John Walker Lindh

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John Walker Lindh
Lindh in January 2002
Born
John Philip Walker Lindh

(1981-02-09) February 9, 1981 (age 43)
Washington, D.C., US
Other namesSulayman al-Faris, Abu Sulayman al-Irlandi, Yahya
OccupationTaliban member
Criminal statusReleased (After Supervision ended May 23, 2022)
Parent(s)Marilyn Walker and Frank Lindh
Conviction(s)Supplying services to the Taliban (50 U.S.C. § 1705)
Carrying an explosive during the commission of a felony (18 U.S.C. § 844)
Criminal penalty20 years imprisonment

John Philip Walker Lindh (born February 9, 1981) is an American Taliban member who was captured by United States forces as an enemy combatant during the United States' invasion of Afghanistan in November 2001. He was detained at Qala-i-Jangi fortress, used as a prison. He denied participating[1] in the Battle of Qala-i-Jangi, a violent uprising of the Taliban prisoners, stating that he was wounded in the leg and hid in the cellar of the Pink House, in the southern half of the fort. He was one of the 86 prisoners who survived the uprising, from an estimated 400 prisoners in total. CIA officer Johnny "Mike" Spann was killed during that uprising.[2] Brought to trial in United States federal court in February 2002, Lindh accepted a plea bargain; he pleaded guilty to two charges and was sentenced to 20 years in prison. He was released on supervision on May 23, 2019, for a three-year period of supervised release.[3]

A

designated terrorist organization based in Pakistan.[4][5][6][7]

Lindh went by the name Sulayman al-Faris during his time in Afghanistan, but prefers the name Abu Sulayman al-Irlandi today.[8] In early reports following his capture, when the press learned that he was a US citizen, he was usually referred to by the news media as just "John Walker".[9]

Youth, conversion, and travels

Lindh was born in Washington, D.C., to Marilyn Walker and Frank R. Lindh, as the middle of three children in the family.

intestinal disorder as a child. At age 14, his health improved. He enrolled at Redwood High School as a freshman. He then transferred to Tamiscal High School in the Tamalpais Union High School District, an alternative school offering self-directed, individualized study programs. While there, he studied world culture, including Sunni Islam and the Middle East.[9] Lindh dropped out of the school and eventually earned an equivalent of a high school diploma by passing the California High School Proficiency Exam
at age 16.

As an adolescent, Lindh participated in

newsgroups, sometimes pretending to be an African American rapper who would criticize others for "acting black."[13][14] Spike Lee's film Malcolm X impressed him deeply and sparked his interest in Islam.[12]

Although his parents did not divorce until 1999, their marriage was in serious trouble throughout Lindh's adolescence. His father often left their Marin residence for extended periods to live in San Francisco with a male lover.[15][16] Frank Lindh said he and Marilyn had been separated since 1997.[17]

In 1997, at the age of 16, Lindh

Qur'an
in its original language. He returned to the United States in 1999, living with his family for about eight months.

Lindh returned to Yemen in February 2000 and left for Pakistan to study at a madrasa. While abroad, Lindh exchanged numerous emails with his family. In one, his father told him about the USS Cole bombing, to which Lindh replied that the American naval destroyers being in the Yemen harbor had been an act of war, and that the bombing was justified. "This raised my concerns," his father told Newsweek, "but my days of molding him were over."[19]

At the age of 20, Lindh decided to travel to Afghanistan to fight for the Afghan

9/11 happened, he wanted to leave the front lines but couldn't for fear of his life. John never wanted to be in a position where he was opposing the United States (and never thought he would be), and in fact he never opposed any American military."[22]

Capture and interrogation

Lindh surrendered on November 24, 2001, to

Mazār-e Sharīf. During the initial questioning, Lindh was not advised of his rights and his request for a lawyer was denied.[23]

Lindh, who had a grandmother from County Donegal, had told other prisoners he was Irish.[24] While being interviewed by the CIA, he did not speak or reveal that he was American.[12][20][25] Spann asked Lindh, "Are you a member of the IRA?" He was asked this question because, when questioned by Spann, an Iraqi in the group identified Lindh as an English speaker. Lindh had been told to say he was "Irish" to avoid problems.[25] Moments later, around 11 am, the makeshift prison was the scene of a violent uprising, which became known as the Battle of Qala-i-Jangi. Spann and hundreds of foreign fighters were killed; only 86 prisoners survived. According to other detainees interviewed by journalist Robert Young Pelton for CNN, Lindh was fully aware of the planned uprising, yet remained silent and did not cooperate with the Americans.[25][26]

