John Day Fossil Beds National Monument
John Day Fossil Beds National Monument | |
---|---|
IUCN category V (protected landscape/seascape) | |
![]() Sheep Rock near sunset | |
Location | Oregon, United States |
Coordinates | 44°33′21″N 119°38′43″W / 44.55583°N 119.64528°W |
Area | 14,062 acres (56.91 km2)[1] |
Elevation | 2,244 ft (684 m)[2] |
Established | October 8, 1975[3] |
Named for | the John Day River, which was named for early 19th-century fur trader John Day[4] |
Visitors | 88,571 in 2020[5] |
Governing body | National Park Service |
Website | nps.gov/joda |
Designated | 1966 |
John Day Fossil Beds National Monument is a U.S. national monument in Wheeler and Grant counties in east-central Oregon. Located within the John Day River basin and managed by the National Park Service, the park is known for its well-preserved layers of fossil plants and mammals that lived in the region between the late Eocene, about 45 million years ago, and the late Miocene, about 5 million years ago. The monument consists of three geographically separate units: Sheep Rock, Painted Hills, and Clarno.
The units cover a total of 13,944 acres (5,643 ha) of semi-desert shrublands, riparian zones, and colorful badlands. About 210,000 people visited the park in 2016 to engage in outdoor recreation or to visit the Thomas Condon Paleontology Center or the James Cant Ranch Historic District.
Before the arrival of Euro-Americans in the 19th century, the John Day basin was frequented by
Averaging about 2,200 feet (670 m) in elevation, the monument has a dry climate with temperatures that vary from summer highs of about 90 °F (32 °C) to winter lows below freezing. The monument has more than 80 soil types that support a wide variety of flora, ranging from willow trees near the river to grasses on
Geography
The John Day Fossil Beds National Monument consists of three widely separated units—Sheep Rock,
![The Painted Hills Unit lies along Burnt Ranch Road northwest of Mitchell, Oregon.](http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/18/Painted_Hills_Unit_map.png/390px-Painted_Hills_Unit_map.png)
The park headquarters and main visitor center, both in the Sheep Rock Unit, are 122 miles (196 km) northeast of Bend and 240 miles (390 km) southeast of Portland by highway.[12] The shortest highway distances from unit to unit within the park are Sheep Rock to Painted Hills, 45 miles (72 km); Painted Hills to Clarno, 75 miles (121 km), and Clarno to Sheep Rock, 81 miles (130 km).[7][12]
The John Day River, a tributary of the
History
![A row of rock spires connected at the base rises toward a partly cloudy blue sky.](http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3e/Clarno_palisades_2.jpg/220px-Clarno_palisades_2.jpg)
Early inhabitants of north-central Oregon included
![](http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5d/Blue_Basin_in_John_Day_Fossil_Beds_National_Monument_17.jpg/220px-Blue_Basin_in_John_Day_Fossil_Beds_National_Monument_17.jpg)
The John Day basin remained largely unexplored by non-natives until the mid-19th century. Lewis and Clark noted but did not explore the John Day River while traveling along the Columbia River in 1805. John Day, for whom the river is named, apparently visited only its confluence with the Columbia in 1812. In 1829, Peter Skene Ogden, working for the Hudson's Bay Company (HBC), led a company of explorers and fur trappers along the river through what would later become the Sheep Rock Unit. John Work, also of the HBC, visited this part of the river in 1831.[16]
In the 1840s, thousands of settlers, attracted in part by the lure of free land, began emigrating west over the
![Formal half-length photo of a bearded man of about 70.](http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b5/Thomas_condon_of_oregon.jpg/170px-Thomas_condon_of_oregon.jpg)
In 1864, a company of soldiers sent to protect mining camps from raids by Northern Paiutes discovered fossils in the
Remote and arid, the John Day basin near the fossil beds was slow to attract homesteaders.[17] The first settler in what became the Sheep Rock Unit is thought to have been Frank Butler, who built a cabin along the river in 1877.[21] In 1881, Eli Casey Officer began grazing sheep on a homestead claim in same general area.[22] His son Floyd later lived there with his family and sometimes accompanied Condon on his fossil hunts.[17] In 1910, James and Elizabeth Cant bought 700 acres (280 ha) from the Officer family.[23] and converted it to a sheep ranch, which was eventually expanded to a sheep-and-cattle ranch of about 6,000 acres (2,400 ha).[17]
