Nawaz Sharif

Two months later, after steadily worsening relations with the Armed Forces, Nawaz was deposed by Musharraf and martial law was established throughout the country.[73]

Coup, trial and exile

The simultaneous conflicts in the

Nawaz ordered the

The military placed Nawaz on trial for "kidnapping, attempted murder, hijacking and terrorism and corruption".[76]^[77] In a speedy trial, the military court convicted Nawaz and gave him a life sentence.^[77] Reports surfaced that Nawaz had nearly been sentenced to execution.^[76][78] His leading defence lawyer, Iqbal Raad, was gunned down in Karachi in mid-March.^[79] Nawaz's defence team blamed the military for providing inadequate protection.^[79] The military court proceedings were widely accused of being a show trial.^[80][81][82]

Nawaz was also tried for tax evasion on the purchase of a helicopter worth US$1 million. The Lahore High Court agreed to acquit him if he could prove his innocence, but Nawaz was unable to cite any substantial evidence. He was ordered to pay a fine of US$400,000 on grounds of tax evasion, and he was sentenced to 14 years of imprisonment.^[83]

Pakistan and Saudi Arabia, under Nawaz and King Fahd, had enjoyed extremely close business and cultural relations that is sometimes attributed as a special relationship.^[78] Saudi Arabia was shocked at the news of the coup.^[78] Amid pressure by Fahd and US President Bill Clinton, the military court avoided a death sentence for Sharif.^[78] Fahd had expressed concern that the death sentence would provoke intense ethnic violence in Pakistan as had happened in the 1980s^[78] following the execution of Zulfikar Ali Bhutto.^[76] Under an agreement facilitated by Saudi Arabia, Nawaz was placed in exile for the next 10 years,^[78] and agreed not to take part in politics in Pakistan for 21 years. He also forfeited property worth US$8.3 million (£5.7 million) and paid a fine of US$500,000.^[84] Musharraf wrote in his memoirs that, without the intervention of Fahd, Sharif would have been executed.^[85] Nawaz travelled to Jeddah, Saudi Arabia, where he was taken to a residence managed and controlled by the Saudi government,^[78] and provided a Saudi loan to establish a steel mill.^[78]

Return to Pakistan

Failed attempt in Islamabad

The Supreme Court of Pakistan ruled on 23 August 2007 that Nawaz and his brother,

Two days later, Nawaz returned from exile in London[88] to Islamabad. He was prevented from leaving the aeroplane and he was deported to Jeddah, Saudi Arabia, within hours.^[89] His political career appeared to be over.^[43]

Successful return in Lahore

Musharraf went to Saudi Arabia on 20 November 2007, the first time he left Pakistan since implementing the emergency rule.^{[90][contradictory]} He attempted to convince Saudi Arabia to prevent Nawaz from returning until after the January 2008 elections.^[90] Nawaz had become more politically relevant after the return to Pakistan of Benazir Bhutto, who had also been exiled.^[90] Saudi Arabia suggested that if Pakistan had allowed a democratic-socialist woman leader, Bhutto, to return to the country, then the conservative Nawaz should be permitted to return as well.^[90]

Nawaz returned to Pakistan five days later. Thousands of supporters whistled and cheered as they hoisted Nawaz and his brother on their shoulders.^[91] After an 11-hour procession from the airport, he reached a mosque where he offered prayers as well as criticism against Musharraf.^[92] His return to Pakistan allowed only one day to register for elections, setting the stage for an overnight shift of the political scene.^[91]

2008 General elections

Nawaz called for the boycott of the January 2008 elections because he believed the poll would not be fair, given a state of emergency imposed by Musharraf. Nawaz and the PML-N decided to participate in the parliamentary elections after 33 opposition groups, including Bhutto's PPP, met in Lahore but failed to reach a joint position.^[93] He campaigned for the restoration of the independent judges removed by emergency government decree and Musharraf's departure.^[94][95]

Bhutto's assassination led to the postponement of the elections to 18 February 2008.^[96] Nawaz condemned Bhutto's assassination and called it the "gloomiest day in Pakistan's history".^[97] As the elections approached, the country faced a rise in attacks by militants.^[98] Nawaz accused Musharraf of ordering anti-terror operations that had left the country "drowned in blood".^[98] Pakistan's government urged opposition leaders to refrain from holding rallies ahead of the elections, citing an escalating terrorist threat.^[98] The PML-N rejected this, accusing officials of campaign interference.^[98]