Sometime during the initial uprising, Lindh was shot or hit by

Red Cross sent in workers to collect the dead. As soon as they entered, the workers were shot by the prisoners, who killed one.[27] The Northern Alliance repeatedly bombarded the area with RPGs and grenade attacks, and burning fuel poured in.[12] Finally, on December 2, 2001, Northern Alliance forces diverted an irrigation stream into the middle of the camp to flush the remaining prisoners out of their underground shelters, drowning many in the process.[28]
Lindh and about 85 survivors from the original 300–500 were forced out of hiding. Northern Alliance soldiers bound Lindh's elbows behind his back.

Shortly after his recapture, Lindh was noticed and interviewed by Pelton, who was working as a

U.S. Army Special Forces operator, fresh from three weeks of combat, gave up his bed so that the wounded Lindh could sleep there.[25][30][31][32] Pelton repeatedly asked Lindh if he wanted to call his parents or have the journalist do so, but Lindh declined. An FBI source[33] later told author Toby Harnden
that dark stains on the right side of Lindh's face indicated he had fired a weapon at Qala-i Jangi. Lindh, however, was not tested for explosives or firearms residue before he was washed.

Lindh photographed after being transported to Camp Rhino

After capture, Lindh was given basic first aid and questioned for a week at Mazār-e Sharīf. He was taken to Camp Rhino on December 7, 2001, the bullet or piece of shrapnel still within his thigh.[34][35] When Lindh arrived at Camp Rhino, he was stripped and restrained on a stretcher, blindfolded and placed in a metal shipping container, which was procedure for dealing with a potentially dangerous detainee associated with a terrorist organization.[32] On the day he left the Turkish School, he was photographed with the words "Shit Head" written onto duct tape on his blindfold[36] by Green Berets posing for a "team photo" with their captive. The Green Berets, from ODA 592, were later investigated. While bound to the stretcher at Camp Rhino, Lindh was photographed by some American military personnel.[37] At Camp Rhino, he was given oxycodone/paracetamol for pain and diazepam.[31]

On December 8 and 9, he was interviewed by the FBI[35] and was mirandized on December 9 or 10.[38] He was held at Camp Rhino until he was transferred to the USS Peleliu on December 14, 2001, with other wounded detainees, where his wound was operated on and he received further care.[39] He was interrogated before the operation on December 14. While on the Peleliu, he signed confession documents while he was held by the United States Marine Corps. On December 31, 2001, Lindh was transferred to the USS Bataan, where he was held until January 22, 2002. He was flown back to the United States to face criminal charges. On January 16, 2002, Attorney General John Ashcroft announced that Lindh would be tried in the United States.

In 2002, former President George H. W. Bush referred to Lindh as "some misguided Marin County hot-tubber". The comment, in which Bush also mispronounced the county's name, provoked a minor furor and prompted a retraction of the statement by Bush.[40] Lindh's attorneys told the press that his client had asked for a lawyer repeatedly before being interviewed by the FBI, but did not get one, and that "highly coercive" prison conditions forced Lindh to waive his right to remain silent.[41] Although the FBI asked Jesselyn Radack, a Justice Department ethics adviser, whether Lindh could be questioned without a lawyer present, they did not follow her advice to avoid that scenario.[42]

Trial and sentencing

On February 5, 2002, Lindh was indicted by a federal grand jury on ten charges:[43]

  • Conspiracy
    to murder US citizens or nationals
  • Two counts of
    providing material support and resources to terrorist organizations
  • One count of supplying services to the Taliban
  • Conspiracy to contribute services to Al Qaeda
  • Contributing services to Al Qaeda
  • Conspiracy to supply services to the Taliban
  • Using and carrying firearms and destructive devices during crimes of violence

If convicted of these charges, Lindh could have received up to three life sentences and 90 additional years in prison. On February 13, 2002, he pleaded not guilty to all 10 charges.[43] The court scheduled an evidence suppression hearing, at which Lindh would have been able to testify about the details of the torture to which he claimed he was subjected. The government faced the problem that a key piece of evidence – Lindh's confession – might be excluded from evidence as having been coerced.

