Aafia Siddiqui
Aafia Siddiqui | |
---|---|
عافیہ صدیقیؒ | |
Spouses | |
Children | 3, including Mohammad Ahmed |
Aafia Siddiqui (also spelled Afiya;
Siddiqui was born in Pakistan to a
Five years later, she reappeared in Ghazni, Afghanistan, and was arrested by Afghan police and held for questioning by the FBI. While in custody, Siddiqui allegedly told the FBI she had gone into hiding but later disavowed her testimony and stated she had been abducted and imprisoned. Supporters believe she was held captive at Bagram Air Force Base as a ghost detainee, an allegation the U.S. government denies. During the second day in custody, she allegedly shot at visiting U.S. FBI and Army personnel with an M4 carbine one of the interrogators had placed on the floor by his feet. She was shot in the torso when a warrant officer returned fire. She was hospitalized, treated and then extradited to the US, where in September 2008 she was indicted on charges of assault and attempted murder of a US soldier in the police station in Ghazni, charges she denied. She was convicted on 3 February 2010 and later sentenced to 86 years in prison.
Her case has been called a "flashpoint of Pakistani-American tensions",[16] and "one of the most mysterious in a secret war dense with mysteries".[17] In Pakistan, her arrest and conviction was seen by the public as an "attack on Islam and Muslims", and occasioned large protests throughout the country;[18] while in the US, she was considered by some to be especially dangerous as "one of the few alleged Al Qaeda associates with the ability to move about the United States undetected, and the scientific expertise to carry out a sophisticated attack".[13] She has been termed "Lady al-Qaeda" by a number of media organizations due to her alleged affiliation with Islamists.[19][20][21] Islamic State have offered to trade her for prisoners on two occasions: once for James Foley and once for Kayla Mueller.[22] Pakistani news media called the trial a "farce",[18] while other Pakistanis labeled this reaction "knee-jerk Pakistani nationalism". The Pakistani Prime Minister at that time, Yusuf Raza Gilani, and opposition leader Nawaz Sharif, promised to push for her release.[18]
Biography
Family and early life
Aafia Siddiqui was born in
Ismet Siddiqui was prominent in political and religious circles, teaching classes on Islam wherever she lived, founding a United Islamic Organization, and serving as a member of
Aafia attended school in Zambia until the age of eight and finished her primary and secondary schooling in Karachi.[28][29]
Undergraduate education
Siddiqui moved to
In 1992, as a sophomore, Siddiqui won a $5,000 Carroll L. Wilson Award for her research proposal "Islamization in Pakistan and its Effects on Women".
At MIT, Siddiqui lived in the all-female McCormick Hall. She remained active in charity work and proselytising. Her fellow MIT students described her as being religious, which was not unusual at the time, but not a fundamentalist, one of them saying that she was "just nice and soft-spoken."
At MIT, several of the MSA's most active members had fallen under the spell of
Abdullah Azzam, a Muslim Brother who was Osama bin Laden's mentor .... [Azzam] had established the Al Kifah Refugee Center [Brooklyn, New York] to function as its worldwide recruiting post, propaganda office, and fund-raising center for the mujahideen fighting in Afghanistan ... It would become the nucleus of the al-Qaeda organization.[13]
Aafia's commitment to al-Kifah showed no sign of dimming when the connection between its Jersey City branch and the World Trade Center bombing became apparent. When the Pakistani government helped the US arrest and extradite Ramzi Yousef for his role in the bombing (where Yousef hoped to kill 250,000 Americans by knocking one WTC tower over into the other)[42][43] an outraged Siddiqui circulated the announcement with a scornful note deriding Pakistan for "officially" joining "the typical gang of our contemporary Muslim governments", closing her email with a quote from the Quran warning Muslims not to take Jews and Christians as friends.[44] She wrote three guides for teaching Islam, expressing the hope in one: "that our humble effort continues ... and more and more people come to the [religion] of Allah until America becomes a Muslim land."[13] She also took a 12-hour pistol training course at the Braintree Rifle and Pistol Club,[45] mailed US military manuals to Pakistan and moved from her apartment after the FBI agents visited the university looking for her.[46]
Marriage, graduate school, and work
In 1995, she agreed to a marriage
Siddiqui studied cognitive neuroscience at Brandeis University.[49] In early 1999, while she was a graduate student, she taught the General Biology Laboratory course.[30] She received her PhD in 2001 after completing her dissertation on learning through imitation;[1] Separating the Components of Imitation.[50][51] She co-authored a journal article on selective learning that was published in 2003.[52] One incident that caused controversy was her presentation of a paper on fetal alcohol syndrome where she concluded that science showed why God had forbidden alcohol in the Quran. When told by some teachers this was inappropriate, she complained bitterly of discrimination to the associate dean of graduate studies, threatening to "open a can of worms".[53]