On 25 January, Musharraf attempted British mediation to reconcile with the Nawaz brothers but failed.^[99] The elections were dominated^{[clarification needed]} by the PPP, boosted by the death of Bhutto, and PML-N. In the 342-seat National Assembly, PPP received 86 seats; the PML-N, 66; and the PML-Q, which backed Musharraf, 40.^[100]

In opposition (2008–2013)

Nawaz's party had joined a coalition with the PPP, led by its new leader Asif Ali Zardari, but the alliance was strained by differences.^[101] Nawaz won much public support for his uncompromising stand,^[101] and the coalition successfully forced Musharraf's resignation from the presidency. After the coalition's collapse, Nawaz pressured Zardari to reinstate the judges Musharraf removed during emergency rule. This led to the courts absolving Nawaz's criminal record so that he could re-enter parliament.^[102]

By-elections

In the June 2008 by-elections, Nawaz's party won 91 National Assembly seats and 180 provincial assembly seats in the Punjab.^[103] Election for the Lahore seat was postponed due to questions of Nawaz's eligibility to contest.^[101][104]

Musharraf impeachment

The National Assembly was summoned four days later to discuss impeachment proceedings.[107] On 18 August, Musharraf resigned as President of Pakistan due to mounting political pressure. On 19 August, Musharraf defended his nine-year rule in an hour-long speech.^[108]

Nawaz claimed that Musharraf was responsible for the crisis in the nation. "Musharraf pushed the country's economy 20 years back after imposing martial law in the country and ousting the democratic government".^[109]

Lawyers movement

Musharraf had dismissed 60 judges and Chief Justice Iftikhar Chaudhry under the state of emergency in March 2007, in a failed bid to remain in power.^[106] Sharif had championed the cause of the judges since their dismissal, and he and Zardari had supported the reinstatement of judges in their campaigns.^[26] However, the new coalition government had failed to restore the judges, leading to its collapse in late 2008.^[26] Zardari feared that Chaudhry would undo all edicts instated by Musharraf including an amnesty that Zardari had received from corruption charges.^[26]

On 25 February 2009, the Supreme Court disqualified Nawaz Sharif and his brother Shehbaz Sharif, the Chief Minister of Punjab, from holding public office. Zardari attempted to place Nawaz under house arrest,^[26] but the Punjab police left his residence after an angry crowd gathered outside. The police decision to lift his confinement was very likely in response to an army command.^{[26][according to whom?]} Nawaz, with a large contingent of SUVs, began leading a march to Islamabad but ended the march in Gujranwala.^[26] In a televised speech on 16 March, Prime Minister Yusuf Raza Gilani promised to reinstate Chaudhry after receiving pressure from Pakistan's army, American and British envoys, and internal protests. PPP made a secret agreement to restore the PML government in the Punjab. Nawaz then called off the "long march".^[26]

The PPP-led government continued to survive. A senior PML-N leader said "95% of the members of the PML(N) were against becoming part of the lawyers' movement, but after the [Supreme Court] verdict, the PML(N) had no other choice".^[110]

Removal of bar on third term

The 18th Amendment passed in Parliament on 8 April 2010, removing the bar which allowed prime ministers to serve a maximum of two terms in office. This made Nawaz eligible to again become prime minister,^[111] which he did in 2013.

2013 Pakistan general election

Khan–Sharif rivalry

Between 2011 and 2013, Nawaz and Imran Khan began to engage each other in a bitter feud. The rivalry between the two leaders grew in late 2011 when Khan addressed a large crowd at Minar-e-Pakistan in Lahore. The two began to blame each other for many political reasons.^[112][113]

From 26 April 2013, in the run up to the 2013 elections, both the PML-N and the Pakistan Tehreek-e-Insaf (PTI) vehemently criticised each other. Khan was accused of personally attacking Nawaz and was given notice by the Election Commission of Pakistan, though Khan denied it.^[114][115]

Policies

It is only through your vote that you can bring change for prosperity, to strengthen the country's borders, end terrorism, improve education, and get land reforms and put Sindh and Pakistan on a path to progress.

