Islam in Russia

Source: Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia.

Estimated proportion of Muslim population across Russia's regions (2012)
San Marino
  • Slovakia

    • Rawil Gaynetdin, estimated the Muslim population of Russia at 25 million in 2018.[4]

    Recognized under the law and by Russian political leaders as one of Russia's traditional religions, Islam is a part of Russian historical heritage, and is subsidized by the Russian government.[5] The position of Islam as a major Russian religion, alongside Orthodox Christianity, dates from the time of Catherine the Great, who sponsored Islamic clerics and scholarship through the Orenburg Assembly.[6]

    The history of Islam and Russia encompasses periods of conflict between the Muslim minority and the

    former Soviet states
    .

    Muslims form a

    oblasts. There are over 5,000 registered religious Muslim organizations,[10] equivalent to over one sixth of the number of registered Russian Orthodox religious organizations of about 29,268 as of December 2006.[11]

    History

    In the mid-7th century AD, as part of the

    Arab conquest of the region in the 8th century. The first Muslim state in the future Russian lands was Volga Bulgaria[13]
    (922). The Tatars of the Khanate of Kazan inherited the population of believers from that state. Later most of the European and Caucasian Turkic peoples also became followers of Islam.[14] The Mongol rulers of the Golden Horde were Muslims from 1313. By the 1330s, three of the four major khanates of the Mongol Empire had become Muslim.

    The Tatars of the Crimean Khanate, the last remaining successor to the Golden Horde, continued to raid Southern Russia and burnt down parts of Moscow in 1571.[15] Until the late 18th century, the Crimean Tatars maintained a massive slave-trade with the Ottoman Empire and the Middle East, exporting about 2 million slaves from Russia and Ukraine over the period 1500–1700.[16]

    From the early 16th century up to and including the 19th century, all of

    Afsharids, and the Qajars), and their geopolitical and ideological neighboring arch-rivals, on the other hand, the Ottoman Turks. In the respective areas they ruled, in both the North Caucasus and South Caucasus, Shia Islam and Sunni Islam
    spread, resulting in a fast and steady conversion of many more ethnic Caucasian peoples in adjacent territories.

    The period from the

    Muslim clerics were invited into the various regions to preach to the Muslims, particularly the Kazakhs, whom the Russians viewed with contempt.[18][19] However, Russian policy shifted toward weakening Islam by introducing pre-Islamic elements of collective consciousness.[20] Such attempts included methods of eulogizing pre-Islamic historical figures and imposing a sense of inferiority by sending Kazakhs to highly élite Russian military institutions.[20] In response, Kazakh religious leaders attempted to bring religious fervor by espousing pan-Turkism, though many[quantify] were persecuted as a result.[21] The government of Russia paid Islamic scholars from the Ural-Volga area working among the Kazakhs[22]

    The Crimean Khan's Palace in Bakhchysarai in 1857. Crimea was conquered by the Russian Empire in 1783.

    Islamic slavery did not have racial restrictions. Russian girls were legally allowed to be sold in Russian-controlled Novgorod to Tatars from Kazan in the 1600s by Russian law. Germans, Poles, and Lithuanians were allowed to be sold to Crimean Tatars in Moscow. In 1665, Tatars were allowed to buy Polish and Lithuanian slaves from the Russians. Before 1649, Russians could be sold to Muslims under Russian law in Moscow. This contrasted with other places in Europe outside Russia where Muslims were not allowed to own Christians.[23]

    The Cossack Hetmanate recruited and incorporated Muslim Mishar Tatars.[24] Cossack rank was awarded to Bashkirs.[25] Muslim Turkics and Buddhist Kalmyks served as Cossacks. The Cossack Ural, Terek, Astrakhan, and Don Cossack hosts had Kalmyks in their ranks. Mishar Muslims, Teptiar Muslims, service Tatar Muslims, and Bashkir Muslims joined the Orenburg Cossack Host.[26] Cossack non-Muslims shared the same status with Siberian Cossack Muslims.[27] Muslim Cossacks in Siberia requested an Imam.[28] Cossacks in Siberia included Tatar Muslims like in Bashkiria.[29]

