Jan Krzysztof Bielecki

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Jan Krzysztof Bielecki
Prime Minister of Poland
In office
4 January 1991 – 5 December 1991
PresidentLech Wałęsa
DeputyLeszek Balcerowicz
Preceded byTadeusz Mazowiecki
Succeeded byJan Olszewski
Personal details
Born (1951-05-03) 3 May 1951 (age 72)
Poland
Political partySolidarity Citizens' Committee (1988–1991)
Liberal Democratic Congress (1991–1994)
Freedom Union (1994–2001)
Civic Platform (2001–present)
Alma materUniversity of Gdańsk
AwardsOrder of the White Eagle (Poland) Legion of Honour Bene Merito (Poland)

Jan Krzysztof Bielecki ['jan ˈkʂɨʂtɔf bʲɛˈlɛt͡skʲi] ⓘ (born 3 May 1951) is a Polish liberal politician and economist. A leading figure of the Gdańsk-based Liberal Democratic Congress in the early 1990s, Bielecki served as Prime Minister of Poland for most of 1991.[1] In his post-political career, Bielecki served as president of Bank Pekao between 2003 and 2010, and served as the president of the Polish Institute of International Affairs between 2009 and 2015.[2] Since the early 2000s, Bielecki has been a member of the Civic Platform party.[3] In 2010, the Warsaw Business Journal described Bielecki as one of the most respected economists in Poland.[4]

Early life

Born in Bydgoszcz on 3 May 1951, Bielecki studied sea transport economics at the University of Gdańsk, graduating in 1973.[5] For much of the latter half of the 1970s, Bielecki was employed as an economist at the Center of Heavy Industry, an applied economic research institute in Gdańsk.[6] In 1980, Bielecki joined the Solidarity movement, taking an active role in the movement by providing it with logistical support.[6] As martial law was declared in December 1981 to crush dissidents, Bielecki was arrested and briefly detained by authorities.[6] Recognized for his role in Solidarity, Bielecki was fired from the Center of Heavy Industry and blacklisted from state employment.[6] After eight months of unemployment, Bielecki found a job as a truck driver for an agricultural cooperative, while also secretly remained active in Solidarity by publishing pamphlets and monitoring clandestine police activities for the movement.[6] During a forum held at the London School of Economics in 2009, Bielecki described the difficulty many fellow Solidarity activists faced during the early 1980s. "After martial law, a lot of people—colleagues of mine—were [on] their knees or in a regular prison. Unfortunately, 70 percent of them decided to leave the country because they thought, 'The fight is over. It's the end. There is no chance for the future.' And we tried in a hopeless way to stay in the country, in my personal view, mostly not to give up and to fight for pride."[7]

In business and politics

See also:
1989 Polish legislative election and 1990 Polish presidential election

Remaining outside of the state sector while also continuing underground support for Solidarity, Bielecki, along with other like-minded colleagues from the

People's Republic of Poland (PRL), Bielecki's academic and personal connections with sympathetic university professors and alumni were crucial in obtaining work at the time.[8]

Bielecki's cooperative quickly received work in tax consultancy. The opaque and often vague tax codes issued by the communist government confused state enterprise managers, who relied on Doradca to assist them in limiting their tax returns.[8] The cooperative, using the many loopholes that existed in the tax code, gained expertise in raising individual salaries at state firms without raising tax liabilities.[9] In 1987, Bielecki organized his employees to create software simulating various strategies on wage tax liabilities.[9] The software became immensely popular with Poland's largest enterprises, who quickly purchased copies.[9] By 1988, the government eased prohibitions on Western firms making joint ventures with Polish enterprises.[9] With few consultancy firms in place, and fewer English-speaking Poles conversant in Western financial analysis, Doradca was well-placed to assist these new firms with Poland's tax and banking regulations.[9] At the same time, Doradca, through the efforts of Bielecki, continued to assist in recruiting and employing underground Solidarity members.[8] During that time, Bielecki was given the nickname "Little Black" (Polish: małe czarne) among Solidarity activists, supporters and trade unionists.[10]