— Nawaz Sharif

Nawaz campaigned on a promise to end

Nation's future lies in democratic, liberal Pakistan where the private sector thrives and no one is left behind

— Nawaz Sharif[142]

Nawaz's government declared that the Hindu festivals Diwali and Holi, and the Christian festival of Easter, were officially public holidays. Time Magazine called this a "significant step for the country's beleaguered religious minorities."^[143] On 6 December 2016, Nawaz approved the renaming of Quaid-i-Azam University's (QAU) physics centre to the Professor Abdus Salam Center for Physics. Nawaz also established the Professor Abdus Salam Fellowship to fully fund five Pakistani doctoral students in physics.^[144] In response, the Council of Islamic Ideology criticised Nawaz's move claiming that "changing the department's name would not set the right precedent."^{[145][further explanation needed]}

Nawaz stressed the need for operation Zarb-e-Qalam to fight societal extremism and intolerance through the power of "writers, poets and intellectuals".^[146] Addressing the Pakistan Academy of Literature, Nawaz said that "in a society where flowers of poetry and literature bloom, the diseases of extremism, intolerance, disunity and sectarianism are not born". Nawaz also announced a PRs. 500 million endowment fund for the promotion of art and literary activities in Pakistan.^[147] On 9 January 2017, the government denied visas for international preachers for the Tablighi Jamaat conference in Lahore. Jamia Binoria criticised the government's decisions.^[148]

Nawaz, in a March 2017 address at Jamia Naeemia, urged Islamic scholars to spread the true teachings of Islam and take a firm stand against those who are causing disunity among Muslims. Nawaz called for a "progressive and prosperous Muslim world", and asked the "religious scholars to [...] take the war against these terrorists to its logical end."^[149]

Economic policy

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Fiscal Year	GDP growth	Inflation rate
2013–14[150]	4.14%[151]	8.5%[152]
2014–15	4.24%	4.8%[153]
2015–16	4.5%[154]	5.1%[153]
2016–17	5.2%[155]

The country's economy faced many challenges including energy shortages, hyperinflation, mild economic growth, high debt and a large budget deficit. Shortly after taking power in 2013, Nawaz received a US$6.6 billion loan from the International Monetary Fund (IMF) to avoid a balance-of-payments crisis. Lower oil prices, higher remittances and increased consumer spending pushed growth toward a seven-year high of 4.3 percent in FY2014–15.^[156]

According to the Pakistan Institute of Legislative Development and Transparency (PILDAT), the quality of governance had 'marginally improved' during Nawaz's first year in power within an overall score of 44%. It scored highest in disaster-preparedness, merit-based recruitment, and foreign policy management, while it received the lowest scores on poverty alleviation and transparency.^[161]

On 4 July 2013, the IMF and Pakistan reached a provisional agreement on a US$5.3 billion bailout package to bolster Pakistan's flagging economy and its perilously low foreign exchange reserves, which was contrary to an election promise not to take any more loans.^[162] On 4 September, IMF approved another $6.7 billion loan package over a three-year period. IMF demanded Pakistan conduct economic reforms, including privatising 31 state-owned companies.^[163]

Business confidence in Pakistan reached a three-year high in May 2014 backed by increasing foreign reserves which crossed US$15 billion by mid-2014. In May 2014, IMF stated that inflation had dropped to 13% (compared to 25% in 2008), foreign reserves were in a better position and that the current account deficit had come down to 3% of GDP.

In FY2015, industrial growth slowed due to power shortages,[157] as Sharif's administration failed to make adequate reforms in energy, taxation, and public sector enterprises.^[169] On 3 May, The Economist gave Sharif's administration partial credit for the economy's new stability, having upheld its agreements with the IMF. Standard & Poor revised Pakistan's credit rating from 'stable' to 'positive', noting the government's efforts towards fiscal consolidation, improvement in external financing conditions, and stronger capital inflows.^[170]

During a trip to Pakistan on 10 February 2016, World Bank Group's president Jim Yong Kim applauded the economic policies of Nawaz's government. He claimed that Pakistan's economic outlook had become more stable.^[171] On 19 March, Nawaz approved tax incentives in an attempt to attract new automotive manufacturing plants to the country.^[172] In November 2016, the government announced that Renault was expected to start assembling cars in Pakistan by 2018.^[173][174]

On 8 April 2016, following lobbying by international development groups, the government changed its methodology for measuring poverty. The poverty line was moved from PRs. 2,350 to PRs. 3,030 per adult per month, which increased the poverty ratio from 9.3% to 29.5%.^[175] A PILDAT survey claimed that the quality of governance had improved, though it was still weak for transparency.^[176] Fred Hochberg, head of the Export–Import Bank of the United States visited Pakistan on 14 April and said that he "sees a lot of opportunities to expand its exposure to Pakistan."^[177]