    Bashkirs in Paris during the Napoleonic Wars, 1814

    Denis Davidov mentioned the arrows and bows wielded by the Bashkirs.[35][36] Napoleon's forces faced off against Kalmyks on horseback.[37] Napoleon faced light mounted Bashkir forces.[38] Mounted Kalmyks and Bashkirs numbering 100 were available to Russian commandants during the war against Napoleon.[39] Kalmyks and Bashkirs served in the Russian army in France.[40] A nachalnik was present in every one of the 11 cantons of the Bashkir host which was created by Russia after the Pugachev Rebellion.[41] Bashkirs had the military statute of 1874 applied to them.[42] Muslims were exempt from military conscription during World War I.[43]

    Murid War

    While total expulsion (as practiced in other Christian nations such as

    Persia, and almost annihilating the Circassians, Crimean Tatars, and various Muslims of the Caucasus. The Russian army rounded up people, driving Muslims from their villages to ports on the Black Sea, where they awaited ships provided by the neighboring Ottoman Empire. The explicit Russian goal involved expelling the groups in question from their lands.[44] They were given a choice as to where to be resettled: in the Ottoman Empire, in Persia, or Russia far from their old lands. The Russo-Circassian War ended with the signing of loyalty oaths by Circassian leaders on 2 June [O.S. 21 May] 1864. Afterward, the Ottoman Empire offered to harbor the Circassians who did not wish to accept the rule of a Christian monarch, and many emigrated to Anatolia (the heart of the Ottoman Empire) and ended up in modern Turkey, Syria, Jordan, Palestine, Iraq, and Kosovo. Many other Caucasian Muslims ended up in neighboring Iran - sizeable numbers of Shia Lezgins, Azerbaijanis, Muslim Georgians, Kabardins, and Laks.[45]
    Various Russian, Caucasus, and Western historians agree on the figure of c. 500,000 inhabitants of the highland Caucasus being deported by Russia in the 1860s. A large proportion of them died in transit from disease. Those that remained loyal to Russia were settled into the lowlands, on the left bank of the
    Republic of Tatarstan than inside it.[14]

    Erivan
    Russian-Muslim School for Girls, 1902

    A policy of deliberately enforcing anti-modern, traditional, ancient conservative Islamic education in schools and Islamic ideology was enforced by the Russians in order to deliberately hamper and destroy opposition to their rule by keeping them in a state of torpor to and prevent foreign ideologies from penetrating in.[46][47]

    Captured Soviet soldiers of Muslim backgrounds volunteered in large numbers for the Ostlegionen of the Wehrmacht.

    Communist rule oppressed and suppressed Islam, like other religions in the Soviet Union.[when?] Many mosques (for some estimates,[48] more than 83% in Tatarstan) were closed. For example, the Märcani Mosque was the only acting mosque in Kazan at that[when?] time.

    Islam in the post-Soviet period

    Areas in Russia where Islam is the largest religion. Islam makes up the majority in: Tatarstan, Bashkortostan, Dagestan, Chechnya, Ingushetia, Kabardino-Balkaria, Karachay-Cherkessia.

    There was much evidence of official conciliation toward Islam in Russia in the 1990s. The number of Muslims allowed to make pilgrimages to

    transliteration: Islam), "Эхо Кавказа" (Ekho Kavkaza) and "Исламский вестник" (Islamsky Vestnik), and the Russian-language newspaper "Ассалам" (Assalam), and "Нуруль Ислам" (Nurul Islam), which are published in Makhachkala
    , Dagestan.

    Qolşärif Mosque
    , Kazan.

    Kazan has a large Muslim population (probably the second after Moscow urban group of the Muslims and the biggest indigenous group in Russia) and is home to the Russian Islamic University in Kazan, Tatarstan. Education is in Russian and Tatar. In

    madrassas, notable among them are: Dagestan Islamic University, Institute of Theology and International Relations, whose rector Maksud Sadikov was assassinated on 8 June 2011.[50]

    Talgat Tadzhuddin was the Chief Mufti of Russia. Since Soviet times, the Russian government has divided Russia into a number of Muslim Spiritual Directorates. In 1980, Tazhuddin was made Mufti of the European USSR and Siberia Division. Since 1992, he has headed the central or combined Muslim Spiritual Directorate of all of Russia.