In the waning days of the communist state, Bielecki, along with fellow Gdańsk liberals Janusz Lewandowski, Donald Tusk and Jacek Merkel, founded the Gdańsk Society for Socio-Economic Development, an informal organization of intellectual liberal dissidents, who became known as the "Congress Liberals." In the partially free 1989 parliamentary elections, Bielecki was elected to the Sejm as a member of the Solidarity Citizens' Committee.[11] During the splintering of the Solidarity Citizens' Movement throughout 1990, Bielecki and other Gdańsk intellectuals increasingly favoured a liberal approach to reform the Polish economy. Congress Liberal members, including Bielecki, voted to create the Liberal Democratic Congress (KLD) in June 1990 in order to contest parliamentary elections. The new party advocated pragmatic liberalism, privatization, the expansion of Poland's newly free market, and European integration. The party, along with Bielecki, also supported Lech Wałęsa in the 1990 presidential election.[12]

Prime Minister: 1991

Main article: Cabinet of Jan Krzysztof Bielecki
Bielecki (right) on Andrzej Tadeusz Kijowski's talk show in July 1993

Following the resignation of Prime Minister

Democratic Party and the Christian National Union.[13]
Bielecki took the oath of office on 4 January 1991, heading the first government in 47 years in which none of its members had previously served under Communism.

Bielecki's government quickly focused on the international economic situation in the country. Appearing at the

command economy.[14] In June, the Bielecki government proposed a massive privatization program to sell 400 state enterprises, nearly 25 percent of Poland's industrial sales output.[14] According to the plan, the Polish state would retain control of 30 percent of enterprises through the use of a national wealth management fund, with every adult citizen given shares from the fund, while employees of each selected firm would receive ten percent of their company's shares.[14] During the same period, the Warsaw Stock Exchange
(WSE) opened for business in April 1991.

Bielecki's economic program proved to be tremendously controversial, particularly among

German-Polish Border Treaty and the Oder–Neisse line as the border between both nations.[14] In November, following the conclusion of negotiations, Poland was invited to join the Council of Europe (CoE).[14] Bielecki's government additionally led negotiations to sign an interim agreement with the European Coal and Steel Community (ECSC) and the European Economic Community (EEC) on trade, though its completion would occur until after the Bielecki government had collapsed.[15]

In regards to the regional administration, the Bielecki government proposed an overhaul of local government, arguing to replace the newly created rejony with county-level

voivodeships (Polish states) with the central government administering policy within each region.[17] The reform proposals, however, did not enter into legislation.[17] The decentralization plans have since been interpreted as Bielecki's attempt to create strong provincial governments in order to carry out the government's economic reforms.[17]

Within parliament, Bielecki's hold on the premiership was continually marred with difficulties. With a

Council of Ministers to grant itself special powers to rule by decree.[18] However, Bielecki hesitated to grant such powers, instead proposing to parliament a "fast lane" for economic legislation.[18] Yet by June 1991, none of the government's 27 bills had passed the Sejm.[18] Bielecki offered his resignation to the Sejm, yet his motion was defeated 211–144.[18] Following his defeat, Bielecki pushed for decree powers, though for only the two months prior to the scheduled parliamentary elections in October, with certain legislation being excluded from decrees.[19] While defending his decree proposal as only a temporary solution, Bielecki congruently proposed to grant the presidency special powers, including the right to nominate and dismiss the prime minister and members of the cabinet, as a measure of "preventing democracy from slipping into chaos and anarchy."[19]

Despite gaining half of the Sejm to favour both proposals, Bielecki lacked the two-thirds majority needed to pass the act of either special power.

Center Civic Alliance group dominated by the Centre Agreement, due to economic and cabinet differences between both camps.[21] Bielecki remained as prime minister until being replaced by Jan Olszewski
of the Centre Agreement on 6 December 1991.