On 9 May, the World Bank's Pakistan Development Report stated that the current account was in a healthy position, but that Pakistan's export competitiveness has diminished due to protectionist policies, poor infrastructure, and high transaction costs for trade. Consequently, Pakistan's exports-to-GDP ratio had been declining for the last two decades.^[178]

On 15 December 2016, Pakistan became a signatory of the

On 24 October 2016, months after the Sharif government concluded a US$6.4 billion three-year programmes, IMF managing director Christine Lagarde visited Pakistan, during which she maintained Pakistan was "out of the economic crisis". She added that continued efforts were needed to bring more people under taxation and to ensure that all paid their fair share.^[181] The 2017 Ease of doing business index recognised Pakistan as one of the ten countries making the biggest improvements to business regulations.^[182]

Hundreds of Chinese trucks loaded with goods rolled into the Sost dry port in Gilgit-Baltistan on 1 November as the first shipment of the China–Pakistan Economic Corridor.^{[184][relevant?]}

The government announced plans to restructure PIA, which sought to become more competitive by leasing newer and more efficient aircraft. PIA was split into two companies: a holding group would retain some PRs. 250 billion in debt and excess personnel, and a "new" PIA would hold the lucrative landing rights and new aircraft. The government planned to sell a 26% stake in the new PIA to a strategic partner. In February 2016, Pakistan International Airlines Corporation (PIAC) is to be converted into a public limited company as Pakistan International Airlines Company Limited (PIACL) to make way for privatisation, however, this trigged an eight-day union strike.^{[185][needs update]} On 23 December 2016, a Chinese consortium won the bid for a 40% stake in the PSX with an offer of US$85.5 million.^[186]

Communications and development

Upon assuming office, Nawaz launched the Public Sector Development Programme (PSDP) which constructed major projects to stimulate the economy. This included

On 24 April 2014, mobile companies Mobilink, Telenor, Ufone and Zong won auctions for 3G and 4G mobile spectrum licenses, raising US$1.112 billion. Nawaz stated that PRs. 260 billion will be collected in annual revenue from the licenses, while the technology would create millions of jobs in the service sector.^[192] Nawaz also launched the Prime Minister's Youth Programme, providing a PRs. 20 billion fund for interest-free loans, skills development and provision of laptop computers.

Pakistan Vision 2025

In August 2014, the Sharif administration unveiled an ambitious programme to enhance exports to US$150 billion by 2025.^[193] According to the Daily Times, the Vision 2025 is based on seven pillars: putting people first; developing human and social capital; achieving sustained, indigenous and inclusive growth; governance, institutional reform and modernisation of the public sector; energy, water and food security; private-sector-led growth and entrepreneurship, developing a competitive knowledge economy through value addition and modernisation of transportation infrastructure and greater regional connectivity.^{[194][clarification needed]}

Considering the existing political challenges faced by Sharif and shaky democratic process in the country, ownership of the rather flawed Vision 2025 is another major concern. The question is will future political setups continue to work on this plan to make it a reality, in case of any change of guard at the center? Each successive government in Pakistan has historically made a U-turn from its predecessor's policies. If this trend prevails, then the Vision 2025 will fail to translate into action.

— Arab News, 18 August 2014^[195]

Nuclear power policy

Nawaz attended the 2014 Nuclear Security Summit, and stated that Pakistan was giving nuclear security the highest importance.^[201]

FATA reform

On 3 March 2017, Nawaz's cabinet approved a set of steps to be taken for the proposed merger of the Federally Administered Tribal Areas (FATA) with Khyber Pakhtunkhwa, along with a 10-year PRs. 110 billion development-reform package. Under the reform project, the jurisdiction of the Supreme Court and the Peshawar High Court will be extended to the FATA region.^[202]

National security and defence policy

Pakistan desires peace and tranquility both within and outside its borders so that the much needed socio-economic development goals are achieved. We cannot afford to be distracted in fulfilling our national objectives. At the same [time] Pakistan will never compromise on its sovereignty and independence.