The Cant Ranch House and associated land and outbuildings were listed on the National Register of Historic Places as the 200-acre (81 ha) James Cant Ranch Historic District in 1984.[27] After the monument opened in 1975, the ranch house served as headquarters for all three units.[28] In 2005, the lower floor of the ranch house was opened to the public; it features exhibits about the cultural history of the region.[29] The Thomas Condon Paleontology Center, a $7.5 million museum and visitor center at the Sheep Rock Unit, also opened in 2005.[30] Among the center's offerings are displays of fossils, murals depicting life in the basin during eight geologic times ranging from about 45 million to about 5 million years ago, and views of the paleontology laboratory.[30]
In March 2011, the Park Service installed two
Geology and paleontology
The John Day Fossil Beds National Monument lies within the Blue Mountains physiographic province, which originated during the late Jurassic and early Cretaceous, about 118 to 93 million years ago.[33] Northeastern Oregon was assembled in large blocks (exotic terranes) of Permian, Triassic, and Jurassic rock shifted by tectonic forces and accreted to what was then the western edge of the North American continent, near the Idaho border.[34] By the beginning of the Cenozoic era, 66 million years ago, the Blue Mountains province was uplifting (that is, was being pushed higher by tectonic forces), and the Pacific Ocean shoreline, formerly near Idaho, had shifted to the west.[35][n 4]
Volcanic eruptions about 44 million years ago during the
After the Clarno volcanoes had subsided, they were replaced about 36 million years ago by eruptions from volcanoes to the west, in the general vicinity of what would become the Cascade Range.
After another period of erosion, a series of lava eruptions from fissures across northeastern Oregon, southeastern Washington, and western Idaho inundated much of the Blue Mountain province with liquid basalt. Extruded in the middle Miocene between 17 and 12 million years ago, more than 40 separate flows contributing to the Columbia River Basalt Group have been identified, the largest of which involved up to 400 cubic miles (1,700 km3) of lava. The most prominent of these formations within the monument is the Picture Gorge Basalt, which rests above the John Day Strata.[50]
Subsequent ashfall from eruptions in the Cascade Range in the late Miocene contributed to the Mascall Formation, layers of stream-deposited volcanic tuffs laid atop the Picture Gorge Basalt.[51] Preserved in the Mascall are fossils of animals such as horses, camels, rhinoceroses, bears, pronghorn, deer, weasels, raccoons, cats, dogs, and sloths. These fauna thrived in the monument's open woodland and savannah between 15 and 12 million years ago. The fossils of oak, sycamore, maple, ginkgo, and elm trees reflect the area's cool climate during this time period.[39][51][52][53]
The last major eruption occurred in the late Miocene, about 7 million years ago.[54] The resulting stratum, the Rattlesnake Formation, lies on top of the Mascall and contains an ignimbrite.[55] The Rattlesnake stratum has fossils of mastodons, camels, rhinoceroses, the ancestors of dogs, lions, bears, and horses, and others that grazed on the grasslands of the time.[39][53] [55] Two fossilized teeth found recently in the Rattlesnake stratum near Dayville are the earliest record of beaver, Castor californicus, in North America.[56][57] The beaver teeth, which are about 7 million years old, have been scheduled for display at the Condon Center.[56]
![A man in a white laboratory coat looks through a microscope at a large fossil-bearing rock that he is altering with a tool.](http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/62/Fossil_preparation_at_the_Condon_Center_lab.jpg/220px-Fossil_preparation_at_the_Condon_Center_lab.jpg)
The monument contains extensive deposits of well-preserved fossils from various periods spanning more than 40 million years.[58] Taken as a whole, the fossils present an unusually detailed view of plants and animals since the late Eocene.[59] In addition, analysis of the John Day fossils has contributed to paleoclimatology (the study of Earth's past climates) and the study of evolution.[59][n 5]