    In 2005, Russia was granted the status of an observer state in the Organisation of Islamic Cooperation[51]

    Russian president Vladimir Putin has said that Orthodox Christianity is much closer to Islam than Catholicism is.[52][53][54][55]

    A chain e-mail spread a hoax speech attributed to Putin which called for tough assimilation policies on immigrants, no evidence of any such speech can be found in Russian media or Duma archives.[56][57][58][59]

    Russian Muslim soldiers killed in the Russo-Ukrainian War in 2022. The ethnically non-Russian republics of the Russian Federation suffered heavy losses in the war in Ukraine.[60]

    Islam has been expanding under Putin's rule.[61] Tatar Muslims are engaging in a revival under Putin.[62]

    According to

    intervention in Syria, but more are pro- than anti-war."[63]

    The Grand Mufti of Russia, Talgat Tadzhuddin and other Russia's Muslim leaders supported the Russian invasion of Ukraine.[64] Chechnya's Kadyrovite forces have fought alongside the Russian forces in Ukraine.[65][66]

    After a Quran burning incident that happened in Sweden during Eid al-Adha,[67] Russian president Vladimir Putin defended the Quran by stating that It's a crime in Russia to disrespect the Quran and other holy books.[68]

    Islam in the North Caucasus

    In the late 1980s and early 1990s, the

    Northern Caucasus experienced an Islamic (as well as a national) renaissance. Also radical and extremist streams of Islam started taking root, initially in western (upland) Dagestan.[69]

    In 1991,

    invasion of militants in Dagestan and the start of the Second Chechen War in 1999. The Chechen separatists were internally divided between the Islamic extremists, the more moderate pro-independent Muslim Chechens and the traditional Islamic authorities with various positions towards Chechen independence. An interim Russian-controlled administration was imposed in Chechnya in 2000, headed by the ex-Mufti and, therefore, religious leader of Sufism, Akhmad Kadyrov. Encouraged by the Russian strategy of using the traditional Islamic structures and leaders against the Islamic extremists, there was a process of religious radicalisation in Chechnya and other Northern Caucasus regions.[72]

    At the end of the Second Chechen War, in 2005, Chechen rebel leader, Abdul-Halim Sadulayev, decreed the formation of a Caucasus Front against Russia, among Islamic believers in the North Caucasus, in an attempt to widen Chechnya's conflict with Russia. After his death, his successor, Dokka Umarov, declared continuing jihad to establish an Islamic fundamentalist Caucasus Emirate in the North Caucasus and beyond. Insurgency in the North Caucasus continued until 2017. The police and the FSB carried out mass arrests and used harsh interrogation techniques. Some of those who closely followed the teachings of Islam have lost their jobs; mosques have also been closed.[69]

    Russian president Vladimir Putin has allowed the de facto implementation of Sharia law in Chechnya by Ramzan Kadyrov, including polygamy and enforced veiling.[73]

    Vladimir Putin and Recep Tayyip Erdoğan opened Moscow's Cathedral Mosque, 23 September 2015.

    There was large anger from mostly Muslims from the Caucasus against the Charlie Hebdo cartoons in France.[74] Putin is believed to have backed protests by Muslims in Russia against Charlie Hebdo cartoons and the West.[75]

    Demographics and Branches

    Chechen World War II veterans during celebrations on the 66th anniversary of victory in the Second World War.

    More than 90% of Muslims in Russia adhere to Sunni Islam of the Hanafi and Shafi'i schools.[2] In a few areas, notably Dagestan, Chechnya and Ingushetia, there is a tradition of Sunni Sufism, which is represented by Qadiriyya, Naqshbandi and Shadhili orders.[2] Naqshbandi–Shadhili spiritual master Said Afandi al-Chirkawi received hundreds of visitors daily.[76]

    Baku Mosque in Astrakhan, former Sunni, presently belonging to the Twelver Shia community.

    About 10%, or more than two million, are

    Azeris, who historically and still currently been nominally followers of Shi'a Islam, as their republic split off from the Soviet Union, significant number of Azeris immigrated to Russia in search of work. In addition to them, some of the indigenous peoples of Dagestan, such as the Lezgins (a minority) and the Tats (a majority), are Shias too.[2] Nizari Isma'ili Muslims—another Shia branch—are represented only by the Pamiris, migrants from Tajikistan.[78]

    There is also an active presence of Ahmadis.[79]

    In 2021, Putin announced that some 20% of Russian aviation industry employees are Muslims.[80]

    Conversions

    Most Muslims in Russia belong to ethnic minorities but in the recent years there have been conversions among the Russian majority as well, one of the country's main Islamic institutions, the Moscow-based Spiritual Administration of Muslims of the Russian Federation (DUM RF) estimating the ethnic Russian converts to number into the "tens of thousands" while some converts themselves give numbers between 50,000 and 70,000.[81]

