Intuition
Intuition is the ability to acquire
The word intuition comes from the Latin verb intueri translated as "consider" or from the
Psychology
Freud
According to Sigmund Freud, knowledge could only be attained through the intellectual manipulation of carefully made observations. He rejected any other means of acquiring knowledge such as intuition. His findings could have been an analytic turn of his mind towards the subject.[9]
Jung
In
Jung said that a person in whom intuition is dominant—an "intuitive type"—acts not on the basis of rational judgment but on sheer intensity of perception. An extroverted intuitive type, "the natural champion of all minorities with a future", orients to new and promising but unproven possibilities, often leaving to chase after a new possibility before old ventures have borne fruit, oblivious to his or her own welfare in the constant pursuit of change. An introverted intuitive type orients by images from the unconscious, ever exploring the psychic world of the archetypes, seeking to perceive the meaning of events, but often having no interest in playing a role in those events and not seeing any connection between the contents of the psychic world and him- or herself. Jung thought that extroverted intuitive types were likely entrepreneurs, speculators, cultural revolutionaries, often undone by a desire to escape every situation before it becomes settled and constraining—even repeatedly leaving lovers for the sake of new romantic possibilities. His introverted intuitive types were likely mystics, prophets, or cranks, struggling with a tension between protecting their visions from influence by others and making their ideas comprehensible and reasonably persuasive to others—a necessity for those visions to bear real fruit.[10]
Modern psychology
In modern psychology, intuition can encompass the ability to know valid solutions to problems and the
Instinct is often misinterpreted as intuition. Its reliability is dependent on past knowledge and occurrences in a specific area.[dubious ] For example, someone who has had more experience with children will tend to have better instincts about what they should do in certain situations with them. This is not to say that one with a great amount of experience is always going to have an accurate intuition.[12]
Intuitive abilities were quantitatively tested at Yale University in the 1970s. While studying nonverbal communication, researchers noted that some subjects were able to read nonverbal facial cues before reinforcement occurred.[13] In employing a similar design[clarification needed], they noted that highly intuitive subjects made decisions quickly but could not identify their rationale. Their level of accuracy, however, did not differ from that of non-intuitive subjects.[14]
According to the works of Daniel Kahneman, intuition is the ability to automatically generate solutions without long logical arguments or evidence.[15] He mentions two different systems that we use when making decisions and judgements: the first is in charge of automatic or unconscious thoughts, the second in charge of more intentional thoughts.[16][page needed] The first system is an example of intuition, and Kahneman believes people overestimate this system, using it as a source of confidence for knowledge they may not truly possess. These systems are connected with two versions of ourselves he calls the remembering self and experiencing self, relating to the creation of memories in "System 1"[jargon]. Its[ambiguous] automatic nature occasionally leads people to experience cognitive illusions, assumptions that our intuition gives us and are usually trusted without a second thought.[16][page needed]
Gerd Gigerenzer described intuition as processes and thoughts that are devoid of typical logic. He described two primary characteristics to intuition: basic rules of thumb (that are heuristic in nature) and "evolved capacities of the brain".[5][page needed] The two work in tandem to give people thoughts and abilities that they do not actively think about as they are performed, and of which they cannot explain their formation or effectiveness. He does not believe that intuitions actively correlate to[clarification needed] knowledge; he believes that having too much information makes individuals overthink, and that some intuitions will actively defy known information.[5][page needed]
Intuition is also seen as a figurative launch pad for logical thinking. Intuition's automatic nature tends to precede more thoughtful logic.[17][page needed] Even when based on moral or subjective standpoints, intuition provides a base—one that people will usually start to back up with logical thinking as a defense or justification rather than starting with a less biased viewpoint. The confidence in whether it is an intuition or not comes from how quickly they happen, because they[clarification needed] are instantaneous feelings or judgments that we have surprising confidence in.[17][page needed]
Philosophy
Both Eastern and Western philosophers have studied intuition. The discipline of epistemology deals with the concept.
Eastern philosophy
In the East intuition is mostly intertwined with religion and spirituality, and various meanings exist in different religious texts.[18]
Hinduism
In Hinduism, various attempts have been made to interpret how the Vedic and other esoteric texts regard intuition.