Post Premiership

Parliamentary career

As a member of the

European Community between 1992 and 1993 under a coalition agreement between Suchocka's Democratic Union and the Liberal Democratic Congress.[25]

Banking and Post-Political career

Deeply frustrated by economic hardships brought on by privatization, voters punished the Suchocka government in the

Law and Justice party and Radio Maryja, alleged in 2012 of financial wrongdoings by Bielecki while as president of Bank Pekao, particularly with the bank's relationship with Italian developer Pirelli & C. Real Estate.[30][31]

Rumors circulated within Polish media and football circles throughout the end of 2011 to the middle of 2012 that Bielecki was under consideration to head the

Russian companies in order to acquire shares of ZA Tarnów, a chemical production facility.[34] Bielecki denied the reports, with the ABW similarly responding that the report claimed by Law and Justice did not exist.[34]

Current activities

From 2010 to 2014, Bielecki served as president of the Chancellery's Economic Council after his appointment by Prime Minister Donald Tusk.[35] Bielecki served as the president of the Polish Institute of International Affairs from 2009 to 2015. Bielecki has also published articles within a number of newspapers and magazines, including The Wall Street Journal, Die Welt, Rzeczpospolita and Gazeta Wyborcza.[2]

Personal life

Bielecki is married and with two children. The former prime minister is well known for his adoration of

sneakers and wearing a backpack.[36] The tabloid noted that while Bielecki's position in the Chancellery was entitled to a free limousine for commuting to and from work, the former prime minister preferred instead to use his personal motorcycle.[36]

Bielecki is also well known for his fondness of football, and has occasionally given commentary on the game to the media.[37][38] Bielecki is also known to play football during his free time against his fellow former premier and current President of the European Council Donald Tusk.[39] Both Tusk and Bielecki have remained close friends and political allies since their days together in Solidarity in the 1980s.[4][40] In regards to the state of Polish football, the former prime minister jokingly quipped in 2010 that, "I don't believe that Poles are weaker [as a people]. The only area where we are absolute idiots is football!"[41]

Aside from his native Polish, Bielecki is fluent in English, as well as conversant in French and Russian.[5]