— Nawaz Sharif, addressing the Pakistan Naval War College^[210]

Seven members of the

The Sharif government launched a ranger-led operation on 5 September 2013 in Karachi, aimed at removing crime and terrorism from the metropolis. During the first phase, which lasted until 10 August 2015, rangers reported to have conducted 5,795 raids during which they had apprehended 10,353 suspects and recovered 7,312 weapons. Prominent among the raids were the 11 March raid on the Muttahida Qaumi Movement (MQM) headquarters Nine Zero^[215] and the offices of Sindh Building Control Authority (SBCA). The first phase also saw a total of 826 terrorists, 334 target killers, and 296 extortionists arrested. The Rangers expanded their mandate to kidnappers, and arrested 82 abductors and secured the release of 49 captives. The report stated that targeted killing in the city had dropped by over 80%.^{[216][217][218]} On 23 August 2016, officials claimed that they had arrested 654 target killers affiliated with the Muttahida Qaumi Movement's (MQM) armed wing since 4 September 2013.^[219]

Karachi will be made a crime-free city and the operation will continue to achieve the objective. We are going ahead without being deterred by the incidents happening there. The crime rate of extortion and kidnapping is falling down in the city.

— Nawaz Sharif^[215]

Operation Zarb-e-Azb

Negotiations with the Taliban collapsed after the execution of 23 Frontier Corps by the Taliban on 17 February 2014, and relations worsened with the Taliban's 2014 Jinnah International Airport attack.^[220] Operation Zarb-e-Azb was formally launched on 15 June 2014 after the Sharif administration prepared for a three-front offensive:^[221] isolating targeted militant groups, obtaining support from the political parties, and protecting civilians from reprisals.^[221] The 2014 Wagah border suicide attack has been the deadliest retaliation against the operation so far.^[222]

Foreign policy

Neighbouring countries

Nawaz launched 'peaceful neighbourhood' initiative to improve Pakistan's ties with India, Afghanistan, Iran and China.^[223] On 12 May 2014, Nawaz met Iranian President Hassan Rouhani amid tensions over the February kidnapping of five Iranian soldiers by extremists who took them into Pakistan.^[224]

The cultural affinity among our peoples is a huge asset. Shared geography and history have culminated in a unique synthesis of cultures and traditions. We must therefore, place our people at the centre of the SAARC processes. SAARC must capture the imagination of our peoples and contribute to creating strong and mutually beneficial bonds.

— Nawaz Sharif, addressing the 18th South Asian Association of Regional Cooperation summit^[225]

On 27 October 2016, Nawaz hosted the 15th ministerial meeting of Central Asia Regional Economic Cooperation Program (CAREC), and proposed an Open Skies Agreement between the countries.^[226]

China

Chinese Premier Li Keqiang was the first world leader to visit Pakistan and congratulate Nawaz on his 2013 electoral victory.^[227] Upon return to Beijing, Li announced investment of US$31.5 billion in Pakistan, mainly in energy, infrastructure and a port expansion for Gwadar, the terminus of the China–Pakistan Economic Corridor. According to The Express Tribune, Sharif's government had charged the army with providing fool-proof security to Chinese officials in Balochistan to address Beijing's concerns regarding investment in the province, which was to receive 38% of the funds.^[228]

On 8 November 2014, Nawaz led a delegation to Beijing and signed agreements for Chinese investment reportedly worth about $46 billion.

Nawaz launched talks with India to liberalize their trade relationship,

On 10 December 2015, during the Heart of Asia conference, Pakistan and India announced that they were resuming dialogue on outstanding issues, ending a two-year stalemate.[242] On 1 April 2015, Modi made his first visit to Pakistan in a surprise stopover in Lahore to meet Nawaz on his birthday.^[243] Modi and Nawaz held a brief meeting at Raiwind Palace. Modi also attended the wedding ceremony of Nawaz's granddaughter.^[244][245]

Relations between India and Pakistan escalated with the killing of

Nawaz paid an official visit to Washington, D.C. from 20 to 23 October 2013. He and Barack Obama committed to strengthening relations and advancing shared interests for a prosperous Pakistan. Voice of America reported that the US released more than US$1.6 billion in military and economic aid that was suspended when relations suffered over the covert raid that killed Osama bin Laden in 2011.^[271]

On Pakistan's request the United States temporarily stopped

We will extend every help to Pakistan so that it can eliminate terror from its soil.