For Sri Aurobindo, intuition comes under the realm of knowledge by identity. He describes the human psychological plane (often referred to as mana in Sanskrit) as having two natures: The first being its role in interpreting the external world (parsing sensory information), and the second being its role in generating consciousness. He terms this second nature "knowledge by identity."[19]: 68 Aurobindo finds that, as the result of evolution, the mind has accustomed itself to using certain physiological functions as its means of entering into relations with the material world; when people seek to know about the external world, they default to arriving at truths via their senses. Knowledge by identity, which currently only explains self-awareness, may extend beyond the mind and explain intuitive knowledge.[19]: 69–71
He says this intuitive knowledge was common to older humans (
Osho believed human consciousness is in a hierarchy from basic animal instincts to intelligence and intuition, and humans being constantly living in that[ambiguous] conscious state often moving between these states depending on their affinity. He suggests that living in the state of intuition is one of the ultimate aims of humanity.[21]
Buddhism
Buddhism finds intuition to be a faculty in the mind of immediate knowledge. Buddhism puts the term intuition beyond the mental process[
Western philosophy
In the West, intuition does not appear as a separate field of study, but the topic features prominently in the works of many philosophers.
Ancient philosophy
Early mentions and definitions of intuition can be traced back to
Islam
In Islam various scholars have varied interpretations of intuition (often termed as hadas, Arabic: حدس, "hitting correctly on a mark"), sometimes relating the ability to have intuitive knowledge to prophethood.
Early modern philosophy
In his book
Hume has a more ambiguous interpretation of intuition. Hume claims intuition is a recognition of relationships (relation of time, place, and causation). He states that "the resemblance" (recognition of relations) "will strike the eye" (which would not require further examination) but goes on to state, "or rather in mind"—attributing intuition to power of mind, contradicting the theory of empiricism.[33]
Immanuel Kant
Contemporary philosophy
Intuitions are customarily appealed to[
A different challenge to appeals to intuition comes from experimental philosophers, who argue that appeals to intuition must be informed by the methods of social science.[citation needed]
The metaphilosophical assumption that philosophy ought to depend on intuitions has been challenged by experimental philosophers (e.g., Stephen Stich).[37] One of the main problems adduced by experimental philosophers is that intuitions differ, for instance, from one culture to another, and so it seems problematic to cite them as evidence for a philosophical claim.[38] Timothy Williamson responded to such objections against philosophical methodology by arguing that intuition plays no special role in philosophy practice, and that skepticism about intuition cannot be meaningfully separated from a general skepticism about judgment. On this view, there are no qualitative differences between the methods of philosophy and common sense, the sciences, or mathematics.[39] Others like Ernest Sosa seek to support intuition by arguing that the objections against intuition merely highlight a verbal disagreement[clarification needed].[40]
Philosophy of mathematics and logic
Intuitionism is a position advanced by L. E. J. Brouwer in philosophy of mathematics derived from Kant's claim that all mathematical knowledge is knowledge of the pure forms of the intuition—that is, intuition that is not empirical.
Artificial intelligence
This section needs expansion. You can help by adding to it. (June 2021) |
Researchers in
Business decision-making
In a 2022 Harvard Business Review article, Melody Wilding explored "how to stop overthinking and start trusting your gut", noting that "intuition... is frequently dismissed as mystical or unreliable". She suggested that there is a scientific basis for using intuition and refers to "surveys of top executives [which] show that a majority of leaders leverage feelings and experience when handling crises".[8] However, an earlier Harvard Business Review article ("Don't Trust Your Gut") advises that, although "trust in intuition is understandable... anyone who thinks that intuition is a substitute for reason is indulging in a risky delusion".[44]
Intuition was assessed by a sample of 11 Australian business
Honours
Intuition Peak in Antarctica is so named "in appreciation of the role of scientific intuition for the advancement of human knowledge".[47][relevant?]
See also
- Artistic inspiration
- Brainstorming
- Common sense
- Cognition
- Clairvoyance
- Cryptesthesia
- Déjà vu
- Dual process theory
- Extra-sensory perception
- Focusing (psychotherapy)
- Foresight
- Inner Relationship Focusing
- Grok
- Insight
- Intuition and decision-making
- Intuition pump
- Intelligence analysis#Trained intuition
- List of psychic abilities
- List of thought processes
- Luck
- Medical intuitive
- Morphic resonance
- Nous
- Phenomenology (philosophy)
- Precognition
- Psychic
- Rapport
- Religious experience
- Remote viewing
- Serendipity
- Social intuitionism
- Subconscious
- Synchronicity
- Tacit knowledge
- Truthiness
- Unconscious mind
References
- "5. C&D Rule and the Road to Perfect Knowledge". Descartes' Epistemology. Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy. 2019.
- "Descartes' Truth Rule: Clarity and Distinctness". Retrieved June 11, 2021.
[...] all respondents therefore found intuition as very important to their effectiveness as leaders [...].
Essentially, Goleman and LeDoux feel that people often perceive danger signals and can begin to initiate responses to them before becoming consciously aware of them. This preconscious recognition of danger and how humans can react appropriately to it have been explained by several authors...