Frank Robinson
Frank Robinson | |
---|---|
Outfielder / Manager | |
Born: Beaumont, Texas, U.S. | August 31, 1935|
Died: February 7, 2019 Los Angeles, California, U.S. | (aged 83)|
Batted: Right Threw: Right | |
MLB debut | |
April 17, 1956, for the Cincinnati Redlegs | |
Last MLB appearance | |
September 18, 1976, for the Cleveland Indians | |
MLB statistics | |
Batting average | .294 |
Hits | 2,943 |
Home runs | 586 |
Runs batted in | 1,812 |
Managerial record | 1,065–1,176 |
Winning % | .475 |
Teams | |
| |
Career highlights and awards | |
| |
Member of the National | |
Baseball Hall of Fame | |
Induction | 1982 |
Vote | 89.2% (first ballot) |
Frank Robinson (August 31, 1935 – February 7, 2019) was an American professional
The only player to be named
A 14-time
After managing the Indians, Robinson went on to manage the San Francisco Giants, Baltimore Orioles, and Montreal Expos / Washington Nationals. For most of the last two decades of his life, Robinson served in various executive positions for Major League Baseball concluding his career as honorary president of the American League.[3]
Early life
Robinson was born in
Playing career
Minor leagues
In 1953,
Major Leagues
Cincinnati Reds (1956–1965)
Robinson made his major league debut on April 17,
Robinson ended the 1956 season with a .290
In
Frick allowed Robinson to remain on the team while Bell and Post were replaced on the NL starting roster by outfielders Hank Aaron and Willie Mays.[11] Bell remained as a reserve player, but Post was removed from the roster altogether.[11] Subsequently, Frick suspended fans' All-Star game voting rights until they were eventually restored in 1970.[11] The Reds faltered after the All-Star break and dropped to fourth place in the season final standings.
Robinson earned the 1957
In 1961, Robinson moved to right field and produced another strong offensive season.[1] In July he batted .409, hit 13 home runs, and drove in 34 runs to win NL Player of the Month Award, and finished the season with a .323 batting average with 37 home runs and 124 runs batted in, helping to propel the Reds to the 1961 National League Pennant.[6][16] His performance earned him the 1961 National League Most Valuable Player Award.[17] In the 1961 World Series against the New York Yankees, Robinson had a lackluster performance, producing only three hits as the Reds fell to the Yankees in five games (4–1).[18]
Robinson hit a career-high .342 in 1962, just four points behind NL Batting Champion, Tommy Davis.[19] He also led the league in runs scored, doubles, on-base percentage, slugging percentage and on-base plus slugging.[19] His 134 runs scored, 51 doubles, 136 runs batted in and .421 on-base percentage were also career highs for Robinson.[6]
Robinson was noted as a fiercely aggressive player. He spiked Johnny Logan in 1957, causing Logan to miss six weeks. In a game against the Milwaukee Braves on August 15, 1960, Robinson slid hard into third base, prompting a fistfight with Milwaukee's future Hall of Fame third baseman, Eddie Mathews.[20]
Baltimore Orioles (1966–1971)
Prior to the 1966 season, Reds owner
The Orioles won the 1966 World Series, and Robinson was named World Series Most Valuable Player. In the Orioles' four-game sweep of the defending champion Los Angeles Dodgers, Robinson hit two home runs—one in Game One (which Baltimore won 5–2), and one in Game Four (the only run of the game in a 1–0 series-clinching victory). Robinson hit both home runs off of Don Drysdale.[24]
During the 1969 season, Robinson brought some humor to the Orioles' clubhouse by presiding over their kangaroo court, held after every Oriole win. As the judge, he would hear arguments from both sides and give out fines for minor infractions (such as one dollar per lady talked to during a game) and "awards", named after people notoriously bad at a certain skill and involving a prop the "winner" had to display until the next court session. For instance, Jim Palmer once won the John Mason Baserunning Award, a smelly, decrepit baseball cleat presented for baserunning gaffes. Palmer credited the kangaroo court for helping the Orioles bond as a team.[25]
On June 26, 1970, Robinson hit back-to-back grand slams in the fifth and sixth innings in the Orioles' 12–2 victory over the Washington Senators. The same runners were on base both times: Dave McNally was on third base, Don Buford was on second, and Paul Blair was on first.[26]
The Orioles won three consecutive American League pennants between 1969 and 1971. Before the 1969 World Series, Robinson said, "Bring on the Mets and Ron Gaspar!" He was told by his teammate Merv Rettenmund, "It's Rod, stupid." He then retorted by saying, "OK. Bring on Rod Stupid!"[27] Baltimore won the 1970 World Series over the Reds.[1]