— President Barack Obama, following the 2016 Lahore suicide bombing^[275]

US Senator

Nawaz called president-elect Donald Trump on 1 December 2016 to congratulate him. The statement released by Nawaz's office quoted Trump calling Nawaz a "terrific guy", adding that Pakistan is a "fantastic country, fantastic place".^[280] Trump Tower put out a statement saying that they "had a productive conversation about how the United States and Pakistan will have a strong working relationship in the future."^[281] On 3 December, Dawn reported that a US National Defence Authorisation Act was set to be approved by the US Congress which would recognise Pakistan as a key strategic partner and pledge more than US$900 million in economic and other assistance to the country; half of that would be dependent on Pakistan's commitment to fighting all terrorist groups, including the Haqqani network.^[282]

Europe

Nawaz visited London on 30 April 2014 and met

Nawaz supported the Saudi-led intervention in Bahrain and in his visit to Saudi Arabia he reassured that he would "help devise a new battle plan for Saudi intervention in the country."^[296]

Personal life

Nawaz married

finance minister of Pakistan.^[15][302]

The personal residence of the Sharif family,

Hussain Nawaz, is a businessman based in Saudi Arabia and currently resides in Jeddah.^[305] His younger son, Hassan Nawaz, is also a businessman and lives in London.^[306]

Nawaz underwent

Chief Justice Iftikhar Muhammad Chaudhry, raised questions about a possible constitutional crisis in Pakistan. Chaudhry called for electing a new interim prime minister to avoid the crisis.^[309]

Public image

Jon Boone wrote in

Sharia Law in the late 1990s, Nawaz had adopted a more centrist position by seeking diplomatic and trade relations with India which encouraged support from left-leaning Pakistanis.^[310] In another column, The Guardian described Nawaz's first two terms in the 1990s as authoritarian and clouded by allegations of corruption, but that "old foes and longstanding friends say Nawaz is a changed man" from when he originally entered politics "to defend family [business] interests".^[311]

Tim Craig, writing in March 2016 for The Washington Post, described Nawaz's move away from social conservatism as "traced to Sharif's ambitious economic agenda, the influence his 42-year-old daughter has over him, and his awareness that Pakistan remains the butt of jokes".^[312] Afrasiab Khattak summarized the shift by stating "[Nawaz] knows extremism is not good for business".^[312] Nawaz's advisor Miftah Ismail described him as "a very religious guy", adding however "he is perfectly okay with other people not being religious".^[312] Writing for The Express Tribune in 2016, Fahd Hussain stated that Nawaz will likely will face "blowback from its natural allies among the clergy", adding that with "the bulk of the Punjab conservative voter[s] [remaining] in the Nawaz camp", that Nawaz is eyeing the "liberal, progressive, left-of-centre voters".^[313]

Leftist Senator

Mushahid Hussain Syed, a former member of Nawaz's cabinet, described Nawaz's religious leanings: "he is quite a good Muslim in terms of belief and basic rituals like prayer and going to Mecca" adding however, "in cultural terms he is quite relaxed. He likes music and movies and has a good sense of humour. He is not your average type of serious, sulking fundo."^[311] Mohammed Hanif, writing in 2013, claimed that "if Nawaz weren't from the dominant province Punjab, where most of the army elite comes from, if he didn't represent the trading and business classes of Punjab, he would still be begging forgiveness for his sins in Saudi".^[314]

Author Edward A. Gargan, writing in November 1991, described Nawaz's government as "bedeviled by gossip, barraged by accusations of venality, castigated by the opposition and threatened by a final rupture of cordiality with the United States".

Mughals".^[317]

Criticism

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After his return to power in 2013, a protest movement led by

Pakistan Muslim League-Q (PLM-Q) and Awami Muslim League (AML), mounted pressure on the Sharif government. Khan demanded Nawaz's resignation over allegations that the 2013 general election was rigged.^[318] Nawaz claimed to have support from the majority of the parties in Parliament. PML-N claimed that the elections had been the most free and fair in the country's history. Nawaz was also criticised by his opponents for running a system of patronage in which relatives were appointed to key state positions such as his brother as Chief Minister, and other relatives^[who?] as cabinet ministers.^[319][320]

The Express Tribune claimed on 20 April 2015 that Sharif's administration misled the International Monetary Fund (IMF) over the tax charged on the issuance of bonus shares, as what should have been the largest source of income tax stood at a mere PRs. 1 billion. The government had told the IMF that it levied a 10% tax, which would generate revenue equal to 0.1% of GDP or PRs. 29 billion.^{[321][relevant?]}

Human rights activist

Human rights violations in Balochistan. Activists and investigators alleged that she was killed for her activism and for being outspoken on various contentious topics, from extremism to state-sponsored abuses. The talk that Mahmud organised that night was to have been held at the Lahore University of Management Sciences, but the university cancelled it the day before under alleged pressure from government authorities.^[322] Nawaz officially condemned the killing but Dawn noted that there was a little chance her murderers would be brought to justice given the recent history of impunity among those who target the country's marginalised liberals.^[relevant?

