Frontier Force Regiment

Source: Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia.
Not to be confused with Frontier Constabulary, Frontier Corps, or Special Frontier Force.

Frontier Force Regiment
Regimental cap badge of the FFR
Active1843–present (59th Scinde Rifles)
Country British East India Company (1843–1858)
 British India (1858–1947)
 Pakistan (1947–present)
Branch
TypeInfantry
Role
Size52 battalions[citation needed]
Regimental centreAbbottabad, Khyber Pakhtunkhwa
Nickname(s)'Piffers'
Motto(s)Arabic: لَبَّيْكَ (transl. 'I am here')
(Talbiyah)
Colours[1]    
MarchThe Hundred Pipers (traditional)
AnniversariesDefence Day: 6 September
Piffer Week[2]
Engagements[1]
Commanders
HI(M)
Notable
commanders

The Frontier Force Regiment is one of the six infantry regiments of the Pakistan Army. They are popularly known as the Piffers in reference to their military history as the PIF (Punjab Irregular Force) of the British Indian Army, or as the FF (Frontier Force). The regiment takes its name from the historic North-West Frontier, a former province of British India and later Pakistan (present-day Khyber Pakhtunkhwa).

Most of the regiment's ancestral military formations were units composed of infantry of either Punjabi or Pathan origin. However, the oldest unit of the regiment is the Scinde Camel Corps, raised in 1843 under Company rule in India. Another ancestral unit was the infantry component of the British Indian Army Corps of Guides (partial cavalry unit). Despite being a Pakistani regiment, the Frontier Force Regiment is also the successor to several Sikh regiments due to their widespread deployments in the North-West Frontier during the British Raj.

Presently, the regiment consists of 52 battalions,[citation needed] with its regimental centre located in Abbottabad, Khyber Pakhtunkhwa.[3] Due to this regiment's presence, Abbottabad is also locally known as the "Home of the Piffers".[4][5] In its current form, the Frontier Force Regiment consists of both mechanized and motorized infantry battalions; there are also some armoured and artillery battalions which were raised from the ranks of the Frontier Force or one of its predecessor regiments.

The modern Frontier Force is Pakistan's third-oldest military regiment in terms of the date of most recent amalgamation, behind the Punjab and Baloch regiments. The regiment was raised in its current form in 1957, through the amalgamation of two (with a later third component) former British Indian Army regiments: the 12th Frontier Force Regiment and the 13th Frontier Force Rifles.[6] The third component, the Pathan Regiment, had been raised from the elements of the former two. The regiments' merger took place when a major formation reorganization was carried out in the Pakistan Army.[3]

Battalions of the Frontier Force Regiment have seen extensive wartime combat with neighbouring

deployed to Saudi Arabia in the Middle East and to Somalia in Eastern Africa as part of the 1990s United Nations humanitarian peacekeeping force in Somalia. In the latter deployment, Frontier Force battalions participated in the Battle of Mogadishu in 1993.[7]

The battalions are divided under independent formations and are commanded by their formation commander. Training and record-keeping is undertaken by the regimental depot, which is usually directed by a

Chief of Army Staff or Chairman of the Joint Chiefs of Staff Committee
).

Origins

Muhammad Ali Jinnah, the founder of Pakistan, meeting with officers of 6th Bn, Frontier Force Rifles (Now 1st FF).

The Frontier Force Regiment came into being in 1957 with the amalgamation of the

British India.[3][8]

The Pathan Regiment was raised after independence from the 4th Battalion of the Frontier Force Regiment and the 4th and 15th Battalions of the Frontier Force Rifles. Initially the regimental depot was at Dera Ismail Khan but it relocated to Kohat in 1949 and was later merged into the Frontier Force Regiment with its regimental depot at Abbottabad.[9] Fifteen of the modern Frontier Force Regiment's 52 battalions trace their origins back to British Indian Army units, as tabulated below.