U.S. Department of Justice, then directed the prosecutors to offer Lindh a plea bargain.[citation needed] Lindh could plead guilty to two charges: supplying services to the Taliban (50 U.S.C. § 1705(b), 18 U.S.C. § 2, 31 CFR 545.204, and 31 CFR 545.206) and carrying an explosive during the commission of a felony (18 U.S.C. § 844(h)(2)). He would have to consent to a gag order that would prevent him from making any public statements on the matter for the duration of his 20-year sentence, and he would have to drop any claims that he had been mistreated or tortured by U.S. military personnel in Afghanistan and aboard two military ships during December 2001 and January 2002. In return, all other charges would be dropped. The gag order was said to be at the request of Secretary of Defense Donald Rumsfeld.[12]

Lindh accepted this offer. On July 15, 2002, he entered his plea of guilty to the two remaining charges. The judge asked Lindh to say, in his own words, what he was admitting to: "I plead guilty. I provided my services as a soldier to the Taliban last year from about August to December. In the course of doing so, I carried a rifle and two grenades. I did so knowingly and willingly knowing that it was illegal." Lindh said that he "went to Afghanistan with the intention of fighting against terrorism and oppression", fighting for the suffering of ordinary people at the hands of the Northern Alliance.

T.S. Ellis III imposed a sentence of 20 years in federal prison.[44]

Some activists and academics called for Lindh to tell his story.[45] The government invoked the Son of Sam law and informed Lindh that any and all profits made from book deals or any movies about Lindh's experience would be automatically transferred to the federal government. Lindh, his family, his relatives, his associates and his friends will be unable to profit financially from his crimes and/or experiences. Lindh's attorney, James Brosnahan, said Lindh would be eligible for release in 17 years, with good behavior. Lindh agreed to cooperate "fully, truthfully and completely" with both military intelligence and law enforcement agencies in the terrorism investigation.[46]

Imprisonment

In January 2003, Lindh was sent to the U.S. Penitentiary, Victorville, a high-security facility northeast of Los Angeles.[47] On March 3, 2003, Lindh was tackled by inmate Richard Dale Morrison. He assaulted Lindh at prayer, causing bruises on his forehead. On July 2, 2003, Morrison was charged with a misdemeanor count of assault.[48]

Lindh was held in Federal

Communication Management Unit.[50][51]

In April 2007, citing the reduced sentence for the Australian prisoner

U.S. Department of Justice, all "special administrative measures" in place against Lindh expired on March 20, 2009, as part of a gradual easing of restrictions on him.[52][53]

In 2010, Lindh and the Syrian-American prisoner Enaam Arnaout sued to lift restrictions on group prayer by Muslim inmates in the Communication Management Unit.[50] On January 11, 2013, a federal judge ruled in their favor, saying that the government had shown no compelling interest in restricting the religious speech of the inmates by prohibiting them from praying together.[53][54]

In February 2015, Lindh wrote to a California television producer,[55] expressing support for ISIS or the Islamic State, the militant group that had recently beheaded five Westerners in televised executions. Asked if he supported the Islamic State, Lindh, now calling himself "Yahya", Arabic for John, replied in a handwritten letter: "Yes, and they are doing a spectacular job. The Islamic State is clearly very sincere and serious about fulfilling the long-neglected religious obligation of establishing a caliphate through armed struggle, which is the only correct method".[56]

In 2017

Foreign Policy magazine reported an internal report by the National Counterterrorism Center asserted Lindh told a visiting television news producer that he had not renounced extremist violence.[53] Lindh was interviewed for the 2016 book The Way of the Strangers: Encounters With the Islamic State by Graeme Wood, on the condition that Wood provide Lindh with "books, treatises, articles, or other writings produced by leaders of the Islamic State and/or scholars affiliated with it (preferably in the original Arabic)." Upon sending the package of literature was blocked from delivery by the prison as it was deemed contraband, however Lindh decided to continue corresponding with Wood, though Lindh later ended the correspondence by saying he was personally a "layman" whose opinions had "no consequence", referring to his knowledge of the Islamic State.[57]

Lindh secured Irish citizenship in 2013 through his paternal grandmother, Kathleen Maguire, who was born in Donegal.[53]

Release

On May 23, 2019, Lindh was released early for good behavior from the Terre Haute, Indiana federal prison prior to the end of his twenty-year sentence, although he accepted several probation requirements due to his continued support of

Islamist ideology.[3] These requirements included a ban from internet use and contact with fellow extremists.[57] The probation lasted for the remaining three years of his sentence.[58][1] President Donald Trump and Secretary of State Mike Pompeo were among many who criticized the release, but Trump said "From a legal standpoint, there's nothing we're allowed to do".[59]