]

Around 2,000 far-right protesters led by Sunni Tehreek staged a sit-in at D-Chowk in front of the parliament in Islamabad on 27 March 2016, causing a partial shutdown of the capital. The protestors demanded the implementation of Sharia in the country and declaring Mumtaz Qadri a martyr. The protestors burned cars and a public transit station and injured journalists and bystanders.^[323] The government called in the army to enforce order.^[324] By 29 March the crowd had shrunk to 700 protestors,^[325] and the protest ended on 30 March after the government promised not to amend the blasphemy laws.^{[326][relevant?]}

On 7 April 2016, The Express Tribune claimed that Nawaz's multibillion-rupee health insurance plan seemed to be failing because of poor planning, claiming that the basic health infrastructure doesn't allow for such a plan.^{[327][328][relevant?]}

Imran Khan began mobilising workers on 29 October 2016 to lockdown Islamabad, demanding Nawaz's resignation and a corruption inquiry. In response, the Sharif government placed a citywide ban on gatherings and arrested hundreds of opposition activists. The government also arrested scores of Pakistan Tehreek-e-Insaf workers and closed the motorway leading from Khyber Pakhtunkhwa. On 1 November, Khan ceased protests after the Supreme Court said it would form a judicial commission to probe allegations stemming from the "Panama Papers" leaks about the Sharif family's offshore wealth.^[329] In the first week of January, four Pakistani activists known on social media for their secular leftist views went missing.^{[330][relevant?]}

The Economist, writing in January 2017, criticised Nawaz's spending on infrastructure, explaining that it sat unused as "the economic boom it was meant to trigger has never arrived." Regarding the China–Pakistan Economic Corridor, the magazine wrote that "critics fear the country will struggle to pay back the debt, especially if foreign-exchange earnings from exports continue to dwindle" further adding that "It may not concern Mr. Sharif unduly if the next generation of roads is as deserted as the last."^[331]

Wealth and conglomerates

The growth of Pakistan's industry, which occurred under President

Zulfiqar Ali Bhutto, to halt capital flight from the country to Eastern Europe.^[332] This program included nationalisation of Ittefaq Group and many other large enterprises.^{[333][relevant?}

]

Although the steel mill was returned to the Sharif family in 1980, havoc had already wrought.[332] In 2011, Nawaz's assets were worth Rs 166 million, which increased to Rs 1.82 billion by 2013.^[334] In 2012 his net income was Rs. 12.4 million ($1.24 million).^[335] He was one of five billionaires elected to Pakistan's National Assembly in 2013.^[336] In 2015, his declared assets slightly decreased to PRs. 1.75 billion ($17.5 Million).^[337] As of 2017 his net worth is over PRs. 1 billion.^{[338][relevant?]}

2016 Panama Papers leak

See also: Panama Papers case

According to the Panama Papers, documents leaked in 2016 from law firm Mossack Fonseca, Nawaz's family holds millions of dollars worth of property and companies in the UK and around the world.^[339] Although they do not name Nawaz Sharif or his younger brother Shehbaz Sharif, they link in-laws of Shehbaz Sharif and children of Nawaz Sharif to numerous offshore companies.^[340][341]

On 15 April 2016, the government announced an investigation by an inquiry commission of all Pakistanis named in the documents. Opposition politicians said a judge, not a retired judge, should investigate. Various judges recused themselves. In addition, on 19 April, army chief General Raheel Sharif warned that across-the-board accountability was needed.^[342]

The court announced its decision on 28 July 2017 and disqualified Nawaz from holding public office, stating that he had been dishonest in not disclosing his employment in the Dubai-based Capital FZE company in his nomination papers.^[343] The court also ordered National Accountability Bureau to file a reference against Nawaz and his family on corruption charges.^{[344][345][346][347]}

In 2018, the Pakistani Supreme Court ruled in

Safdar Awan were given prison sentences of seven years and one year, respectively. The two were subsequently arrested on their arrival in Lahore on 13 July and imprisoned in the Adiala Jail.^[7] Nawaz and Maryam were also fined £2 million and £8 million, respectively.^[348]