Origins of merged battalions of the Frontier Force Regiment[3]
Battalion Founder units
1st 6th Royal Bn Frontier Force Rifles; 59th Royal Scinde Rifles (Frontier Force) - Mechanised infantry (Mounted Rifles)
2nd 5th Bn Frontier Force Regiment; 1st Bn QVO Corps of Guides (Frontier Force) Lumsden's Infantry - Infantry Scouts
3rd 1st Bn (PWO Sikhs) Frontier Force Regiment; 51st The Prince of Wales' Own Sikhs (Frontier Force) - Line Infantry Rifles
4th 2nd Bn (Sikhs) Frontier Force Regiment; 52nd Sikhs (Frontier Force) - Mountain Infantry Rifles
5th 3rd Royal Bn (Sikhs) Frontier Force Regiment; 53rd Sikhs (Frontier Force) - Anti-Tank
6th 4th Bn (Sikhs) Frontier Force Regiment; 54th Sikhs (Frontier Force) - Paratroop Battalion
7th 1st Bn Frontier Force Rifles; 55th Coke's Rifles (Frontier Force) - Line Infantry Rifles
8th 2nd Punjab Infantry, 2/13 Frontier Force Rifles, 56th Punjabi Rifles (Frontier Force) - Line Infantry Rifles, Commonly known as BHAIBANDS
9th 4th Bn Frontier Force Rifles; 57th Wilde's Rifles (Frontier Force) - Mechanised Infantry (Mounted Rifles)
10th 5th Bn Frontier Force Rifles; 58th Vaughan's Rifles (Frontier Force) - Mountain Infantry
11th 1st Bn Pathan Regiment; 14th Bn Frontier Force Regiment; 54th Sikhs (Frontier Force) - Heavy Support (Mortar) - Mechanised Infantry
12th 3rd Bn Pathan Regiment; 15th Bn Frontier Force Rifles - Mountain Infantry
13th 8th Bn Frontier Force Regiment - Mechanised Infantry
14th 9th Bn Frontier Force Regiment[A] - Heavy Support (Anti-Materiel & Anti-Tank)
15th 2nd Bn Pathan Regiment; 4th Bn Frontier Force Rifles; 57th Wilde's Rifles - Mechanised (Mounted Rifles) Infantry & Anti-Aircraft Support
Note: The 10th (Training) Battalion of the original Frontier Force Regiment (originally raised as 2nd Battalion QVO Corps of Guides during World War I) became the Regimental Centre of the new merged regiment.[10]
A At the end of World War II the war-raised 9th Battalion, instead of being disbanded, was used to re-form the 2nd Battalion (Sikhs) Frontier Force Regiment which had been annihilated in Malaya during the war. On 1 October 1948 a new 9th Battalion was raised and it was this unit which was to become the 14th Battalion of the merged regiment.[10]

Composition

Main article: Sub-units of the Frontier Force Regiment

At present, the Frontier Force Regiment musters 67

Pashtun tribes of Khyber-Pakhtunkhwa, although officers and other ranks from all over Pakistan have served and continue to serve in the regiment. Prior to 2000, the Piffers had been standardised to include equal numbers of Pashtuns and Punjabis in its non-officer ranks,[13] but in 2000, this composition was amended to include 10% Sindhis and 5% Balochis, reducing the quota of Punjabis to 35%. This measure was intended to diminish segregation within the Army.[14]

Headquarters

The regiment is currently based in

Commander-in-Chief General Muhammad Musa, it was moved to Abbottabad. It was unveiled in Abbottabad in April 1965. A Roll of Honour is displayed around the memorial on plates, and wreath-laying ceremonies are held on important national days and by visitors. Later a replica of the memorial was built at its original location at Kohat in 2001.[18]

Kashmir dispute

Since

war of 1947 by its founding formations.[6]

Indo-Pakistani War of 1965

Main article:
Indo-Pakistani War of 1965
A contingent of the FF Regiment with Indian POWs captured by 6th FF

Concerned by what it saw as Indian attempts to absorb the disputed region of Kashmir, in 1965 Pakistan launched

the first having been fought in 1947), the five-week conflict led to territorial gains and losses, and caused thousands of casualties, on both sides,[24] before ending in a United Nations mandated ceasefire[25] followed by Russian mediation.[26]

The Frontier Force Regiment's units participated in the war in all active sectors along the