Final years as a player (1972–1976)
Robinson was traded along with Pete Richert from the Orioles to the Los Angeles Dodgers for Doyle Alexander, Bob O'Brien, Sergio Robles and Royle Stillman at the Winter Meetings on December 2, 1971.[28] When the 1972 Major League Baseball strike occurred, Robinson was one of three Dodgers out of thirty who voted against it. When the vote was announced, he said, "I don't believe in the strike, and I voted against it. But I was voted down, so now I'm on your side. I'm with you guys."[29] The 1972 season was his first season in the National League since playing with the 1965 Reds. He played 103 games while compiling a .251 batting average, 59 RBIs, 86 hits, and 19 home runs.[6] Teammate Tommy John said, "Frank didn't have a great year in 1972, but he played hard all year...He set a positive role model for the team."[29]
Robinson's only season with the Dodgers ended when he was dealt along with Bill Singer, Bobby Valentine, Billy Grabarkewitz and Mike Strahler to the California Angels for Andy Messersmith and Ken McMullen at the Winter Meetings on November 28, 1972. The transaction was the result of Robinson's request for regular playing time, something Dodgers general manager Al Campanis wanted for the team's younger prospects. It also reunited him with Angels general manager Harry Dalton who had worked in a similar capacity when both were with the Orioles.[30] In his time with the Angels, he became their first designated hitter while also being teammates again with Vada Pinson. He played 147 games in 1973 and 129 in 1974. In his tenure with the Angels, he hit for a .259 average while having 50 home runs, 249 hits, and 160 RBIs.[6]
On September 12, 1974, the Angels traded Robinson to the Cleveland Indians for Ken Suarez, cash and a player to be named later (Rusty Torres). Three weeks later the Indians named him their manager and persuaded him to continue playing. In his first at-bat as a player/manager for Cleveland in 1975, he hit a home run off of Doc Medich of the Yankees. He injured his shoulder in 1975 and did not play often. He retired from playing after the 1976 season, after batting .226 with 14 home runs in 235 at-bats for Cleveland from 1974 through 1976.[31] His final at-bat in the majors came against Baltimore on September 18, where he pinch-hit in the 8th inning and collected an RBI base hit in a 3–2 loss.[1][32]
Career statistics
During a 21-year baseball career, he batted .294 with 586 home runs, 1,812 runs batted in, and 2,943 hits.[6] At his retirement, his 586 career home runs were the fourth most in history (behind only the records of Hank Aaron, Babe Ruth and Willie Mays). He is third on Cincinnati's all-time home run leaders list (324, behind Johnny Bench and Joey Votto) and is the Reds' all-time leader in slugging percentage (.554).[33]
In his career, Robinson held several major league records. In his rookie season, he tied Wally Berger's record for home runs by a rookie (38).[34] (The current record would be set by Pete Alonso in 2019.) Robinson still holds the record for home runs on opening day (8), which includes a home run in his first at bat as a player-manager.[35]
Robinson won the 1966 American League
Category | G | BA | AB | R | H | 2B | 3B | HR | RBI | SB | CS | BB | SO | OBP | SLG | OPS | PO | A | DP | E | FLD% | Ref. |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Total | 2,808 | .294 | 10,006 | 1,829 | 2,943 | 528 | 72 | 586 | 1,812 | 204 | 77 | 1,420 | 1,532 | .389 | .537 | .926 | 6,346 | 333 | 263 | 106 | .984 | [6] |
Manager
Managing career
Robinson managed in the winter leagues late in his playing career.[37] By the early 1970s, he had his heart set on becoming the first black manager in the majors; the Angels traded him to the Cleveland Indians midway through the 1974 season due to his open campaigning for the manager's job. He was appointed player-manager by the Indians on October 2, 1974, giving him the distinction of being the first black manager in the Majors.[38] Robinson had a rocky time in Cleveland, as general manager Phil Seghi generally liked to second guess his manager along with trying to push for him to play alongside managing (the result was that he played roughly 80 games as manager). Disagreements with players such as Gaylord Perry did not help matters (he went to the press saying he wanted to be paid a dollar more than Robinson's $173,500 salary). The Indians had a 79–80 record, and had an 81–78 record in 1976, their first winning record in eight years. Cleveland started the 1977 season 26–31 and fired Robinson on June 19, 1977.[31][39]