Paleontologists at the monument find, describe the location of, and collect fossil-bearing rocks from more than 700 sites.[60] They take them to the paleontology laboratory at the visitor center, where the fossils are stabilized, separated from their rock matrix, and cleaned.[61] The fossil specimens are then catalogued, indexed, stored in climate-controlled cabinets, and made available for research.[62][n 6] In addition to preparing fossils, the paleontologists coordinate the monument's basic research in paleobotany and other scientific areas and manage the fossil museum in the visitor center.[65]
Climate
Average precipitation, limited by the rain shadow effects of the Cascade Range and the Ochoco Mountains, varies from 9 to 16 inches (230 to 410 mm) a year.[6] In winter, much of the precipitation arrives as snow.[6]
Weather data for the city of Mitchell, near the Painted Hills Unit, show that July and August are the warmest months, with an average high of 86 °F (30 °C) and an average low of 52 °F (11 °C).[66] January is the coldest month, when highs average 42 °F (6 °C) and lows average 24 °F (−4 °C).[66] The highest recorded temperature in Mitchell was 107 °F (42 °C) in 1972, and the lowest was −27 °F (−33 °C) in 1983.[66] May is generally the wettest month, when precipitation averages 1.65 inches (42 mm).[66]
Climate data for Mitchell, Oregon | |||||||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Month | Jan | Feb | Mar | Apr | May | Jun | Jul | Aug | Sep | Oct | Nov | Dec | Year |
Mean daily maximum °F (°C) | 42 (6) |
47 (8) |
54 (12) |
60 (16) |
69 (21) |
77 (25) |
86 (30) |
86 (30) |
77 (25) |
65 (18) |
49 (9) |
42 (6) |
63 (17) |
Mean daily minimum °F (°C) | 24 (−4) |
27 (−3) |
31 (−1) |
34 (1) |
40 (4) |
47 (8) |
52 (11) |
52 (11) |
44 (7) |
36 (2) |
30 (−1) |
25 (−4) |
37 (3) |
Average precipitation inches (mm) | 0.87 (22) |
0.65 (17) |
1.00 (25) |
1.22 (31) |
1.65 (42) |
1.13 (29) |
0.61 (15) |
0.65 (17) |
0.67 (17) |
0.80 (20) |
1.12 (28) |
0.99 (25) |
11.36 (288) |
Source: The Weather Channel[66] |
Biology
Flora
Native grasses thrive in many parts of the monument despite competition from
Limited by their need for water, trees such as willows, alders, and ponderosa pines are found only near the monument's streams or springs. Serviceberry bushes and shrubs like mountain mahogany are found in places where moisture collects near rock slides and ledges. Elsewhere long-rooted rabbitbrush has adapted to survive in dry areas. Other shrubs with adaptive properties include greasewood, sagebrush, shadscale, broom snakeweed, antelope bitterbrush, and purple sage. Western junipers, which have extensive root systems, thrive in the dry climate; in the absence of periodic fires they tend to displace grasses and sagebrush and to create relatively barren landscapes.[69] The Park Service is considering controlled burning to limit the junipers and to create open areas for bunchgrasses that re-sprout from their roots after a fire.[68]
Wildflowers, which bloom mainly in the spring and early summer, include
Fauna
![A medium-sized bird with mottled brown and yellow plumage blends with its surrounds, which consist of soil and vegetation similarly mottled](http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/43/Chordeiles_minor_-British_Columbia_-Canada-8c.jpg/220px-Chordeiles_minor_-British_Columbia_-Canada-8c.jpg)
Birds are the animals most often seen in the monument. Included among the more than 50 species observed are red-tailed hawks, American kestrels, great horned owls, common nighthawks, and great blue herons. Geese nest in the park each summer, and flocks of sandhill cranes and swans pass overhead each year on their migratory flights. California quail, chukar partridges, and mourning doves are also common. Others seen near the Cant Ranch and the visitor center include rufous hummingbirds, Say's phoebe, yellow warblers, western meadowlarks, and American goldfinches. Visitors on trails may encounter canyon wrens, mountain bluebirds, mountain chickadees, black-billed magpies, and other birds.[71]
Large animals that frequent the park include elk, deer, cougar, and pronghorn. Beaver, otter, mink, and raccoons are found in or near the river. Coyotes, bats, and badgers are among the park's other mammals. Predators hunt smaller animals such as the rabbits, voles, mice, and shrews found in the park's grasslands and sagebrush-covered hills. Bushy-tailed woodrats inhabit caves and crevices in the monument's rock formations.[72][73] Bighorn sheep, wiped out in this region in the early 20th century, were reintroduced in the Foree Area of the Sheep Rock Unit in 2010.[74] Many habitats in the monument support populations of snakes and lizards.