    Hajj

    A record 18,000 Russian Muslim pilgrims from all over the country attended the

    Mecca, Saudi Arabia in 2006.[82] In 2010, at least 20,000 Russian Muslim pilgrims attended the Hajj, as Russian Muslim leaders sent letters to the King of Saudi Arabia requesting that the Saudi visa quota be raised to at least 25,000–28,000 visas for Muslims.[citation needed] Due to overwhelming demand from Russian Muslims, on 5 July 2011, Muftis requested President Dmitry Medvedev's assistance in increasing the allocated by Saudi Arabia pilgrimage quota in Vladikavkaz.[83] The III International Conference on Hajj Management attended by some 170 delegates from 12 counties was held in Kazan from 7 – 9 July 2011.[84]

    Language controversies

    For centuries, the Tatars constituted the only Muslim ethnic group in European Russia, with Tatar language being the only language used in their mosques, a situation which saw rapid change over the course of the 20th century as a large number of Caucasian and Central Asian Muslims migrated to central Russian cities and began attending Tatar-speaking mosques, generating pressure on the imams of such mosques to begin using Russian.[85][86] This problem is evident even within Tatarstan itself, where Tatars constitute a majority.[87]

    Public perception of Muslims

    A survey published in 2019 by the Pew Research Center found that 76% of Russians had a favourable view of Muslims in their country, whereas 19% had an unfavourable view.[88]

    Islam in Russia by region

    Memorial Mosque in Moscow
    Saint Petersburg Mosque
    White Mosque of Astrakhan
    Mosque of Twenty-Five Prophets in Ufa, Bashkortostan
    Grand Mosque of Makhachkala in Makhachkala, Dagestan
    Mosque in Izhevsk, Udmurtia
    Mosque in Yakutsk, Yakutia
    Mosque in Grozny, Chechnya

    Percentage of Muslims in Russia by region:

    Region Percentage of Muslims Source
     Adygea 24.60 Source
     Altai Krai 1.00 Source
     Altai Republic 6.20 Source
     Amur Oblast 0.63 Source
     Arkhangelsk Oblast 0.00 Source
     Astrakhan Oblast 14.62 Source
     Bashkortostan 54.3 Source
     Belgorod Oblast 0.62 Source
     Bryansk Oblast 0.25 Source
     Buryatia 0.20 Source
     Chechnya 95.00 Source
     Chelyabinsk Oblast 6.87 Source
     Chukotka 0.00 Source
     Chuvashia 3.50 Source
     Crimea 15.00 Source
     Dagestan 83.00 Source
     Ingushetia 96.00 Source
     Irkutsk Oblast 1.25 Source
     Ivanovo Oblast 0.50 Source
     Jewish Autonomous Oblast 0.80 Source
     Kabardino-Balkaria 70.40 Source
     Kaliningrad Oblast 0.25 Source
     Kalmykia 4.80 Source
     Kaluga Oblast 0.63 Source
     Kamchatka Krai 1.20 Source
     Karachay-Cherkessia 64.20 Source
     Karelia 0.20 Source
     Kemerovo Oblast 1.00 Source
     Khabarovsk Krai 1.13 Source
     Khakassia 0.60 Source
     Khanty-Mansi Autonomous Okrug 10.88 Source
     Kirov Oblast 0.87 Source
     Komi Republic 1.00 Source
     Kostroma Oblast 0.60 Source
     Krasnodar Krai 1.37 Source
     Krasnoyarsk Krai 1.50 Source
     Kurgan Oblast 2.62 Source
     Kursk Oblast 0.25 Source
     Leningrad Oblast 0.75 Source
     Lipetsk Oblast 1.13 Source
     Magadan Oblast 1.00 Source
     Mari El 6.00 Source
     Mordovia 2.50 Source
     Moscow 3.50 Source
     Moscow Oblast 2.12 Source
     Murmansk Oblast 1.00 Source
     Nenets Autonomous Okrug 0.00 Source
     Nizhny Novgorod Oblast 0.13 Source
     North Ossetia-Alania 30.00 Source
     Novgorod Oblast 0.80 Source
     Novosibirsk Oblast 1.13 Source
     Omsk Oblast 2.75 Source
     Orenburg Oblast 13.87 Source
     Oryol Oblast 0.25 Source
     Penza Oblast 5.75 Source
     Perm Krai 4.00 Source
     Primorsky Krai 0.50 Source
     Pskov Oblast 0.20 Source
     Rostov Oblast 1.13 Source
     Ryazan Oblast 1.00 Source
     Saint Petersburg 2.25 Source
     Sakhalin Oblast 0.40 Source
     Samara Oblast 2.25 Source
     Saratov Oblast 2.40 Source
     Sevastopol 0.00 Source
     Smolensk Oblast 0.12 Source
     Stavropol Krai 2.00 Source
     Sverdlovsk Oblast 2.88 Source
     Tambov Oblast 0.25 Source
     Tatarstan 53.80 Source
     Tomsk Oblast 1.13 Source
     Tula Oblast 1.00 Source
     Tuva 0.00 Source
     Tver Oblast 0.75 Source
     Tyumen Oblast 5.75 Source
     Udmurtia 4.25 Source
     Ulyanovsk Oblast 6.87 Source
     Vladimir Oblast 0.63 Source
     Volgograd Oblast 3.50 Source
     Vologda Oblast 0.25 Source
     Voronezh Oblast 0.38 Source
     