Robinson managed the
Robinson managed the Orioles through 1991, and the Montreal Expos/Washington Nationals franchise from 2002 through 2006.[1] After Robinson had spent some years known in baseball as the Director of Discipline, he was chosen by Major League Baseball in 2002 to manage the Expos, which MLB owned at that time.[42] The Expos, who had losing records in the five previous seasons, finished the 2002 and 2003 seasons with 83–79 records. The Expos then next slumped to a 67–95 record in 2004, their final season before relocation to Washington, D.C.[43]
In a June 2005 Sports Illustrated poll of 450 MLB players, Robinson was selected as the worst manager in baseball, along with Buck Showalter, then manager of the Texas Rangers. In the August 2006 poll, he again was voted worst manager with 17% of the vote and 37.7% of the NL East vote.[44]
On April 20, 2006, with the Nationals' 10–4 victory over the Philadelphia Phillies, Robinson got his 1000th win, becoming the 53rd manager to reach that milestone.[45] He had earned his 1000th loss two seasons earlier.[6]
During a game against the
On September 30, 2006, the Nationals' management declined to renew Robinson's contract for the 2007 season, though they stated he was welcome to come to spring training in an unspecified role. Robinson, who wanted either a front office job or a consultancy, declined.
Managerial record
Team | Year | Regular season | Postseason | |||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Games | Won | Lost | Win % | Finish | Won | Lost | Win % | Result | ||
CLE | 1975 | 159 | 79 | 80 | .497 | 4th in AL East | – | – | – | – |
CLE | 1976 | 159 | 81 | 78 | .509 | 4th in AL East | – | – | – | – |
CLE | 1977 | 57 | 26 | 31 | .456 | fired | – | – | – | – |
CLE total | 375 | 186 | 189 | .496 | 0 | 0 | – | |||
SF | 1981 | 59 | 27 | 32 | .458 | 5th in NL West | – | – | – | – |
52 | 29 | 23 | .558 | 3rd in NL West | ||||||
SF | 1982 | 162 | 87 | 75 | .537 | 3rd in NL West | – | – | – | – |
SF | 1983 | 162 | 79 | 83 | .488 | 5th in NL West | – | – | – | – |
SF | 1984 | 106 | 42 | 64 | .396 | fired | – | – | – | – |
SF total | 541 | 264 | 277 | .488 | 0 | 0 | – | |||
BAL | 1988 | 155 | 54 | 101 | .348 | 7th in AL East | – | – | – | – |
BAL | 1989 | 162 | 87 | 75 | .537 | 2nd in AL East | – | – | – | – |
BAL | 1990 | 161 | 76 | 85 | .472 | 5th in AL East | – | – | – | – |
BAL | 1991 | 37 | 13 | 24 | .351 | fired | – | – | – | – |
BAL total | 515 | 230 | 285 | .447 | 0 | 0 | – | |||
MON | 2002 | 162 | 83 | 79 | .512 | 2nd in NL East | – | – | – | – |
MON | 2003 | 162 | 83 | 79 | .512 | 4th in NL East | – | – | – | – |
MON | 2004 | 162 | 67 | 95 | .414 | 5th in NL East | – | – | – | – |
WAS | 2005 | 162 | 81 | 81 | .500 | 5th in NL East | – | – | – | – |
WAS | 2006 | 162 | 71 | 91 | .438 | 5th in NL East | – | – | – | – |
MON/ WAS total | 810 | 385 | 425 | .475 | 0 | 0 | – | |||
Total[49] | 2241 | 1065 | 1176 | .475 | 0 | 0 | – |
Honors
In addition to his two
In 1982, Robinson was inducted into the
In 1999, Robinson ranked 22nd on The Sporting News list of the 100 Greatest Baseball Players.[54] He was nominated as a finalist for the Major League Baseball All-Century Team.[55] In 2020, The Athletic ranked Robinson at number 20 on its "Baseball 100" list, complied by sportswriter Joe Posnanski.[56]
Three teams have honored Robinson with statues:
- In 2003, the Reds dedicated a bronze statue of Robinson at Great American Ball Park.[3]
- In 2012, the Orioles unveiled a bronze statue of Robinson at Oriole Park at Camden Yards as part of the Orioles Legends Celebration Series.[57]
- In 2017, the Indians unveiled a bronze statue of Robinson in front of Progressive Field.[58]
Awards
President George W. Bush awarded Robinson the Presidential Medal of Freedom on November 9, 2005.[59]
The citation on the award read:
"Frank Robinson played the game of baseball with total integrity and steadfast determination. He won Most Valuable Player awards in both the National and American Leagues. He achieved the American League Triple Crown in 1966. His teams won five League titles and two World Series championships. In 1975, Frank Robinson broke the color barrier as baseball's first African-American manager, and he later won Manager of the Year awards in both the National and American Leagues. The United States honors Frank Robinson for his extraordinary achievements as a baseball player and manager and for setting a lasting example of character in athletics."