![A brown and yellow butterfly alights on orange flowers.](http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/70/Speyeria_cybele_Great_Spangled_Fritillary_8.9.2008.jpg/170px-Speyeria_cybele_Great_Spangled_Fritillary_8.9.2008.jpg)
A 2003–04 survey of the monument found 55 species of butterflies such as the
The John Day River, which passes through the Sheep Rock Unit, is the longest undammed tributary of the Columbia River, although two Columbia River dams below the John Day River mouth impede
Activities
The Sheep Rock Unit has eight trails ranging in length from 300 feet (91 m) at the Mascall Formation Overlook to 3 miles (4.8 km) at Blue Basin.[84] Four trails of a quarter-mile to 1.5 miles (2.4 km) long cross parts of the Painted Hills Unit.[85] At the Clarno Unit, three separate quarter-mile trails begin at a parking lot along Oregon Route 218, below the face of the Clarno Palisades.[86] Many of the trails have interpretive signs about the history, geology, and fossils of the region, and three trails—Story in Stone at the Sheep Rock Unit, and Painted Cove and Leaf Hill at the Painted Hills Unit—are accessible by wheelchair.[84][85][86] Visitors are asked to stay on the trails and off bare rock and hardpan to avoid damage to fossils and fragile soils.[87]
Ranger-led events at the monument have historically included indoor and outdoor talks, showings of an 18-minute orientation film, hikes in Blue Basin, Cant Ranch walking tours, and astronomy programs at the Painted Hills Unit. These events are free and most do not require reservations. Specific times for the activities are available from rangers at the monument.[88][89] For students and teachers, the Park Service offers programs at the monument as well as fossil kits and other materials for classroom use.[90]
Pets are allowed in developed areas and along hiking trails but must be leashed or otherwise restrained. Horses are not allowed on hiking trails, in picnic areas, or on bare rock exposures in undeveloped areas of the monument.
See also
Notes and references
Notes
- ^ Derived by subtracting the sizes of the Clarno and Painted Hills units from the total area of the park.
- ^ Marsh is credited with giving the fossil beds their name, John Day Fossil Beds, in 1875.[19]
- ^ In the early 20th century, Merriam began describing the region's paleontology systematically. In the 1920s, he formed the John Day Associates, an organization of regional scientists who studied various attributes of the John Day Valley. He provided "the first really comprehensive understanding of the geology, described many important new species, compiled authoritative faunal lists for the first time, and published exceptional manuscripts on the area."[25]
- ^ Fremd, et al., in John Day Basin Paleontology Field Trip Guide and Road Log agree with paleobotanist Ralph Chaney, who wrote that no place in the world reveals more complete sequences of Tertiary land populations than the John Day formations. To this they add: "The significance of the John Day region is due to more than just the presence of large numbers of well-preserved fossils ... The largely volcaniclastic sequences in the basin together span over forty million years, and preserve evidence of profound changes in western North American climate, from what was probably the warmest and wettest interval in the Tertiary through the desertification of most regions east of the present day Cascades."[58]
References
- ^ Land Resources Division (December 31, 2016). "National Park Service Listing of Acreage (summary)" (PDF). National Park Service. Archived from the original on February 20, 2017. Retrieved February 21, 2017.
- ^ "Cant Ranch". Geographic Names Information System. United States Geological Survey, United States Department of the Interior. Retrieved July 26, 2011. These are the coordinates for park headquarters, in the ranch house.
- ^ a b c Mark 1996, pp. not numbered, chapter 3.
- ^ "Frequently Asked Questions". National Park Service. 2008. Archived from the original on September 2, 2011. Retrieved July 27, 2011.
- ^ "John Day Fossil Beds". nps.gov. National Park Service. Retrieved 16 April 2021.
- ^ a b c d "Nature". National Park Service. July 3, 2015. Archived from the original on June 21, 2015. Retrieved July 5, 2015.
- ^ ISBN 978-0-89933-347-2.
- ISBN 978-0-912627-81-6. Archived(PDF) from the original on July 5, 2015. Retrieved July 8, 2011.
- ^ "Clarno Unit". National Park Service. July 25, 2006. Archived from the original on June 29, 2011. Retrieved July 8, 2011.
- ^ "Painted Hills Unit". National Park Service. July 25, 2006. Archived from the original on July 5, 2011. Retrieved July 8, 2011.
