). Institute for Social, Political and Legal Studies: 226–252. Archived (PDF) from the original on 23 September 2016. Retrieved 18 May 2019.
- ^ "The Spanish Constitution" (PDF). Boletín Oficial del Estado. Retrieved 18 April 2020.
- ^ Planet Contreras, Ana I. (2013). La organización del Islam en España (PDF). Orozco de la Torre, Olivia and Alonso García, Gabriel (eds.), El Islam y los musulmanes hoy. Dimensión internacional y relaciones con España. Cuadernos de la Escuela Diplomática, No. 48. pp. 265–280 (p.266). Archived from the original (PDF) on 2021-07-02. Retrieved 2020-05-07.
- ^ Planet Contreras, Ana I. (2013). La organización del Islam en España (PDF). Orozco de la Torre, Olivia and Alonso García, Gabriel (eds.), El Islam y los musulmanes hoy. Dimensión internacional y relaciones con España. Cuadernos de la Escuela Diplomática, No. 48. pp. 265–280 (p.267). Archived from the original (PDF) on 2021-07-02. Retrieved 2020-05-07.
- ^ "Demografía y población". Instituto Nacional de Estadística. Retrieved 18 April 2020.
- ^ "Informes Anuales". Observatorio Andalusí. Retrieved 29 April 2020.
- ^ "Estudio demográfico de la población musulmana Explotación estadística del censo de ciudadanos musulmanes en España referido a fecha 31/12/2019" (PDF). Unión de Comunidades Islámicas de España. Observatorio Andalusí. 2020.
- ^ "Notorio Arraigo". Observatorio del Pluralismo Religioso. Retrieved 29 April 2020.
- ^ Moreras, Jordi (1999). Musulmanes en Barcelona. Espacios y dinámicas comunitarias. Barcelona: CIDOB editions. p. 86.
- ^ Valencia, Rafael (1995). "El cementerio musulmán de Sevilla" (PDF). ILU, Revista de ciencias de las religiones: 263–270.
- ^ "Ley 22/1967, de 28 de junio, regulando el ejercicio del derecho civil a la libertad en materia religiosa". Boletín Oficial del Estado. Retrieved 14 April 2020.
- ^ Moreras, Jordi (1999). Musulmanes en Barcelona. Espacios y dinámicas comunitarias. Barcelona: CIDOB editions. pp. 87–88.
- ^ Fuess, Albrecht (2016). Islam in Europa und Amerika. Brunner, Rainer (ed.), Islam: Einheit und Vielfalt einer Weltreligion. pp. 550–573.
- ^ "Instrumento de Ratificación de España al Acuerdo entre la Santa Sede y el Estado Español, hecho en la Ciudad del Vaticano el 28 de julio de 1976" (PDF). Boletín Oficial del Estado. Retrieved 19 April 2020.
- ^ "Instrumento de Ratificación del Acuerdo entre el Estado español y la Santa Sede sobre asuntos económicos, firmado en Ciudad del Vaticano el 3 de enero de 1979" (PDF). Boletín Oficial del Estado. Retrieved 19 April 2020.
- ^ "The Spanish Constitution" (PDF). Boletín oficial del Estado.
- ^ "Ley Orgánica 7/1980, de 5 de julio, de Libertad Religiosa" (PDF). Boletín Oficial del Estado. Retrieved 19 April 2020.
- ^ Jiménez-Aybar, Iván (2004). El Islam en España: aspectos institucionales de su estatuto jurídico. Navarra Gráfica Ediciones.
- ^ "Notorio Arraigo [deep-rootedness]". Observatorio del Pluralismo Religioso en España. Retrieved 20 April 2020.
- ^ "Real Decreto 593/2015, de 3 de julio, por el que se regula la declaración de notorio arraigo de las confesiones religiosas en España". Boletín Oficial del Estado. pp. 66716–66720. Retrieved 20 April 2020.
- .
- ^ Jiménez Estévez, Jennifer (2016). "La problemática de la Comisión islámica de España. The difficulties from the Islamic Commission of Spain" (PDF). Trabajos Académicos. Universidad de Cantabria, Facultad de Derecho. p.21.
- ^ "Estatutos de la CIE 2015" (PDF). Comisión Islámica de España. Retrieved 20 April 2020.
- .
- hdl:10902/9310.
- ^ "Ley 26/1992, de 10 de noviembre, por la que se aprueba el Acuerdo de Cooperación del Estado con la Comisión Islámica de España". Boletín Oficial del Estado. pp. 38214–38217. Retrieved 23 April 2020.
- ^ "Convenio de Colaboración entre la Comunidad de Madrid y la Unión de comunidades Islámicas de España". Boletín Oficial del Estado. Anuario de Derecho Eclesiástico del Estado. 1998. Retrieved 4 May 2020.
- ^ Diari Oficial de la Generalitat de Catalunya, DOGC. "LLEI 16/2009, del 22 de juliol, dels centres de culte". Retrieved 4 May 2020.
- S2CID 145806179.
- ^ "Directorio de lugares de culto". Observatorio del Pluralismo Religioso en España. Retrieved 4 May 2020.
- ^ "Informe especial 2018. Institución para la observación y seguimiento de la situación del ciudadano musulmán y la islamofóbia en España" (PDF). Union de Comunidades Islámicas de España. Observatorio Andalusí. 2019.
- ^ "Conveni de Col·laboració entre l'Administració de la Generalitat de Catalunya, mitjançant el Departament de Justícia i el Departament de la Vicepresidència, i el Consell Islàmic Cultural de Catalunya, per tal de garantir el dret de l'assistència religiosa dels interns als centres penitenciaris de Catalunya" (PDF). 2008. Retrieved 5 May 2020.