After receiving her PhD, she told one of her advisers she planned to devote herself to her family rather than a career. She began translating biographies of Arab Afghan shahid (jihad fighters who had been killed) written by Abdullah Yusuf Azzam ("the Godfather of Afghan Jihad").[54] and became more strict in her religion, wearing a niqāb—a black veil that covered everything but her eyes[55]—and avoiding any music—even background music at science exhibits.[54]
In 1999, while living in Boston, Siddiqui founded the
Divorce, al-Qaeda allegations, and remarriage
Tensions began to arise in her marriage, which, according to Siddiqui's husband Khan, was caused by her overwhelming devotion to activism and jihad.[57] Siddiqui temporarily moved away from her husband after he threw a baby bottle at her that required a visit to the emergency room to stitch up her lip.[58] In the summer of 2001, the couple moved to Malden, Massachusetts.[59]
According to Khan, after the 9/11 attacks, Siddiqui was adamant that the family leave the US, saying that their lives were in danger if they remained.[57] Once back in Pakistan, Siddiqui demanded that the family move to the border with Afghanistan and Khan work as a medic to help the Taliban mujahideen in their fight against America.[30][60] Khan was reluctant to disobey his parents who opposed this move, and uncertain if he had reached the stature traditionally thought necessary to wage jihad.[61] Siddiqui agreed to return to him in the US in January 2002 after he agreed to her conditions including that he join her in Islamic activities.[62] She began home schooling her children.[63]
By this point, the FBI was questioning Siddiqui's former professors and other associates.[64] In May 2002, the FBI began questioning Siddiqui and her husband regarding their purchase over the internet of $10,000 worth of night vision equipment, body armour, and military manuals including The Anarchist's Arsenal, Fugitive, Advanced Fugitive, and How to Make C-4.[60][47][27] Khan claimed that these were for hunting and camping expeditions. He later told authorities he purchased them to please Siddiqui. The couple made an appointment to talk to the FBI again in a few weeks, but, according to Khan, Siddiqui insisted the family leave for Pakistan,[65] and on 26 June 2002, the couple and their children returned to Karachi.[1][66][47]
In August 2002, Khan alleged that Siddiqui was abusive and manipulative throughout their seven years of marriage; he suspected she was involved in extremist activities.[57] Khan went to Siddiqui's parents' home, announced his intention to divorce her, and argued with her father.[13][27] Shortly after, Siddiqui's father died of a heart attack, an event blamed on Khan and the marriage difficulties he and Siddiqui were having. This further poisoned his relationship with Siddiqui's family.[67]
In September 2002, Siddiqui gave birth to Suleman, the last of their three children.[13] Following an attempted and failed reconciliation and the signing of a divorce document shortly after, the couple never saw each other again.[68] The couple's divorce was finalised on 21 October 2002.[13][60] According to her statements to the FBI, it was at this point that her connections with Al-Qaeda began in earnest.[69]
In February 2003, Siddiqui married Ammar al-Baluchi, an accused al-Qaeda member and a nephew of al-Qaeda leader Khalid Sheikh Mohammed (KSM),[70][30][71] in Karachi.[70][30][47][50][71][72][25][73] While her family denies she married al-Baluchi, Pakistani and US intelligence sources,[74] a psychologist for the defense during her 2009 trial,[75] and Khalid Sheikh Mohammed's family all confirm that the marriage took place.[37] The marriage lasted only a couple of months. According to one of KSM's uncles, Mohammed Hussein, al-Baluchi became alienated with Siddiqui's "liberal way of life." Siddiqui told the FBI that al-Baluchi divorced her after he was arrested.[76]
Alleged conspiring with KSM
Siddiqui left for the US on 25 December 2002, informing her ex-husband Amjad Mohammed Khan that she was looking for a job;
According to the US government, Majid Khan was an operative for an Al-Qaeda cell led by Khalid Sheikh Mohammad which planned to attack targets in the US, in the UK (at Heathrow Airport), and inside Pakistan. In the US, C-4 plastic explosives[80] and other chemicals would be smuggled in under the cover of textile exports – 20 and 40 ft foot containers filled with women's and children's clothes.[81] The explosives would be used to bomb petrol stations, underground fuel storage tanks in Baltimore and chemicals to poison or destroy pumps to water treatment facilities.[82] A dummy import-export business run by Saifullah Paracha (who is now interned at Guantánamo Bay), would import the explosives.[81]
According to the US government, Siddiqui's role was to "rent houses and provide administrative support for the operation." When she returned from Pakistan to the US in January 2003, it was, according to the charge, to help renew the American travel papers of Majid Khan, who would execute the bombing. In his testimony, Majid Khan stated that he provided Siddiqui with money, photos, and a completed application for an "asylum travel form" that "looked and functioned like a passport." he also testified that back in the US Siddiqui "opened a post office box in detainee's name, using her driver's licence information."[81]