- ^ "Sheep Rock Trails". National Park Service. June 21, 2007. Archived from the original on July 13, 2011. Retrieved July 8, 2011.
- ^ a b "Traffic & Travel Tips". National Park Service. July 25, 2006. Archived from the original on July 25, 2011. Retrieved July 8, 2011.
- ^ a b c "Rivers and Streams". National Park Service. August 23, 2006. Archived from the original on October 26, 2011. Retrieved July 9, 2011.
- ^ a b c d Beckham & Lentz 2000, pp. not numbered, chapter 1.
- ^ "American Indians". National Park Service. 2006. Archived from the original on November 8, 2012. Retrieved August 31, 2011.
- ^ Beckham & Lentz 2000, pp. not numbered, chapter 2.
- ^ a b c d e f g Beckham & Lentz 2000, pp. not numbered, chapter 4.
- ^ a b Beckham & Lentz 2000, pp. not numbered, chapter 5.
- ^ a b Mark 1996, pp. not numbered, chapter 1.
- ^ a b c Beckham & Lentz 2000, pp. not numbered, chapter 7.
- ^ McArthur & McArthur 2003, p. 131.
- ^ "History & Culture". National Park Service. Archived from the original on July 13, 2011. Retrieved July 14, 2011.
- ^ "Places". National Park Service. Archived from the original on March 29, 2012. Retrieved July 14, 2011.
- ^ Maguire, Kaitlin. "John Day Fossil Beds National Monument, Oregon". University of California Museum of Paleontology. Archived from the original on October 5, 2012. Retrieved July 16, 2011.
- ^ DeRooy et al. 2008, pp. 18–19.
- ^ "Hancock Field Station". Oregon Museum of Science and Industry. Archived from the original on January 31, 2012.
- ^ Toothman, Stephanie (1983). "National Register of Historic Places Registration Form: Cant, James, Ranch Historic District" (PDF). National Park Service. Archived (PDF) from the original on September 5, 2015. Retrieved July 16, 2011.
- ^ Milstein, Michael (February 21, 2001). "A Fitting Home for Fossils". The Oregonian (Sunrise ed.). p. B01. Archived from the original on January 31, 2021. Retrieved September 5, 2015 – via NewsBank.
- ^ "State of the Parks Report for John Day Fossil Beds National Monument: Visitor Experience". John Day Fossil Beds National Monument: National Park Service. March 3, 2015. Archived from the original on March 7, 2016. Retrieved September 5, 2015.
- ^ a b Hill, Richard L. (August 10, 2005). "A Living Lab for a Fossil Past". The Oregonian (Sunrise ed.). Portland. p. C07. Archived from the original on January 31, 2021. Retrieved September 5, 2015 – via NewsBank.
- ^ "John Day Fossil Beds Debuts Two New Webcams" (PDF). National Park Service. March 11, 2011. Archived (PDF) from the original on November 8, 2012. Retrieved August 12, 2011.
- ^ "Fossil Beds Now Free From Fossil Fuels" (PDF). National Park Service. June 7, 2011. Archived from the original on November 8, 2016. Retrieved August 12, 2011.
- ^ Bishop 2003, p. 65.
- ^ Orr & Orr 1999, p. 21.
- ^ Orr & Orr 1999, p. 29.
- ^ Bishop 2003, pp. 67–71.
- ^ a b Bishop & Allen 1996, p. 192.
- ^ Orr & Orr 1999, pp. 30, 46.
- ^ a b c d e "Geology Fieldnotes". National Park Service. Archived from the original on July 5, 2015. Retrieved July 25, 2011.
- ^ Alt & Hyndman 1978, p. 230.
- ^ Kiver & Harris 1999, p. 346.
- ^ Bishop & Allen 1996, p. 194.
- ^ Bishop 2003, pp. 86–92.
- ^ a b c Orr & Orr 1999, pp. 30–31.
- ^ Orr & Orr 1999, pp. 30–31, 46.
- ^ Bishop & Allen 1996, p. 87.
- ^ Bishop & Allen 1996, p. 197.
- ^ Bishop & Allen 1996, p. 200.
- ^ Orr & Orr 1999, p. 46.
- ^ Orr & Orr 1999, p. 32.
- ^ a b Orr & Orr 1999, p. 33.