    Yakutia
    		 1.40 Source
     Yamalo-Nenets Autonomous Okrug 17.40 Source
     Yaroslavl Oblast 0.75 Source
     Zabaykalsky Krai 0.25 Source

    Islam in Moscow

    According to the 2010 Russian census, Moscow has less than 300,000 permanent residents of Muslim background, while some estimates suggest that Moscow has around 1 million Muslim residents and up to 1.5 million more Muslim migrant workers.[89] The city has permitted the existence of four mosques.[90] The mayor of Moscow claims that four mosques are sufficient for the population.[91] The city's economy "could not manage without them," he said. There are currently four mosques in Moscow,[92] and 8,000 in the whole of Russia.[93] Muslim migrants from Central Asia have had an impact on the culture with Samsa becoming one of the most popular take away foods in the city.[94]

    List of Russian muftiates

    See also: Russian Council of Muftis
    All-Russia boards
    Grand Muftiates Grand Muftis Term of office Headquarters
    The Central Spiritual Administration of the Muslims of Russia Edit this on Wikidata[2][95]
    Sheikh-ul-Islam Talgat Tadzhuddin
    		 1992–present Ufa
    The Spiritual Administration of the Muslims of Russian Federation Edit this on Wikidata[95] Sheikh Rawil Ğaynetdin 2014–present Moscow
    Muftiate Mufti Term of office Headquarters
    The Spiritual Assembly of the Muslims of Russia Edit this on Wikidata[95] Albir Krganov 2016–present Moscow
    Interregional boards
    Muftiates Muftis Term of office Headquarters
    The Coordinating Center of North Caucasus Muslims Edit this on Wikidata[2][95] Ismail Berdiyev 2003–present Moscow and Buynaksk
    The Spiritual Administration of the Muslims of the Asian Part of Russia Edit this on Wikidata[2][95] Nafigulla Ashirov 1997–present Moscow and Tobolsk
    Notable regional muftiates
    Muftiates Muftis Term of office Headquarters
    The Muftiate of the Republic of Dagestan[2][95] Sheikh Ahmad Afandi Abdulaev 1998–present Makhachkala
    The Spiritual Administration of the Muslims of the Republic of Adygea and Krasnodar Krai[2] Askarbiy Kardanov 2012–present Maykop
    The Spiritual Administration of the Muslims of the Republic of Bashkortostan[2][95] Ainur Birgalin 2019–present Ufa
    The Spiritual Administration of the Muslims of the Chechen Republic[2][95] Salah Mezhiev 2014–present Grozny
    The Spiritual Administration of the Muslims of the Republic of Ingushetia[2] Sheikh Muhammed Alboghatchiev Magas
    The Spiritual Administration of the Muslims of the Kabardino-Balkarian Republic[2] Hazrataliy Dzasejev 2010–present Nalchik
    The Spiritual Administration of the Muslims of the Karachay-Cherkess Republic[2] Ismail Berdiyev 1991–present Cherkessk
    The Spiritual Administration of the Muslims of the Republic of North Ossetia–Alania[2] Khajimurat Gatsalov 2011–present Vladikavkaz
    The Spiritual Administration of the Muslims of the Republic of Tatarstan[2][95] Kamil Samigullin 2013–present Kazan

    Notable Russian Muslims

    Khabib Nurmagomedov

    Gallery

    See also

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