Indo-Pakistani border, including Kashmir, Chhamb, Sialkot, Lahore, Khemkaran and Rajasthan. The 6th and 12th FF were involved in the advance on the Chhamb–Jaurian–Akhnur axis,[27] and the 6th FF also fought in the Badiana-Chawinda-Pasrur axis, along with the Guides Cavalry, the 11th Cavalry, 1st SP Artillery and the 3rd, 4th, 9th, 13th and 14th FF, where the largest tank battle at that time since World War II was fought.[28][29] The 3rd FF Battalion, while defending the border opposite Maharajke, was run over by the Indian Army's armoured division.[30] The 7th, 11th, 15th and 16th FF took part in the defence of Lahore; the 1st, 2nd, 5th and 10th FF took part in the capture of Khem Karan in the Kasur Sector, and the 8th and 18th FF made significant gains in the Rajhistan Sector. Some fighting continued after the ceasefire, and two months later in the Rajhistan Sector, the 23rd FF re-captured the Sadhewala Post.[31] The three Piffer armoured regiments successfully repulsed the Indian offensive in the Sialkot sector, while the Guides Cavalry turned back repeated assaults from India's 1st Armoured Division.[32] Another armoured regiment (the 11th Cavalry) also fought at Chhamb as part of the newly raised 6th Armoured Division.[33] The 1st SP Field Artillery, while providing fire support in the battle of Chawinda, lost their commanding officer Lieutenant Colonel Abdul Rehman.[34] Recognizing their combat performance, the unit was authorised to wear red piping on their collars.[35]

Indo-Pakistani War of 1971

Main article:
Indo-Pakistani War of 1971

In 1971, following a divisive election result, civil war broke out in the former East Pakistan (now Bangladesh) between the West Pakistani administrative authorities and the majority local population. India, to where many of East Pakistan's exiled political leaders and refugees from the fighting had fled, provided support for the dissidents including arming and training a Bangladeshi irregular force (the Mukti Bahini).[36] To relieve pressure on their forces in the east, in December 1971 Pakistani forces launched a pre-emptive attack on India from the west, which was only partially successful and met with massive retaliation. Fighting on two fronts, Pakistan agreed to a ceasefire after the surrender of her forces in the east and territorial losses in the west (later ceded back to Pakistan following the 1972 Simla Agreement).[37][38]

Piffer units fought in both east and west. The 31st FF, Pakistan's first

posthumously awarded Pakistan's highest award for gallantry, the Nishan-e-Haider. Other units which operated from East Pakistan were the 12th, 15th, 22nd, 24th, 25th, 26th, 30th and 38th FF. They became prisoners of war once Dhaka fell to the Indian army in December 1971.[40]

In West Pakistan, the 11th Cavalry saw heavy fighting in the Chhamb sector. The 2nd FF Battalion, while defending Shisabladi post at Kashmir sector, drove back an Indian brigade.[41] Along with 2nd FF 3rd, 5th, 17th and 33rd FF also operated in the Kashmir sector. In the Sialkot sector, the 19th, 23rd, 27th, 29th, 35th and 37th FF took part in fighting. The 35th FF Battalion suffered heavy casualties in an offensive at Jarpal, the area captured a day before.[42][43] An Indian commander, Lieutenant-Colonel V P Airy, of the 3rd Grenadier Guards who fought against 35th FF said: "35 FF's immortal attack won their commanding officer, Lieutenant-Colonel Akram Raja, a posthumous Hilal-i-Jur'at, with the highest compliment a gallant soldier could receive".[44] The 8th and 18th FF fought on the Lahore front. In the Sulemanki sector, the 6th FF gained fame when it captured the Beriwala Bridge on Sabuna Drain on 3 December[45] and repulsed five attempts by opposition forces to retake it.[46] Major Shabbir Sharif, a holder of the Sitara-e-Jurat from the 1965 conflict, was awarded a posthumous Nishan-e-Haider. The 36th FF also fought in the Sulemanki sector, and the 20th, 21st, and 39th FF saw action in the Rajhisthan sector.[47] After enemy offensive the 21st and 39th FF withdrew from Parbat Ali, a stronghold in that sector.[48][49]

Siachen conflict

Main article: Siachen conflict

As a result of a vague demarcation of territory in the 1972 Simla Accord, both Pakistan and India lay claim to the Siachen Glacier, which lies in the eastern Karakorum mountain range at altitudes of up to 18,875 feet (5,753 m). Following a period of tension, in April 1984 the Indian Army launched Operation Meghdoot with the aim of capturing the glacier.[50] Pakistan responded in kind, but Indian troops had already occupied the major mountain passes west of the glacier and captured many strategic points. Both countries established military posts, and from 1984 until 2003, intermittent fighting took place.[51] The conflict is remarkable for the harsh conditions under which it was fought—on average, one Pakistani soldier died every fourth day, with most of the casualties caused by the severe climate.[52][53]