On April 13, 2007, Robinson was awarded the first Jackie Robinson Society Community Recognition Award at George Washington University.[60]
Front office and media career
Robinson served as an assistant general manager for the Orioles through 1995 when he was fired.[61] He worked for MLB as vice president of on-field operations from 1999 to 2002. He was responsible for player discipline, uniform policy, stadium configuration, and other on-field issues.[62]
Robinson served as an analyst for ESPN during spring training in 2007.[63] The Nationals offered to honor Robinson during a May 20 game against his former club the Baltimore Orioles but he refused.[64]
In 2007 Robinson rejoined the MLB front office serving as a special advisor for baseball operations from 2007 to 2009. He then served as special assistant to Bud Selig from 2009 to 2010 and was named senior vice president for major league operations from 2010 to 2011. In June 2012, he became executive vice president of baseball development.[62] In February 2015, Robinson left that position and was named senior advisor to the Commissioner of Baseball and honorary American League president.[65]
Personal life
While playing for the Reds in the late 1950s, Robinson attended Xavier University in Cincinnati during the off-season.[66] While in Baltimore, he became active in the civil rights movement. He originally declined membership in the NAACP unless the organization promised not to make him do public appearances. However, after witnessing Baltimore's segregated housing and discriminatory real estate practices, he reconsidered and became an enthusiastic speaker on racial issues.[34]
On February 9, 1961, Robinson pulled a .25 caliber pistol during an argument in a Cincinnati restaurant. He pleaded guilty on March 20 to a charge of carrying a concealed weapon and was sentenced to pay a $250 fine (equivalent to $2,549 in 2023).[67]
Robinson met Barbara Ann Cole in 1961; they married that year[1] and lived in Los Angeles where Barbara sold real estate.[61] They had two children.[53] In 2003, he guest starred on an episode of Yes, Dear as himself, along with Ernie Banks and Johnny Bench.[68]
On February 7, 2019, Robinson died of
See also
- Major League Baseball Triple Crown
- Major League Baseball titles leaders
- List of Major League Baseball annual doubles leaders
- List of Major League Baseball annual home run leaders
- List of Major League Baseball annual runs batted in leaders
- List of Major League Baseball annual runs scored leaders
- List of Major League Baseball batting champions
- List of Major League Baseball career doubles leaders
- List of Major League Baseball career hits leaders
- List of Major League Baseball career home run leaders
- List of Major League Baseball career runs scored leaders
- List of Major League Baseball career stolen bases leaders
- List of Major League Baseball career bases on balls leaders
- List of Major League Baseball career hit by pitch leaders
- List of Major League Baseball career total bases leaders
- List of Major League Baseball managers by wins
- List of Major League Baseball player-managers
- List of Major League Baseball players to hit for the cycle
- List of Major League Baseball single-game grand slam leaders
References
- ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l "Frank Robinson (SABR BioProject)". Society for American Baseball Research.
- ^ "Robinson, Frank". National Baseball Hall of Fame and Museum.
- ^ Cincinnati Enquirer. Retrieved August 9, 2019.
- ^ "Frank Robinson". Famous African Americans. Retrieved May 17, 2022.
- ^ "Who's Better At Hoops: Bill Russell Or Frank Robinson?". The Baltimore Sun. December 12, 1990. Archived from the original on November 5, 2013. Retrieved February 7, 2019.
- ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l "Frank Robinson Career Statistics". Baseball-Reference.com. Retrieved October 12, 2023.
- ^ "1956 Frank Robinson batting log". Baseball-Reference.com. Retrieved October 10, 2023.
- ^ "1956 Cincinnati Redlegs Schedule, Box Scores and Splits". Baseball-Reference.com. Retrieved June 29, 2011.
- ^ a b "Most Home Runs by a Rookie Player". statmuse.com. Retrieved October 14, 2023.