- ^ Kiver & Harris 1999, p. 349.
- ^ a b Bishop & Allen 1996, p. 193.
- ^ "Rattlesnake Assemblage". National Park Service. 2007. Archived from the original on August 14, 2011. Retrieved September 5, 2011.
- ^ a b Orr & Orr 1999, p. 34.
- ^ a b "North America's Earliest Beaver Discovered". National Park Service. 2011. Archived from the original on January 17, 2015. Retrieved November 19, 2011.
- S2CID 128866799.
- ^ a b Fremd, Bestland & Retallack 1997, pp. 11–13.
- ^ (PDF) from the original on May 21, 2015. Retrieved November 6, 2016.
- ^ "John Day Fossil Beds Paleontology". National Park Service. 2006. Archived from the original on December 3, 2013. Retrieved July 31, 2011.
- ^ "Fossil Laboratory". National Park Service. 2006. Archived from the original on September 4, 2015. Retrieved July 31, 2011.
- ^ "Collections". National Park Service. 2006. Archived from the original on October 26, 2011. Retrieved July 31, 2011.
- ^ a b DeRooy et al. 2008, p. 25.
- ^ DeRooy et al. 2008, pp. 35–36, 55–72.
- ^ "Fossils". National Park Service. 2006. Archived from the original on October 26, 2011. Retrieved July 31, 2011.
- ^ a b c d e "Monthly Averages for Mitchell, Oregon". The Weather Channel Interactive. Archived from the original on October 24, 2012. Retrieved July 7, 2011.
- ^ "Soils". National Park Service. 2006. Archived from the original on November 9, 2011. Retrieved August 10, 2011.
- ^ a b "Grasses". National Park Service. 2006. Archived from the original on November 9, 2011. Retrieved August 10, 2011.
- ^ "Trees and Shrubs". National Park Service. 2006. Archived from the original on October 26, 2011. Retrieved August 10, 2011.
- ^ "Wildflowers". National Park Service. 2008. Archived from the original on November 9, 2011. Retrieved August 10, 2011.
- ^ "Birds". National Park Service. 2006. Archived from the original on October 26, 2011. Retrieved August 7, 2011.
- ^ "Animals". National Park Service. 2006. Archived from the original on August 26, 2011. Retrieved August 7, 2011.
- ^ "Mammals". National Park Service. 2006. Archived from the original on October 26, 2011. Retrieved August 7, 2011.
- ^ "10 California Bighorn Sheep Reintroduced into John Day Fossil Beds National Monument" (PDF). National Park Service. December 3, 2010. Archived (PDF) from the original on November 8, 2012. Retrieved August 12, 2011.
- ^ "Amphibians". National Park Service. 2006. Archived from the original on October 26, 2011. Retrieved August 7, 2011.
- ^ Anderson, Sue. "A Survey of the Butterflies of the John Day Fossil Beds National Monument" (PDF). National Park Service. pp. 3–5. Archived (PDF) from the original on September 5, 2015. Retrieved August 7, 2011.
- ^ "Insects, Spiders, Centipedes, Millipedes". National Park Service. 2009. Archived from the original on October 26, 2011. Retrieved September 27, 2011.
- ^ "Fish". National Park Service. 2006. Archived from the original on October 26, 2011. Retrieved August 7, 2011.
- ^ "Fees & Reservations". National Park Service. 2006. Archived from the original on July 13, 2011. Retrieved July 28, 2011.
- ^ a b c "Operating Hours & Seasons". National Park Service. 2011. Archived from the original on December 3, 2013. Retrieved December 2, 2013.
- ^ "Campgrounds". National Park Service. 2007. Archived from the original on August 5, 2011. Retrieved July 28, 2011.
- ^ a b "Accessibility". National Park Service. 2008. Archived from the original on July 25, 2011. Retrieved July 29, 2011.
- ^ "Basic Service". National Park Service. 2015. Archived from the original on June 21, 2015. Retrieved July 4, 2015.
- ^ a b "Sheep Rock Trails". National Park Service. 2007. Archived from the original on July 13, 2011. Retrieved July 27, 2011.
- ^ a b "Trails at the Painted Hills". National Park Service. 2006. Archived from the original on May 30, 2010. Retrieved July 28, 2011.
- ^ a b "Clarno Trails". National Park Service. 2006. Archived from the original on July 13, 2011. Retrieved July 28, 2011.