A number of Piffer units were deployed to the world's highest battleground,

Northern Light Infantry Battalions, who were the first to arrive, were led by Piffer officers.[citation needed] Frontier Force casualties in the conflict include three officers, two junior commissioned officers, and 81 other ranks killed in action.[55]

Kargil War

Main article: Kargil War

The town and district of Kargil in Jammu and Kashmir lies on the Line of Control (LOC), the de facto border between Pakistan and India in the Kashmir region. In May 1999 elements in the Pakistan Armed Forces covertly trained and sent troops and paramilitary forces into Indian territory. The aim was to sever the link between Kashmir and Ladakh, and cause Indian forces to withdraw from the Siachen Glacier, thus forcing India to negotiate a settlement of the broader Kashmir dispute.[56] The Kargil Conflict was triggered when Pakistan occupied around 130 Indian observation posts on the Indian side of the LOC. As India responded, regular Pakistan army units were called up.[57]

The 19th, 33rd, 38th and 44th FF Battalions, and some Piffer officers serving in Northern Light Infantry battalions, participated in the conflict.[58] In total four officers and twenty four other ranks were killed in action.[59] The war ended after the then Prime Minister of Pakistan, Nawaz Sharif, agreed to call the troops back on 4 July 1999, after meeting with U.S President Bill Clinton.[60]

International duty

Operations

A Piffer infantryman (centre) in Somalia, with the green flag of Pakistan.

The Frontier Force Regiment has served outside Pakistan in various multinational and peacekeeping roles. From 1981 to 1988, the Piffer's mechanised infantry battalions were stationed at

Sunnis be included in the troops sent to their land. Then President of Pakistan, General Zia-ul-Haq said, there was no discrimination in the Pakistan Armed Forces.[61]

Pakistan formed part of the

US Rangers that had become pinned down in Mogadishu; contrary to the fictionalised depiction of events in the movie Black Hawk Down, a number of Rangers were taken to safety in the 15th's armoured personnel carriers.[7][55][65]

Following the operation the United Nations Secretary General's Special Representative, Admiral Jonathan Howe and UNOSOM Force Commander, Lieutenant General Çevik Bir appreciated Pakistani troops' efforts and thanked them for helping the US troops.[66] Major General Thomas M. Montgomery, Deputy Commander of the United Nations Forces in Somalia while praising Pakistani forces' said in a television interview, "Many of the soldiers are alive today because of the willingness and skill of the Pakistani soldiers who worked jointly in a rescue operation with Malaysian and American soldiers in most difficult and dangerous combat circumstances. Such splendid soldiers to Somalia who we feel proud to serve with. Pakistani soldiers have been completely dependable even in the most difficult circumstances. They have shouldered a huge and dangerous load for UNOSOM and the Somali people."[67]

Exercises

The 35th FF Battalion participated in

160th (Wales) Brigade (part of 5th Infantry Division) of the British Army in Wales.[69] The exercise involves various military drills including: Battle Procedure, Orders, Infiltration, Target Reconnaissance, Support to Friendly Forces, Battlefield Drills, Exfiltration, and Debriefing.[70] The other participant countries include USA, Canada, Germany, France, India.[71][72]

Commanders

Colonels in Chief

The officers of the regiment who are promoted to the designation of

Colonels in Chief. It is an honorary appointment. The FF regiment has only the following Colonels in Chief since its formation.[73]

Colonel Commandants

The Colonel Commandant is an honorary designation given to the highest-ranked officer in service of the regiment. The Colonel Commandants since the creation of the regiment are listed below:

Colonel Commandants
Serial Number Name Decorations Term of Appointment Unit
1 Major General Mian Hayaud Din HJ, MBE, MC. 8 May 1954 – 6 May 1956 6 FF & 14 FF
2 Lieutenant General Khalid Masud Sheikh. HI (M) 1 October 1957 – 30 June 1962 6 FF, 13 FF
3 General Muhammad Musa HJ, HPk, HQA, MBE 1 October 1962 – 5 February 1965 1 FF
4 Lieutenant General Altaf Qadir MBE 6 February 1965 – 27 August 1969 6 FF
5 Lieutenant General Attiqur Rahman HPk, HQA, MC 28 August 1969 – 19 November 1973 6 FF
6 General Muhammad Iqbal Khan NI (M), HI (M), SBt 21 August 1978 – 17 March 1985 2 FF
7 Lieutenant General Khushdil Khan Afridi HI (M), SBt 18 March 1985 – 6 January 1986 10 FF, 12 FF & 18 FF
8 Lieutenant General Ahmed Kamal Khan HI (M), SI (M), SBt 24 May 1987 – 23 May 1991 10 FF
9 Lieutenant General Imran Ullah Khan HI (M), SI (M), SBt 24 May 1991 – 22 May 1995 5 FF & 40 FF
10 Lieutenant General Mumtaz Gul HI (M), TBt 23 May 1995 – 24 April 1999 2 FF, 3 FF & 19 FF
11 Lieutenant General Tahir Ali Qureshi HI (M), SBt 10 May 1999 – 16 May 2001 13 FF
12 Lieutenant General Mushtaq Hussain HI (M) 17 May 2001 – 4 FF & 18 FF
13 Lieutenant General Munir Hafiez HI (M) – October 2005 7 FF
14 Lieutenant General Syed Sabahat Hussain[74] HI (M) October 2005 – 5 May 2009 2 FF
15 Lieutenant General Ahmad Shuja Pasha HI (M) 5 May 2009 – 19 March 2012 16 FF & 5 FF
16 Lieutenant General Alam Khattak HI (M), TBt 19 March 2012 – 4 October 2013 14 FF
17 Lieutenant General Javed Iqbal[75] HI (M), TBt 14 June 2014 – 15 May 2015 9 FF
18 Lieutenant General Rizwan Akhtar HI (M) 8 Oct 2015 - Sept 13, 2017 4 FF
19 Lieutenant General Ghayur Mahmood[76] HI (M), TBt 1 October 2017 - October 2018 18 FF
20 Lieutenant General Aamir Abbasi[77] HI (M) October 2018 - October 2021 4 FF
21 Lieutenant General
Syed Asim Munir Ahmad
Shah 		HI (M), Sword of Honour October 2021 - till date 23 FF

Battle honours

Piffers have won many honours for their gallantry deeds in each battle. They were also awarded foreign medals before the

Pakistani medals and honours
bestowed upon Piffers are listed here:

Honours & Awards[78]
War NH HJ SJ TJ Sitara-e-Basalat
Tamgha-e-Basalat
1948 War – 3 9 166 – –
1965 War – 2 284 313 – –
1971 War 2 2 34 44 – –
Siachen – – 133 – 133 144
Kargil – – 8 2 1 3
Miscellaneous – – 5 – 62 107
Total 2 7 473 525 196 254


Nishan-e-Haider recipients

Nishan-e-Haider is the highest military award given posthumously for valour, in Pakistan. The recipients of Nishan-e-Haider from the Frontier Force Regiment are:

  • Major Muhammad Akram (4th FF)
Main article: Muhammad Akram

When the

Fall of Dhaka on 16 December 1971. Major Akram died in action while defending in an epic manner after defying surrender. For his sacrifice he was posthumously awarded Nishan-e-Haider.[79]

  • Major Shabbir Sharif (6th FF)
Main article: Shabbir Sharif

On 3 December 1971, Major Shabbir Sharif who was commanding a company of 6th FF Regiment near Sulemanki headworks, was assigned the task of capturing the high ground overlooking the Gurmukh Khera and Beriwala villages in the Sulemanki sector. On the opposite side India had more than a company of the Assam Regiment which was supported by a squadron of tanks. Also among the hurdles were an enemy minefield and a defensive canal, 30 feet (9.1 m) wide and 10 feet (3.0 m) deep. Shabbir Sharif succeeded in capturing the area by early evening on 3 December. In this fight 43 Indian soldiers were killed, 28 were taken prisoner and four tanks were destroyed. Shabbir Sharif repelled repeated counterattacks by the opposing forces for the next three days and nights and kept strategically better position, holding two Indian battalions at bay. On the night of 5 December/ 6, during one of the enemy attacks, Sharif hopped out of his trench, killed the enemy Company Commander of 4th Jat Regiment and recovered important documents from his possession. In another attack on the morning of 6 December, Shabbir Sharif took over an anti-tank gun from his gunner, and while engaging enemy tanks, he was killed in action by a direct hit from a tank. Major Shabbir Sharif already a recipient of Sitara-e-Jurat, was posthumously awarded Nishan-e-Haider for his sacrifice.[79]