Reports claimed that Nawaz suffered four angina attacks and his family complained that the Imran Khan government was not allowing him time for medical treatment. The Islamabad High Court (IHC) granted him bail on humanitarian grounds in October 2019, and Nawaz went to London for medical treatment.^[8] Later in March, he was granted bail for a period of six weeks by the Supreme Court to continue pursuing his health treatment.^[349] After failing to return to Pakistan when his bail expired, the IHC declared him an absconder.^[8] He currently faces non-bailable arrest warrants for the Al-Azizia corruption case.^[350] However, soon after his brother Shehbaz Sharif came to power as prime minister after a vote of no confidence was brought against former premier Imran Khan, there were changes in the senior leadership of the National Accountability Bureau, and Nawaz Sharif was acquitted in some 40-year old cases and declared a "political victim" in others.^[351][352]

Books

Nawaz has published the following books:^[353]

• Model Town Ka Beta [The Son of Model Town], Model Town Publications, 2000, 298 p. Autobiography
• Ghaddar Kaun? Nawaz Sharif Ki Kahani Un Ki Zabani [The Traitor Within: The Nawaz Sharif Story In His Own Words], Sagar Publications, 2006, 456 p.

Eponymous entities

• Muhammad Nawaz Sharif University of Agriculture
• Muhammad Nawaz Sharif University of Engineering & Technology
• Nawaz Sharif Medical College

See also

• List of international prime ministerial trips made by Nawaz Sharif

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Further reading

• Boone, Jon (17 May 2013). "Nawaz Sharif: A rightwing tycoon who has won over leftist liberals – for now". Editorial and special report published by American journalist Jon Boone. Islamabad: The Guardian, Pakistan Bureau. The Guardian, Pakistan Bureau. Retrieved 11 January 2015.
• "BBC: Profile of Nawaz Sharif". BBC News. 11 December 2000. Retrieved 15 September 2012.
• "BBC, Timeline: Pakistan's political rivals". BBC News. 26 September 2007. Retrieved 15 September 2012.
• "Nawaz Sharif becomes Prime Minister". Story of Pakistan. Archived from the original on 19 March 2012. Retrieved 15 September 2012.
• "Pakistan Muslim League (Nawaz Group) Pakistan". PML-N. Archived from the original on 8 June 2012. Retrieved 15 September 2012.
• "PML N – Nawaz Sharif's Profile". elections.com.pk. Archived from the original on 20 September 2012. Retrieved 15 September 2012.
• "Nawaz Sharif in 2008". Canadian Broadcasting Corporation. 18 August 2008. Retrieved 15 September 2012.
• Cooper, Helene; Mazzetti, Mark (20 July 2009). "Nawaz Sharif". The New York Times. Retrieved 15 September 2012.
• Williamson, Martin (28 November 2007). "Cricket tragics: Eleven politicians who would have preferred to have been watching cricket instead". ESPNcricinfo. Retrieved 15 September 2012.

External links

• PML(N) at the Library of Congress Web Archives (archived 8 July 2011)
• "Profile of Nawaz Sharif". ESPNcricinfo.
• Appearances on C-SPAN

Political offices
Preceded by Sadiq Hussain Qureshi	Chief Minister of Punjab 1985–1990	Succeeded by Ghulam Haider Wyne
Preceded by Ghulam Mustafa Jatoi Acting	Prime Minister of Pakistan 1990–1993	Succeeded by Balakh Sher Mazari Acting
Preceded by Balakh Sher Mazari Acting	Prime Minister of Pakistan 1993	Succeeded by Moeenuddin Ahmad Qureshi Acting
Preceded by Benazir Bhutto	Leader of the Opposition 1993–1996	Succeeded by Benazir Bhutto
Preceded by Malik Meraj Khalid Acting	Prime Minister of Pakistan 1997–1999	Succeeded by Pervez Musharraf as Chief Executive of Pakistan
Preceded by Shahid Hamid Acting	Minister of Defence 1997–1999	Succeeded by Pervez Musharraf
Preceded by Sartaj Aziz	Minister of Finance Acting 1998	Succeeded by Ishaq Dar
Preceded by Mir Hazar Khan Khoso Caretaker	Prime Minister of Pakistan 2013–2017	Succeeded by Shahid Khaqan Abbasi
	Minister of Defence 2013	Succeeded by Khawaja Asif
Party political offices
Preceded by Fida Mohammad Khan	Leader of the Pakistan Muslim League-Nawaz 1993–1999	Succeeded by Kalsoom Nawaz Sharif
Preceded by Shehbaz Sharif	Leader of the Pakistan Muslim League-Nawaz 2011–2017	Succeeded by Sardar Yaqoob Interim
Preceded by Sardar Yaqoob Interim	Leader of the Pakistan Muslim League-Nawaz 2017–2018	Succeeded by Shehbaz Sharif Designate