- ^ "Conveni de col·laboració entre el Departament de Justícia i la Federación Consell Islàmic de Catalunya per garantir el dret al desenvolupament espiritual i l'assistència religiosa dels interns als centres penitenciaris de Catalunya en el marc de la seva rehabilitació" (PDF). 2019. Retrieved 5 May 2020.
- ^ "The Spanish Constitution" (PDF). Boletín Oficial del Estado. Retrieved 18 April 2020.
- ^ "Resolución de 23 de abril de 1996, de la Subsecretaría, por la que se dispone la publicación del Acuerdo del Consejo de Ministros, de 1 de marzo de 1996, y el Convenio sobre designación y régimen económico de las personas encargadas de la enseñanza religiosa islámica, en los centros docentes públicos de Educación Primaria y Secundaria" (PDF). Boletín Oficial del Estado. Retrieved 5 May 2020.
- ^ Mantecón, Jaoquín (2006). "El status legal del Islam en España". Derecho y Religión (1): 165–208 (p.189).
- ^ Ramajo, Javier (17 May 2017). "Andalucía no ve oportuno ofertar religión islámica en Secundaria y Bachillerato pese a que las leyes lo garantizan". Eldiario.es. Retrieved 17 May 2017.
- ^ "En la Región de Murcia no se imparte religión islámica pese a su reconocimiento legal". La Opinión de Murcia. 2019. Retrieved 5 May 2020.
- ^ "Catalunya implanta un pla pilot per impartir religió islàmica aquest curs". El País. 2 September 2020. Retrieved 31 March 2021.
- ^ a b Jiménez Gámez, Rafael (2006). "La enseñanza del Islam en los centros educativos de Ceuta" (PDF). Universidad de Cádiz: 52.
- ^ a b c d Jiménez Aybar, Iván (2006). "Diagnóstico sobre la integración jurídica social del Islam en España bajo la sombra del 11-M". Hesperia Culturas del Mediterráneo. 1 (5): 235–256 (p.251).
- ^ "Informe anual sobre la situación de la libertad religiosa en España 2014". Ministerio de Justicia. 2015. Retrieved 5 May 2020.
- ^ "Soria será pionera en impartir religión islámica en CyL el próximo curso". Heraldo. 2016. Retrieved 5 May 2020.
- ^ "El Gobierno del PP acuerda la enseñanza del Islam en las escuelas". Radioya. 2017. Retrieved 5 May 2020.
- ^ "Firmado el Convenio de la Enseñanza Religiosa Islámica en La Rioja". Comisión Islámica de España. 2018. Retrieved 5 May 2020.
- ^ "Enseñanza islámica en colegios valencianos a partir del próximo curso". Comisión Islámica de España. 2017. Retrieved 5 May 2020.
- ^ "Firmado el Convenio de la enseñanza islámica con la Consejería de Educación de la Junta de Extremadura". Comisión Islámica de España. 2018. Retrieved 5 May 2020.
- ^ "Reunión entre la Consejería de Educación, Cultura y Deportes, de la Comunidad Autónoma de Castilla La Mancha y la Comisión Islámica de España". Islam España. 2018. Retrieved 5 May 2020.
- ^ "La comunidad islámica prevé una respuesta masiva a la oferta de Islam en los colegios de Baleares". Ferragut. March 2019. Retrieved 5 May 2020.
- ^ "Boletín Informativo, Abril 2018" (PDF). Comisión Islámica de España. 2018. Retrieved 5 May 2020.
- ^ a b "Informe anual sobre la situación de la libertad religiosa en España 2017". Ministerio de Justicia. 2018. Retrieved 5 May 2020.
- S2CID 144977412.
- ^ Mantecón, Jaoquín (2006). "El status legal del Islam en España". Derecho y Religión (1): 165–208 (p.191).
- ^ García-Romeral, Gloria; Griera, Maria del Mar (2011). "La Construcción de l'Islam Com a Objecte de Polítiques Públiques a Catalunya [The Construction of Islam as an Object of Public Policies in Catalonia]". Societat Catalana 2011: 231–253 (p.248).
- ^ Mantecón, Jaoquín (2006). "El status legal del Islam en España". Derecho y Religión (1): 165–208 (p.194).
- ^ "Marcas y Nombres Comerciales". Oficina Española de Patentes y Marcas. Retrieved 5 May 2020.
- ^ "La Comisión Islámica registra la Marca Halal España y trabaja con Gobierno y CCAA para que llegue a los colegios". Europa Press. 2018. Retrieved 5 May 2020.
- ^ a b c "De-Radicalization in the Mediterranean Comparing Challenges and Approaches" (PDF).
- ^ "European Public Opinion Three Decades After the Fall of Communism – 6. Minority groups". Pew Research Center. 14 October 2019.
Further reading
- Harvey, L. P. (16 May 2005). Muslims in Spain, 1500 to 1614. University of Chicago Press. ISBN 978-0-226-31963-6.
- W. Montgomery Watt and Pierre Cachia, A History of Islamic Spain. Piscataway, NJ: Transaction Publishers, 2007.
- Brian A. Catlos, Kingdoms of Faith: A New History of Islamic Spain Hurst/Basic Books, 2018. Review: Nicola Clarke: "Abraham's Descendants in Love, Life and War". History Today Vol. 68/10, October 2018, pp. 98–99.
- López García, Bernabé and Planet Contreras, Ana I.: Islam in Spain Hunter, Shireen T. (ed.), Islam, Europe's Second Religion. The new social, cultural and political landscape. Connecticut London: Praeger, 2002.