Hilal-i-Jur'at recipients

Hilal-i-Jur'at is the second highest military award given for valour to Armed forces personnel of Pakistan. Piffers who received Hilal-i-Jur'at are:

Sitara-e-Jurat recipients

Sitara-e-Jurat is the third highest military award given for valour to Armed forces personnel of Pakistan. Piffers who received Sitara-e-Jurat are:

  • Major Muhammad Akbar Khan for Taitwal Sector 1948 (First recipient of SJ of Pakistan)
  • Second Lieutenant Shabbir Sharif of 6th FF (for Chhamb Sector 1965)
  • Captain Abdul Jalil (Shaheed) of 12th FF (for Sector 4 Kalidhar 1965)
  • Brig Mir Ijaz Mehmood (Tony) of

23rd FF (for Rajistan Sadehwala sector 1965)

  • Brigadier Muhammad Yamin Khokhar of 13th FF & 23rd FF (1971 war)
  • Lt Col Samin Jan Babar of 23rd FF

(SJ & Bar) (1965&1971)

  • Captain Mujeeb Faqrullah Khan of 25th FFR (for Chamb-Jorian Sector 1971)
  • Lt. Col. Khalid Nazir, 40th FF/12 NLI/SSG (Kargil Sector 1999)
  • Capt Ammar Hussain Shaheed, 63rd FF- SSG (Kargil Sector 1999)
  • Col Amir Nawaz Khan of 13th FF (1971 war)

VC recipients

The Victoria Cross is the highest battle order of Britain, awarded for valour. As the Frontier Force regiment still maintains the lineage of its predecessor regiments, so this award was received by following Piffers:[80]

MC recipients

The Military Cross is the third highest battle honour of Britain, awarded for valour. The Frontier Force regiment still maintains the lineage of its predecessor regiments so this award was received by following Piffers:[81]

Legion d'Honneur recipients

Commandeur of the Légion d'honneur
, the third of the five classes of the Légion d'honneur was awarded by the Republic of France for securing areas of Indo-China in 1946. The only Piffer to have received this distinction:

Legion of Merit recipients

This is the highest military decoration that may be bestowed by the US Government upon a foreign national. Piffers who received the Legion of Merit are:

Member of the Order of the British Empire (M.B.E.) – Military

This is the fourth class of the Order of the British Empire. Piffers who received the military division of the MBE are:

Motto and colours

The cap badge of the Frontier Force Regiment

The motto of the regiment is Labbaik, an Arabic word, which means Here I Come. It is commonly used as an invocation to respond to Allah's call for pilgrimage during Hajj, the annual Muslims pilgrimage.[85] Before 1970, each Piffer unit had its own motto but on the whole the regiment had no motto, so it was decided at the Piffer Conference in 1970 to adopt Labbaik as the regimental motto. The official meaning of this motto is:[86]

—making all preparations required for going to battle, and putting ones heart and soul into the endeavour, aimed at achieving the assigned mission.

Piffers wear the same basic

battle dress
uniform worn by the regiment is camouflage without any distinctions since inception of new CCD.