The plot unraveled after Majid Khan was arrested in Pakistan on 1 March 2003[83] and sent to Guantánamo. In America, another operative, Uzair Paracha, was arrested in possession of the post box key.[81] Defense attorneys note that testimony gathered by investigators was "likely to have been extracted under conditions of torture."[81] Her lawyer suggested she had been the victim of identity theft while her sister Fowzia has maintained the post office box was intended for use in applying for jobs at American universities.[81] In Siddiqui's trial, charges were not brought against her for opening of the post box or mailing the application.[81]
Amjad M Khan (her ex-husband) was questioned by the FBI and released.[47]
Blood diamond allegations ruled out
According to a dossier prepared by UN investigators for the
In early 2003, while Siddiqui was working at Aga Khan University in Karachi, she emailed a former professor at Brandeis and expressed interest in working in the US, citing lack of options in Karachi for women of her academic background.[1][47]
According to "a combination of US intelligence analysis and direct testimony by at least three senior al-Qaida figures," known as Guantánamo files, Siddiqui was an al-Qaeda operative.
Disappearance
Aware that the FBI wanted her for questioning, she left her parents' house 30 March 2003 with her three children.[37][48] According to her parents, she was going to go to Islamabad to visit her uncle but never arrived.[1][47] Around 25 March, the FBI put out a "worldwide alert" for Aafia and her ex-husband.[91]
Siddiqui's and her children's whereabouts and activities from March 2003 to July 2008 are a matter of dispute. Her supporters and the Pakistani government claim she was held as a prisoner by the US; the US government and others (including Siddiqui in her statements to the FBI immediately after her arrest) suggest she went into hiding with KSM's al-Baluchi family.
Starting 29 March, a "confusing series" of reports and denials of her arrest and detention appeared in Pakistan and the US.[92] On 1 April 2003, local newspapers reported and Pakistan interior ministry confirmed that a woman had been taken into custody on terrorism charges.[37] The Boston Globe described "sketchy" Pakistani news reports saying she had been detained for questioning by Pakistani authorities and the FBI.[48][88] However, a couple of days later, both the Pakistan government and the FBI publicly stated they were uninvolved in her disappearance.[37] Her sister Fauzia claimed Interior Minister Faisal Saleh Hayat said that her sister had been released and would be returning home "shortly."[37]
In 2003–04, the FBI and the Pakistani government said Siddiqui was still at large.[47][93][94] On 26 May 2004, US Attorney General John Ashcroft held a press conference described her as among the seven "most wanted" al-Qaeda fugitives[88][95] and a "clear and present danger to the US."[88][96] Newsweek reported that she might be "the most immediately threatening suspect in the group."[97]
One day before the announcement, however,
After her 2008 reappearance and arrest, Siddiqui told the FBI that she had at first gone into hiding with KSM's al-Baluchi clan (her lawyer later repudiated that statement)
According to her ex-husband Khan, after the global alert for her was issued, Siddiqui went into hiding and worked for al-Qaeda.[47][57][101] During her disappearance, Khan said he saw her at Islamabad airport in April 2003 as she disembarked from a flight with their son; he said he helped Inter-Services Intelligence identify her. He said he again saw her two years later, in a Karachi traffic jam.[60][47] Khan unsuccessfully sought custody of his son Ahmed and said most of the claims of Siddiqui's family in the Pakistani media relating to her and their children were one-sided and largely false.[18][57]
In a signed affidavit,[18] Siddiqui's maternal uncle, Shams ul-Hassan Faruqi, stated that on 22 January 2008 she visited him in Islamabad[60][47] and told him she had been held by Pakistani agencies. Knowing he had worked in Afghanistan and made contact with the Taliban in 1999, she asked for his help to cross into Taliban-controlled Afghanistan where she thought she would be safe.[60][47] He told her he was no longer in touch with them. He notified his sister, Siddiqui's mother, who came the next day to see her daughter. He said that Siddiqui stayed with them for two days.[102] Investigating the disappearance, US journalist Deborah Scroggins reported that Geo TV presenter Hamid Mir informed her that friends of Siddiqui believed she had gone underground avoiding the FBI. Scroggins was also warned by Pakistanis with jihadist connections, including Khalid Khawaja, that she might end up like Daniel Pearl (who was beheaded) if she attempted to find Siddiqui.[14][103]
Ahmed and Siddiqui reappeared in 2008.[30] Afghan authorities handed the boy over to his aunt in Pakistan in September 2008, who has prohibited the press from talking to him.[30][47] In April 2010, DNA identified a girl as Siddiqui's daughter, Mariyam.[104]
Alleged kidnapping
When Siddiqui's ex-mother and father-in-law filed a custody suit against the Siddiqui family in an attempt to see their grandchildren (the Siddiqui family refused to talk to them), Siddiqui's mother claimed under oath the FBI and US Justice Department officials had informed her that "the minors are with the mother and are in safe condition," the opposite of what such officials had told her American lawyer in May of that year.