- ^ "Park Regulations". National Park Service. 2007. Archived from the original on July 25, 2011. Retrieved August 11, 2011.
- ^ "Indoor Activities". National Park Service. 2006. Archived from the original on July 25, 2011. Retrieved July 28, 2011.
- ^ "Ranger Guided Activities". National Park Service. 2011. Archived from the original on September 3, 2011. Retrieved July 28, 2011.
- ^ "For Teachers". National Park Service. 2009. Archived from the original on October 11, 2011. Retrieved August 11, 2011.
- ^ "Pets". National Park Service. 2006. Archived from the original on July 25, 2011. Retrieved July 29, 2011.
- ^ "Park Regulations". National Park Service. 2007. Archived from the original on July 25, 2011. Retrieved July 29, 2011.
- ^ Ramsayer, Kate (December 19, 2007). "Stolen Treasure: Theft Is a Problem at Oregon Monument". The Bend Bulletin. reproduced by the Seattle Post-Intelligencer. Archived from the original on October 18, 2012. Retrieved August 11, 2011.
- ^ a b "Outdoor Activities". National Park Service. 2006. Archived from the original on August 6, 2011. Retrieved July 29, 2011.
- ^ "Your Safety". National Park Service. 2006. Archived from the original on July 25, 2011. Retrieved July 29, 2011.
Sources
- Alt, David D.; Hyndman, Donald W. (1978). Roadside Geology of Oregon (19th ed.). Missoula, Montana: Mountain Press. OCLC 3516367.
- Kiver, Eugene P.; Harris, David V. (1999). Geology of U.S. Parklands. New York, New York: John Wiley & Sons. OCLC 39922059.
- Beckham, Stephen Dow; Lentz, Florence K. (2000). John Day Fossil Beds National Monument: Rocks & Hard Places: Historic Resources Study. Seattle, Washington: National Park Service. from the original on July 5, 2015. Retrieved July 13, 2011.
- Bishop, Ellen Morris (2003). In Search of Ancient Oregon: A Geological and Natural History. Portland, Oregon: Timber Press. OCLC 51614008.
- Bishop, Ellen Morris; Allen, John Eliot (1996). Hiking Oregon's Geology. Seattle, Washington: The Mountaineers. OCLC 47008924.
- DeRooy, Carola; McDonald, Greg; Floray, Steve; Meyer, Herbert; Fremd, Ted; Nicholson, Diane L.; Shelton, Sally (2008). "John Day Fossil Beds National Monument Museum Management Plan" (PDF). National Park Service. Archived from the original (PDF) on July 13, 2014. Retrieved September 8, 2011.
- Fremd, Theodore; Bestland, Erick A.; Retallack, Gregory J. (1997). John Day Basin Paleontology: Field Trip Guide and Road Log. Seattle: Northwest Interpretive Association. ISBN 0-914019-40-6.
- Mark, Stephen R. (1996). Floating in the Stream of Time: An Administrative History of John Day Fossil Beds National Monument. National Park Service. from the original on July 5, 2015. Retrieved July 16, 2011.
- McArthur, Lewis A.; McArthur, Lewis L. (2003) [1928]. Oregon Geographic Names (7th ed.). Portland: Oregon Historical Society Press. OCLC 636774573.
- Orr, Elizabeth L.; Orr, William N. (1999). Geology of Oregon (5th ed.). Dubuque, Iowa: Kendall/Hunt Publishing Company. OCLC 42944922.
Further reading
- Henderson, Charles W.; Winstanley, J. B. (1912). Bibliography of the Geology, Paleontology, Mineralogy, Petrology, and Mineral Resources of Oregon. Eugene, Oregon: University of Oregon. OCLC 4247365.
- Knowlton, Frank H. (1902). Fossil Flora of the John Day Basin, Oregon. Washington, D.C.: Government Printing Office. OCLC 249508984.
External links
![](http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/30px-Commons-logo.svg.png)
- Official website at the National Park Service
- John Day Fossil Beds at The Oregon Encyclopedia
- State of the Park Report – National Park Service, December 2013
- Virtual tour of the monument – National Park Service, interactive
- Webcams — real-time views of the Paleontology Lab and Sheep Rock
- National Park Service: Wild Flowers at John Day Fossil Beds — illustrated (PDF).