Alliances

See also

Footnotes

  1. ^ a b "Frontier Force Regiment – Pakistan Army". www.pakistanarmy.gov.pk. Archived from the original on 31 October 2020. Retrieved 15 January 2021.
  2. OCLC 1780097
    . Retrieved 18 March 2012.
  3. ^ a b c d e Mahmud, Babar (2002). "Pakistan: The Frontier Force Regiment". Orbat.com website. Ravi Rikhye. Archived from the original on 26 February 2008.
  4. ISBN 978-0-19-579778-7
    .
  5. ^ Kathryn Cramer: Google Earth Dynamic Overlay for Pakistan Now Available! (Plus "Home of the Piffers" and a Dragon Hunt)
  6. ^ a b c "Frontier Force Regiment". Pakistan Army Infantry Regiments. GlobalSecurity.org. Retrieved 12 February 2012.
  7. ^ a b Stewart, Dr. Richard W. (2006). The United States Army in Somalia, 1992–1994. Washington D.C.: United States Army Center of Military History. pp. 22–23. CMH Pub 70-81-1. Archived from the original on 11 April 2011. Retrieved 9 February 2008.
  8. ISBN 978-0946771981
    .
  9. ^ Bajwa, Mandeep Singh (2002). "The Pathan Regiment". Orbat.com website. Ravi Rikhye. Archived from the original on 14 December 2007. Note that there is an error in this source. 4/12 was a Frontier Force Regiment battalion, not a Frontier Force Rifles btn.
  10. ^ a b Condon (1962), p. 592
  11. ^ Pakistan Army Infantry Divisions Archived 2020-06-09 at the Wayback Machine
  12. ^ (Akram 2002, p. 10)
  13. ISBN 978-81-7648-548-7
    .
  14. ^ (Akram 2002, pp. 15–16)
  15. ISBN 978-0-9815378-9-4
    .
  16. ^ (Akram 2002, p. 17)
  17. ^ (Rahman 1980, p. 12)
  18. ^ (Akram 2002, p. 19)
  19. ISBN 978-0-521-67126-2
    .
  20. ISBN 978-0-8160-7827-1
    .
  21. ^ "Kashmir border deaths spark India and Pakistan row". BBC News. September 2011. Retrieved 12 February 2012.
  22. ISBN 978-1-57607-712-2
    .
  23. ISBN 978-0-7881-0279-0
    .
  24. ISBN 978-0-415-97663-3
    . Retrieved 14 April 2011.
  25. ISBN 978-0-19-953343-5
    .
  26. ISBN 978-0-415-47705-5
    .
  27. ISBN 978-0-19-579374-1
    .
  28. ISBN 978-81-7062-117-1
    .
  29. ISBN 978-0-87249-982-9
    .
  30. ^ Agha Humayun Amin (2001). "Battle of Chawinda: Comedy of Higher Command Errors". Defence Journal. 4 (8). Archived from the original on 19 July 2011. Retrieved 16 March 2012.
  31. ^ (Akram 2002, p. 11)
  32. ISBN 978-969-8125-19-6
    .
  33. ASIN B0061UKCOC
    . Retrieved 23 March 2012.
  34. ISBN 978-969-8125-19-6
    .
  35. ^ "Frontier Force Regiment". Pakistan Army. Archived from the original on 5 May 2017. Retrieved 16 March 2012.
  36. ISBN 978-0-520-07665-5
    .
  37. ISBN 978-1-935501-10-7
    .
  38. ISBN 978-81-7024-767-8
    .
  39. ^ (Rahman 1980, pp. 112–118)
  40. ^ (Akram 2002, p. 12)
  41. ^ (Singh 1994, p. 47)
  42. ISBN 978-0-8032-1344-9
    .
  43. ^ (Singh 1994, pp. 100–102)
  44. ^ (Rahman 1980, p. 170)
  45. ^ (Singh 1994, pp. 196–197)
  46. ISBN 978-81-7062-109-6
    .
  47. ^ (Akram 2002, pp. 12–13)
  48. ISBN 978-0-8032-1344-9
    .
  49. ^ (Singh 1994, p. 225)
  50. ^ "Sciachen & LoC". Archived from the original on 7 June 2007. Retrieved 21 April 2008.
  51. ^ "War at the Top of the World". Time. 7 November 2005. Archived from the original on 4 June 2011. Retrieved 3 May 2010.
  52. ^ Siachen: The Stalemate Continues Archived 2005-08-26 at the Wayback Machine
  53. ^ "No breakthrough in Siachen talks". BBC News. 27 May 2005. Retrieved 3 May 2010.
  54. ^ VAUSE, Mikel. Peering Over the Edge: The Philosophy of Mountaineering, p. 194.
  55. ^ a b c d (Akram 2002, p. 14)
  56. ISBN 0-7656-1090-6
    . Pg 38
  57. OCLC 237066528
    .
  58. ISBN 978-81-901218-9-7
    .
  59. ^ (Akram 2002, p. 15)