Honours and awards

References

  1. ^ Dudek, pp. 133-138
  2. ^ a b "Jan Krzysztof Bielecki". Center for European Policy Analysis. Archived from the original on 5 September 2018. Retrieved 4 September 2018.
  3. ^ a b Azrael Kubacki (25 November 2009). "Jan Krzysztof – silna broń Platformy?". Newsweek Polska. Archived from the original on 23 July 2012. Retrieved 30 June 2013.
  4. ^ a b "An about-face on privatization?". Warsaw Business Journal. 21 June 2010. Archived from the original on 23 October 2013. Retrieved 30 June 2013.
  5. ^ a b c d "Archiwum Danych o Posłach". Sejm. Retrieved 21 June 2013.
  6. ^ a b c d e f g h Johnson and Loveman, p. 126
  7. ^ "20 Years After the Collapse of the Iron Curtain: have our dreams come true?". London School of Economics. 2 November 2009. Archived from the original on 13 December 2021. Retrieved 30 June 2013.
  8. ^ a b c d Johnson and Loveman, p. 127
  9. ^ a b c d e Johnson and Loveman, p. 128
  10. ^ "Wybory do Sejmu w 1989 roku - drużyna Lecha Wałęsy". Dziennik Bałtycki. 14 August 2011. Retrieved 22 June 2013.
  11. ^ Hunter and Ryan, p. 175
  12. ^ a b c d Wróbel, p. 280
  13. ^ a b c Weiner, p. 80
  14. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m Wróbel, p. 281
  15. ^ "Agreement in the form of exchanges of letters concerning the extension of the duration of the Interim Agreement on trade and trade-related measures between the European Economic Community and the European Coal and Steel Community (ECSC), of the one part, and the Republic of Poland, of the other part". EUR-Lex. 31 December 1992. Retrieved 29 June 2013.
  16. ^ Kerlin, p. 29
  17. ^ a b c d e f Kerlin, p. 30
  18. ^ a b c d e Orenstein, p. 40
  19. ^ a b c Orenstein, p. 41
  20. ^ Wróbel, p. 283
  21. ^ Weiner, p. 82
  22. ^ Jan Krzysztof Bielecki (21 May 1992). "Pierwsze czytanie rządowego projektu ustawy o ratyfikacji Układu Europejskiego ustanawiającego stowarzyszenie między Rzecząpospolitą Polską a Wspólnotami Europejskimi i ich państwami członkowskimi sporządzonego w Brukseli dnia 16 grudnia 1991 r. (druk nr 220)". Sejm. Retrieved 21 June 2013.
  23. ^ Jan Krzysztof Bielecki (6 May 1992). "Informacja ministra spraw zagranicznych o polityce zagranicznej Rzeczypospolitej Polskiej". Sejm. Retrieved 21 June 2013.
  24. ^ Jan Krzysztof Bielecki (10 July 1992). "Wniosek prezydenta Rzeczypospolitej Polskiej o powołanie Hanny Suchockiej na stanowisko prezesa Rady Ministrów". Sejm. Retrieved 22 June 2013.
  25. ^ Millard, p. 212
  26. ^ Nagle and Mahr, p. 186
  27. ^ a b "Jan Krzysztof Bielecki". EastWest Institute. 2012. Archived from the original on 5 June 2013. Retrieved 22 June 2013.
  28. ^ "Jan Krzysztof Bielecki". s9.com. Retrieved 22 June 2013.
  29. ^ Jan Krzysztof Bielecki (25 November 2009). "Bank Pekao SA's CEO Bielecki resigns, allegedly to take over as PM or FinMin". GoWarsaw.eu. Archived from the original on 21 October 2013. Retrieved 22 June 2013.
  30. ^ Jan Krzysztof Bielecki (11 October 2012). "Pekao SA pod prezesurą Jana Krzysztofa Bieleckiego nie poinformowało Komisji Nadzoru Finansowego o porozumieniu Chopin". wPolityce.pl. Retrieved 22 June 2013.
  31. ^ "Czy Bielecki działał na szkodę Pekao S.A.?". Radio Maryja. 15 October 2012. Retrieved 22 June 2013.
  32. ^ "Co dalej z PZPN? Listkiewicz chciałby rządzić zza pleców... Bieleckiego". Portal I.pl. Polska. 15 December 2011. Retrieved 29 June 2013.
  33. ^ "Na czele PZPN Olejniczak lub Bielecki?". TVP Info. 6 April 2012. Retrieved 29 June 2013.
  34. ^ a b "Polish PM's right-hand man accused of lobbying for Russian business". CEE Insight. 15 May 2013. Retrieved 22 June 2013.
  35. ^ Jan Krzysztof Bielecki (8 March 2010). "Bielecki zostanie doradcą Tuska – we wtorek już oficjalnie". Super Express. Retrieved 22 June 2013.
  36. ^ a b "Kto to? To były premier! Jedzie do pracy!". Fakt. 10 September 2012. Retrieved 29 June 2013.
  37. ^ "Former PM - Poland should concentrate on attack in match against Russia". Polskie Radio. 12 June 2012. Retrieved 30 June 2013.
  38. ^ "POLSKA - SAN MARINO. Jan Krzysztof Bielecki: Przyszli jak do teatru i tylko zagwizdali na koniec meczu. "JANUSZE" problemem kadry? SONDA". Gwizdek24.pl. 25 March 2013. Retrieved 30 June 2013.
  39. ^ "Premier haratnął w gałę. ZDJĘCIA". Fakt. 26 July 2012. Retrieved 30 June 2013.
  40. ^ Stefan Wagstyl & Jan Cienski (22 October 2007). "Tusk's tussle: Poland's new leader has a hard task to find unity". Eryk Mistewicz. Archived from the original on 30 June 2013. Retrieved 30 June 2013.
  41. ^ "Polska ma za sobą najlepsze 20 lat od stuleci". Gazeta Wyborcza. 16 July 2010. Retrieved 29 June 2013.
  42. ^ "Jan Krzysztof Bielecki. Biografia" (in Polish). 31 May 2021. Retrieved 19 September 2021.

Works cited

Political offices
Preceded by Prime Minister of Poland
1991 		Succeeded by
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