- ^ "1956 Rookie of the Year voting". Baseball-Reference.com. Retrieved October 14, 2023.
- ^ a b c d Wulf, Steve (June 29, 2015). "The stuff of legends: In 1957, Cincinnati fans stacked the All-Star team too". ESPN.
- ^ a b "Robinson Says Credit Of Honor Belongs To Tebbetts". The Dispatch. Associated Press. November 2, 1957. p. 16. Retrieved June 29, 2011.
- ^ "1957 Batting Leaders". Baseball-Reference.com. Retrieved October 12, 2023.
- ^ "1958 National League Gold Glove Award winners". Baseball-Reference.com. Retrieved October 12, 2023.
- ^ "Birdie Tebbetts Quits As Cincinnati Manager". Schenectady Gazette. Associated Press. August 15, 1958. p. 26. Retrieved October 12, 2023.
- ^ "MLB Major League Baseball Players of the Month". Baseball-Reference.com. Retrieved October 12, 2023.
- ^ "1961 National League Most Valuable Player voting results". Baseball-Reference.com. Retrieved October 12, 2023.
- ^ "Frank Robinson postseason batting statistics". Baseball-Reference.com. Retrieved October 12, 2023.
- ^ a b "1962 Batting Leaders". Baseball-Reference.com. Retrieved October 12, 2023.
- ^ Sharnik, Morton. "The Moody Tiger of the Reds". Sports Illustrated Vault | Si.com. Retrieved February 7, 2019.
- ^ "Baseball: More Than 150 Years" by David Nemec and Saul Wisnia. Publications International, Ltd. 1997, p. 413
- ISBN 978-1629370415, p. 117
- ^ Landers, Charles (May 8, 2017). "Frank Robinson once took a Luis Tiant fastball 541 feet straight out of Memorial Stadium". MLB.com.
- ^ "1966 World Series – Baltimore Orioles over Los Angeles Dodgers (4–0)". Baseball-Reference.com. January 1, 1970. Retrieved February 7, 2019.
- ISBN 0836207815.
- ^ Huber, Mike. "June 26, 1970: Frank Robinson's back-to-back grand slams". Society for American Baseball Research.
- ^ "Ultimate Mets Database – Memories of Rod Gaspar". Ultimatemets.com. Retrieved February 7, 2019.
- ^ Durso, Joseph (December 3, 1971). "White Sox Add Bahnsen, Ship McKinney to Yanks". The New York Times.
- ^ ISBN 0-553-07184-X.
- ^ Durso, Joseph (November 29, 1972). "Angels Get Dodgers' Frank Robinson". The New York Times. Retrieved February 7, 2019.
- ^ a b Special to The Plain Dealer (May 25, 2017). "Frank Robinson's debut as Cleveland Indians player-manager was historic (photos, audio)". cleveland.com. Retrieved February 7, 2019.
- ^ "1976 Frank Robinson batting log". Baseball-Reference.com. Retrieved October 10, 2023.
- ^ "Reds All-Time Leaders | Cincinnati Reds". MLB.com. May 24, 2018. Retrieved February 7, 2019.
- ^ a b "ESPN Classic - Robinson set records and broke barriers". Espn.go.com. Retrieved February 7, 2019.
- ^ "Most memorable opening day moments". ESPN. March 31, 2003. Retrieved February 7, 2019.
- ^ "Tigers' Miguel Cabrera wins AL MVP over Angels' Mike Trout". The Washington Post. November 15, 2012.
- ^ a b Van, Bill. "Frank Robinson, former SF Giants manager and baseball trailblazer, dies". San Francisco Chronicle. Retrieved February 7, 2019.
- ^ "Indians name Robinson manager". AP. October 3, 1974. Retrieved February 23, 2023.
- ^ "Frank Robinson Arrives in 1974, Clashes with Gaylord Perry – Reliving Yesteryear". July 10, 2014.
- WLUK. February 8, 2019.
- ^ Klingaman, Mike; Walker, Childs (February 7, 2019). "Baltimore Orioles Hall of Famer Frank Robinson dies at 83". The Baltimore Sun.
- ^ Chass, Murray (February 13, 2002). "Minaya, Robinson, Tavares Will Now Run the Expos". The New York Times. Retrieved February 7, 2019.
- ^ "Robinson set records and broke barriers". ESPN. Retrieved February 7, 2019.
- ^ "SI Players Poll". Sports Illustrated. August 22, 2006. Retrieved May 2, 2010.