  60. ^ "Pakistan and the Kashmir militants". BBC News. 5 July 1999. Retrieved 3 May 2010.
  61. ^ Crossette, Barbara (14 August 1990). "CONFRONTATION IN THE GULF; Pakistanis Agree to Join Defense of Saudi Arabia". The New York Times. Retrieved 3 May 2010.
  62. ^ Public Diplomacy Query (PDQ)
  63. ISBN 1-85367-103-7
    .
  64. ^ "Archived copy". www.ispr.gov.pk. Archived from the original on 11 October 2008. Retrieved 14 January 2022.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: archived copy as title (link)
  65. ISBN 978-0-7432-8344-1
    .
  66. ^ "UNOSOM". UN Peace Keeping Missions. Pakistan Army. Archived from the original on 24 August 2010. Retrieved 11 February 2012.
  67. ^ "UN Somalia Operations". Tributes to the Pakistani Peacekeepers. Pakistan Army. Archived from the original on 24 August 2010. Retrieved 11 February 2012.
  68. ^ Haider, Ejaz (25 October 2010). "Tactical wins; strategic losses". The Express Tribune. Retrieved 18 March 2012.
  69. ^ "Cambrian Patrol". Training and Exercises. Ministry of Defence (United Kingdom). Archived from the original on 12 May 2010. Retrieved 18 March 2012.
  70. ^ "Exercise Cambrian Patrol 2010 (CP 10)" (PDF). Ministry of Defence (United Kingdom). 18 October 2010. p. 1. Archived from the original (PDF) on 6 December 2011. Retrieved 18 March 2012.
  71. ^ "Exercise Cambrian Patrol – United Kingdom" (Press release). Inter-Services Public Relations. 20 October 2010. Archived from the original on 8 July 2013. Retrieved 18 March 2012.
  72. ^ "Pakistan Army wins gold medal in Cambrian Patrol Exercise". Daily Times. 21 October 2010. Archived from the original on 27 February 2012. Retrieved 18 March 2012.
  73. ^ (Akram 2002, p. 28)
  74. ^ Sharif, Arshad (5 May 2005). "New corps commander for Multan". DAWN, Internet Edition (6 May 2005 issue). Archived from the original on 11 October 2008.
  75. ^ "Aabpara auditions". The Friday Times. Vol. XXIV, No. 02. 24 February – 1 March 2012. Retrieved 2 August 2017.
  76. ^ "Lt General Ghayur Mahmood appointed new FFR colonel". The Tribune. Retrieved 2 August 2017.
  77. ^ "Lt-Gen Aamir Abbasi appointed as Col Commandant of FF regiment". The Tribune. Retrieved 23 November 2020.
  78. ^ (Akram 2002, p. 27)
  79. ^ a b "Nishan-E-Haider Series". Pakistan Post Office website. 2001. Archived from the original on 17 January 2017. Retrieved 10 February 2008.
  80. ^ VC Burials Pakistan
  81. ^ Mc Burials Pakistan[permanent dead link]
  82. ^ "Page 4370 | Supplement 36710, 19 September 1944 | London Gazette | the Gazette".
  83. ^ "Sikh Casualties of Indian Forces Commemorated in Italy". 13 September 2009.
  84. ^ "Casualty Details".
  85. ^ Hajj Glossary, Tawaf (Circumnambulating Kaaba), Takbeer (Allahu Akbar), Talbiyah (Labbaik), Muzdalifa, Arafah, Kaffara
  86. ^ (Akram 2002, p. 16)
  87. ^ (Akram 2002, pp. 16–17)
  88. ^ [1] Archived 30 May 2008 at the Wayback Machine
  89. ^ a b The Argylls, allied regiments, volunteers and the militia
  90. ^ "The Frontier Force Regiment, Pakistan Army". Allied Regiments. The Argyll and Sutherland Highlanders. Archived from the original on 29 February 2012. Retrieved 12 March 2012.
  91. ^ "Argyll and Sutherland Highlanders – Allied Regiments". Archived from the original on 7 March 2005. Retrieved 10 February 2008.
  92. ^ Alliances and Affiliations
  93. ISBN 978-0-415-00241-7
    . Retrieved 2 May 2012.
  94. ^ "Affiliations". The Royal Irish Regiment. British Army. Archived from the original on 6 July 2007. Retrieved 2 May 2012.
  95. ^ The Regimental Family

References

Bibliography

External links
Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Frontier_Force_Regiment&oldid=1210989781"