According to one Pakistani report, her mother claimed to have been warned by an unidentified man "not to make a fuss about her daughter's disappearance, if she wants safe recovery of her daughter," suggesting that either government intelligence services or the "nexus of Pakistani and Arab jihadis" had hidden Siddiqui.[111][37]
Siddiqui has not explained clearly what happened to her other two children.[70] According to a psychiatric exam given while she was in custody, her story has alternated between claiming that the two youngest children were dead and that they were with her sister Fowzia.[50] She told one FBI agent that pursuing the cause of jihad had to take priority.[99] Khan said he believed that the missing children were in Karachi, either with or in contact with Siddiqui's family, and not in US detention.[18][57][112] He said that they had been seen in her sister's house in Karachi and in Islamabad since 2003.[18][57][113]
In April 2010, Mariam was found outside the family house [clarification needed] wearing a collar with the address of the family home. She was said to be speaking English. A Pakistani ministry official said the girl was believed to have been held captive in Afghanistan from 2003 to 2010.[114]
The US government said it had not held Siddiqui during that time frame and was unaware of her location from March 2003 until July 2008.[115] The mass of secret U.S. cables released in 2010 by Wikileaks included memos by the US Embassy in Islamabad Pakistan asking other US government departments whether Asfia had been in secret custody. One stated: "Bagram officials have assured us that they have not been holding Siddiqui for the last four years, as has been alleged."[116]
The US ambassador to Pakistan,
Another theory was that the CIA and FBI did not have the ability to capture suspects in Pakistan, where many people were anti-American, and only the ISI had the ability to capture Siddiqui. While the ISI may have known how to get her or even have her in custody, they were not "ready to hand her over,"[14][118] whatever reward the Americans offered.
Alleged danger
Siddiqui was on the CIA's list of suspected al-Qaeda terrorists it was authorized to "kill or capture."
While the CIA's sources of information could not determine her exact role in al-Qaeda, "[s]he was always in the picture. Connections between her and other people in FBI was looking at surfaced in just about every al-Qaeda investigation with a U.S. angle. She was always on our radar."[14][121]
According to the FBI, in her testimony to them she had collected materials on viruses for biological warfare and one of her projects was finding a way to infect America's poultry supplies with an antibody that would allow chickens to pass salmonella on to humans more easily.[14][100] She later destroyed her work after suspecting Abu Lubab was hoping to double cross her and turn her into the United States authorities.[14][122]
Arrest in Afghanistan
On the evening of 17 July 2008, a woman was approached by
In a bag she was carrying, the police found a number of documents in English and
She also had "numerous chemical substances in gel and liquid form that were sealed in bottles and glass jars," according to the later complaint against her,[1][66][47][125][127] and about two pounds of sodium cyanide, a highly toxic poison.[70][128] US prosecutors later said that sodium cyanide is lethal even when ingested in small doses, and various of the other chemicals she had could be used in explosives.[129] Abdul Ghani, Ghazni's deputy police chief, said she later confessed she had planned a suicide attack against the governor of Ghazni Province.[126]
Explanation
Attempting to explain the timing of her January 2008 visit to her uncle and asking for help in contacting the Taliban in Afghanistan,[110] and her reappearance in Ghazni in July later that year, journalist Deborah Scroggins noted that a breakdown in the "long-standing alliance between the Deobandi jihadis and the military" occurred in preceding months, which—if Siddiqui was in hiding rather than imprisoned—could have led to Siddiqui's "falling out with her secret government protectors."[130] In 2007, a roving "burka brigade" of women based at Lal Mosque attempted to enforce sharia law in Islamabad. Attempts to stop them climaxed in July when at least 100 militants were killed by the military in the storming of the Lal Mosque. In the next five months, dozens of suicide attacks killing almost 2,000 people (including many soldiers) were executed in retaliation. Scroggins believed this bloodshed may have alienated any military protection Siddiqui had, and the role played by women of the "burka brigade" could have been seen by conservative Islamists as evidence of women causing fitna (strife).[130]