- ^ "Johnson, Nats give Robinson 1000th win". Archived from the original on September 29, 2007. Retrieved December 4, 2018.
- ^ Zuckerman, Mark (May 26, 2006). "Robinson tearful after win". The Washington Times. Retrieved May 29, 2006.
- ^ Svrluga, Barry (January 11, 2007). "Nats Will Not Offer Robinson a Paid Job". The Washington Post.
- ^ Sheinin, Dave (October 2, 2006). "Nats' Robinson Bids a Fond Farewell". The Washington Post.
- ^ a b "Frank Robinson Managerial Record". Baseball-Reference.com.
- ISBN 978-0-451-22363-0
- ^ "Frank Robinson". Hickok Belt. August 31, 1935. Archived from the original on February 9, 2019. Retrieved February 7, 2019.
- ^ Muder, Craig. "Aaron, Robinson elected to Hall of Fame". National Baseball Hall of Fame and Museum.
- ^ a b Justice, Richard. "Frank Robinson dies | Baltimore Orioles". MLB.com.
- ^ "The Sporting News Selects Baseball's 100 Greatest Players". The Sporting News. April 26, 1999. Archived from the original on April 16, 2005.
- ^ Sandomir, Richard (October 31, 1999). "All-Century Became All About Rose and Gray". The New York Times.
- ^ Posnanski, Joe (March 7, 2020). "The Baseball 100: No. 20, Frank Robinson". The Athletic.
- ^ Seidel, Jeff. "O's pay tribute to Robinson at Camden Yards". Archived from the original on May 8, 2012. Retrieved July 15, 2012.
- ^ "Cleveland Indians to unveil statues honoring Robinson and Boudreau – Cleveland.com (Cleveland Plain Dealer)". Cleveland.com. January 24, 2017. Retrieved February 7, 2019.
- ^ "President Offers Tributes to Medal of Freedom Honorees". The New York Times. Associated Press. November 10, 2005. Retrieved February 7, 2019.
- ^ "Fredericksburg.com – Frank Robinson in town for honor". July 9, 2012. Archived from the original on July 9, 2012. Retrieved February 7, 2019.
- ^ a b Bamberger, Michael. "Home Again Frank Robinson is Back Where He Belongs: In the Game". Sports Illustrated Vault | Si.com. Retrieved February 7, 2019.
- ^ a b "MLB Executives". MLB.com. Retrieved October 6, 2013.
- ^ "ESPN Hires Frank Robinson As an Analyst". The Washington Post. Retrieved May 2, 2010.
- ^ Svrluga, Barry (February 16, 2007). "Robinson Declines Celebration in His Honor". The Washington Post. Retrieved May 2, 2010.
- ^ "Hall of Famer Robinson to become senior adviser to MLB commish". Foxsports.com. Associated Press. February 2, 2015. Retrieved February 7, 2019.
- ISBN 0-899-50930-4
- ^ "Major Leaguer Pleads Guilty to Weapons Charge". The Journal. Associated Press. March 20, 1961. p. 16. Retrieved February 7, 2022.
- ^ "Yes, Dear: Season 3, Episode 16 - Rotten Tomatoes". Rotten Tomatoes.
- ^ Goldstein, Richard (February 7, 2019). "Frank Robinson, Hall of Fame Slugger and First Black Baseball Manager, Dies at 83". The New York Times.
Further reading
Works by Robinson
- Robinson, Frank; Silverman, Al (1968). My Life Is Baseball. Doubleday. ISBN 9997502442.
- Robinson, Frank; Anderson, Dave (1976). Frank: The First Year. Holt, Rinehart and Winston. ISBN 0030149517.
- Robinson, Frank; Stainback, Barry (1988). Extra Innings. McGraw-Hill. ISBN 0070531838.
Others
- Skipper, John C. (2014). Frank Robinson: A Baseball Biography. ISBN 978-0786475612.
- Adelman, Tom (2007). Black and Blue: Sandy Koufax, the Robinson Boys, and the World Series That Stunned America. Little, Brown and Company. ISBN 978-0316067157.
External links
- Career statistics and player information from MLB, or ESPN, or Baseball Reference, or Fangraphs, or Baseball Reference (Minors), or Retrosheet
- Frank Robinson managerial career statistics at Baseball-Reference.com
- Frank Robinson at the Baseball Hall of Fame
- Frank Robinson at the SABR Baseball Biography Project
- Frank Robinson at IMDb