In popular culture

See also

References

  1. ^ a b Myre, Greg (May 23, 2019). "John Walker Lindh, The 'American Taliban', Set To Be Released". NPR.org. Archived from the original on May 23, 2019. Retrieved May 23, 2019.
  2. ^ Harnden, Toby, First Casualty: The Untold Story of the CIA Mission to Avenge 9/11. Little, Brown, 2021. p. 193 [ISBN missing]
  3. ^
    Associated Press News. Archived
    from the original on May 23, 2019. Retrieved May 23, 2019.
  4. ^ Original Indictment Archived December 22, 2017, at the Wayback Machine John Walker Lindh Indictment
  5. ^ Statement of Facts Archived June 6, 2009, at the Wayback Machine U.S. Department of Justice
  6. ^ Lindh, Frank. "Truth About John Lindh (speech) Archived April 19, 2012, at the Wayback Machine"
  7. ISBN 978-0-385-52639-5
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  8. ^ "Cageprisoners: The Ballad of the Fleas". pub. September 24, 2010. Archived from the original on October 2, 2010. Retrieved September 25, 2010.
  9. ^ a b c Tyrangiel, Josh (December 8, 2001). "The Taliban Next Door". Time. Archived from the original on December 9, 2001. Retrieved August 1, 2009.
  10. ^ "The Real Story of John Philip Walker Lindh – 'The American Taliban' – as Told by His Father, Frank Lindh". The Peter Collins Show. June 26, 2013. Archived from the original on December 10, 2017. Retrieved December 10, 2017.
  11. ^ Alonso-Zalvidar, Ricardo; Glionna, John M. (December 4, 2001). "American Taliban Took Odd Route". Los Angeles Times. Archived from the original on December 10, 2017. Retrieved December 10, 2017.
  12. ^ a b c d e f g Frank Lindh (July 10, 2011). "America's 'Detainee 001'". The Guardian. Archived from the original on May 24, 2019. Retrieved July 11, 2011.
  13. ^ Best, James (September 3, 2003). "Black Like Me: John Walker Lindh's hip-hop daze". East Bay Express. Archived from the original on December 17, 2019. Retrieved October 26, 2010.
  14. ^ John Lindh Usenet Postings Archived November 8, 2012, at the Wayback Machine John Lindh
  15. SSRN 618863
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  16. ^ "Liberal Parents, Lost Children". American Enterprise Institute. March 1, 2002. p. 7.
  17. ^ Rico, John (April 2009). "Can John Walker Lindh Go Home Now?". GQ Magazine. p. 2. Archived from the original on June 14, 2010. Retrieved November 15, 2009.
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  19. ^ Thomas, Evan (December 16, 2001), "A Long, Strange Trip to the Taliban", Newsweek, archived from the original on May 7, 2012, retrieved May 7, 2012
  20. ^ a b "John Walker Lindh's Parents Discuss Their Son's Story". Democracy Now!. July 31, 2009. Archived from the original on May 17, 2019. Retrieved March 22, 2010.
  21. ^ Junod, Tom (July 1, 2006). "Innocent". Esquire. Archived from the original on July 10, 2014. Retrieved January 30, 2010.
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  23. ^ Buncombe, Andrew; Penketh, Anne (June 10, 2004). "Rumsfeld 'told officers to take gloves off with Lindh'". The Independent. Archived from the original on September 25, 2015. Retrieved August 27, 2014.
  24. ^ Harnden, "First Casualty," p. 276
  25. ^ a b c d Pelton, Robert Young. "The Truth about John Walker Lindh" (PDF). Honor Mike Spann. Archived from the original (PDF) on March 25, 2006.
  26. ^ "FindLaw – United States of America v. John Philip Walker Lindh – Grand Jury Indictment". findlaw.com. Archived from the original on December 22, 2017.
  27. ^ "3 Relief Workers Shot in Riot Aftermath". Los Angeles Times. Archived from the original on December 25, 2013. Retrieved December 6, 2012.
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  29. ^ Lucas, Dean. "Famous Pictures Magazine – American Taliban". Archived from the original on June 7, 2013. Retrieved June 26, 2012.
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  36. ^ Harnden, "First Casualty," p. 294
  37. ^ Tony West Attorneys for defendant John Walker Lindh (June 13, 2002). "United States of America vs John Phillip Walker Lindh – Criminal No. 02-37-A" (PDF). United States District Court. Archived from the original (PDF) on February 11, 2017. Retrieved August 1, 2007. By the time Mr.Lindh arrived at Camp Rhino, it was night and the temperature was cold. Immediately upon arrival, soldiers cut off all of Mr. Lindh's clothing (medical personnel from an STP- Shock Trauma Platoon to access medical needs). He allegedly developed frostbite, while fighting in the Northern Province. Completely naked, wearing nothing but his blindfold and shaking violently from the cold nighttime air, Mr. Lindh was then bound to a stretcher with heavy duct tape wrapped tightly around his chest, upper arms, ankles and the stretcher itself. Medical personnel provided a wool blanket from its hospital supplies. Next, he was placed in a windowless metal shipping container about 15 feet long, 7 feet wide and 8 feet high. Triaging combatants (in a metal con-ex container, particularly in the cold harsh conditions, was commonly done to ensure no explosives or other weapons were missed initially. file Pictures were taken of ALL enemy combatants by medical personnel to document identifying marks as well as wounds. These photos would be sent on to the next medical resource or in the combatants file.
  38. ^ Asbury, Anne (January 15, 2002). "United States of America v. John Philip Walker Lindh". justice.gov. Archived from the original on January 14, 2013. Retrieved August 27, 2014.
  39. ^ McNulty, Paul J. (United States Attorney) (April 2, 2002). "United States of America vs John Phillip Walker Lindh – Criminal No. 02-37-A" (PDF). United States District Court. Archived from the original (PDF) on February 11, 2017. Retrieved August 1, 2007. On December 14, 2001, Lindh was flown from Camp Rhino to the USS Peleliu where he received the following treatment: 12 days after his US capture in Afghanistan, he was operated on by the Peleliu's senior surgeon to remove the bullet lodged in his leg; he received daily medical treatment for the bullet wound as well as mild frostbite on his toes; he received various forms of medication including Motrin and Keflex (an antibiotic); … ; he and his fellow detainees were advised five times per day as to the time for prayer and the brig supervisor called up to the deck to ascertain the location of Mecca so that he could advise the detainees in which direction to pray; he and his fellow detainees were provided Korans to facilitate their prayers. He was permitted to shower twice a week and to wash his feet every day; he was given meals and unlimited water, was permitted to talk with his fellow detainees; and he was repeatedly queried by Peleliu personnel whether there was anything else he needed.
  40. ^ Campbell, Duncan (July 16, 2002). "From hot tub to hot water". The Guardian. Archived from the original on August 7, 2021. Retrieved March 22, 2010.
  41. ^ Franken, Bob (June 14, 2002). "Defense wants Walker Lindh interview withheld". CNN. Retrieved June 10, 2023.
  42. ^ Horton, Scott (February 23, 2010). "Justice's Vendetta Against a Whistleblower: Six Questions for Jesselyn Radack". Harper's. Archived from the original on September 25, 2011. Retrieved January 29, 2012.
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  46. ^ "'I plead guilty', Taliban American says". CNN. July 17, 2002. Archived from the original on March 16, 2007. Retrieved March 22, 2010.{{cite news}}: CS1 maint: bot: original URL status unknown (link)
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  50. ^ a b Wilson, Charles (September 1, 2010). "John Walker Lindh seeks Ind. prison prayer ruling". Salon. Associated Press. Archived from the original on September 2, 2010. Retrieved October 23, 2010.
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  53. ^ a b c d de Luce, Dan; Gramer, Robbie; Winter, Jana (June 23, 2017). "John Walker Lindh, Detainee No. 001 in the Global War on Terror, Will Go Free in Two Years. What Then?". Foreign Policy. Archived from the original on June 23, 2017. Retrieved June 23, 2017.
  54. ^ Wilson, Charles (January 11, 2013). "US-born Taliban fighter wins prison prayer lawsuit". Associated Press. Archived from the original on January 14, 2013. Retrieved January 13, 2013.
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  56. ^ Harris, Mary; Perelman, Marina; Nolan • •, Conan. "Prison Letters From 'American Taliban' Underscore Concerns Over His Supervised Release". NBC Los Angeles. Retrieved May 11, 2022.
  57. ^ a b Graeme Wood (May 23, 2019). "I Wrote to John Walker Lindh. He Wrote Back ... The American jihadist thanked me for my interest in the Islamic State". The Atlantic. Archived from the original on September 2, 2020. Retrieved September 17, 2020.
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  60. ^ Kukis, Mark, My Heart Became Attached: The Strange Journey of John Walker Lindh. Brassey's, Inc., 2003 [ISBN missing]
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  66. ^ "Detainee 001". Showtime Networks.

External links

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