On the other hand, supporters noted that Siddiqui's reappearance "loitering in Ghazni ... less than two weeks" after a press conference by Yvonne Ridley where Ridley alleged Siddiqui had been "held in isolation by the Americans for more than four years," and which "attracted enormous coverage"[131] especially in the Muslim world, seemed highly suspicious.[17]
Shooting(s) in Ghazni
There are conflicting accounts of the events following her arrest in Ghazni. American authorities said that two FBI agents, a US Army warrant officer, a US Army captain, and their US military interpreters arrived in Ghazni the following day on 18 July to interview Siddiqui at the Afghan National Police facility where she was being held.[66][125][132] They reported they congregated in a meeting room that was partitioned by a curtain, but did not realise that Siddiqui was standing unsecured behind the curtain.[66][132] The warrant officer sat down and put his loaded M4 carbine on the floor by his feet near the curtain.[66][132] Siddiqui drew back the curtain, picked up the rifle, and pointed it at the captain.[125][132] "I could see the barrel of the rifle, the inner portion of the barrel of the weapon; that indicated to me that it was pointed straight at my head," he said.[125][132] Then, she was said to have threatened them loudly in English, and yelled "Get the fuck out of here" and "May the blood of [unintelligible] be on your [head or hands]".[66][132] The captain dived for cover to his left as she yelled "Allah Akbar" and fired at least two shots at them, missing them.[70][125][132] An Afghan interpreter who was seated closest to her tried to disarm her.[66][125][132][133] At that point, the warrant officer returned fire with a 9-millimeter pistol, hitting her in the torso, and one of the interpreters disarmed her.[70][66][90][132] A Justice Department statement said that Siddiqui struck and kicked the officers during the ensuing struggle; "she shout[ed] in English that she wanted to kill Americans" and then lost consciousness.[66][132]
Siddiqui related a different version of events, according to Pakistani senators who later visited her in jail. She denied touching a gun, shouting, or threatening anyone. She said she stood up to see who was on the other side of the curtain, and that after one of the startled soldiers shouted "She is loose", she was shot. On regaining consciousness, she said someone said "We could lose our jobs."[60]
Some of the Afghan police offered a third version of the events, telling Reuters that US troops had demanded that she be handed over, disarmed the Afghans when they refused, and then shot Siddiqui mistakenly thinking she was a suicide bomber.[134]
Hospital treatment and evaluation
Siddiqui was taken to U.S. military base Bagram Airfield in Afghanistan by helicopter in critical condition.[47] When she arrived at the hospital, she was rated at 3 on the Glasgow Coma Scale, but she underwent surgery without complication. She was hospitalised at the Craig Theater Joint Hospital, and recovered over the next two weeks.[60][50] According to FBI reports prepared after the operation, Siddiqui repeatedly denied shooting anyone.[135] FBI reports maintained that Siddiqui told a US special agent at the Craig Hospital on or about 1 August that "spewing bullets at soldiers is bad," and expressed surprise that she was being treated well.[135]
While at the hospital, she was interrogated by an FBI agent every day for ten days for an "average of eight hours" a day.[136] Her testimony was at odds with what Siddiqui later told lawyers and the court about what happened during her disappearance. Supporters complained that she was not Mirandized, nor did she have access to a Pakistani consular official, and that she was in a "narcotic state" at the time.[137] She later told visiting Pakistani her statements might not look good to the Pakistani public but she had made them because her children had been threatened.[138]
Criminal complaint and trial
In pretrial activity, defense attorney Elaine Sharp said that the documents and item found on Siddiqui were planted.[139] A government terrorism expert disagreed, stating there were "hundred of pages in her own handwriting".[140] In Pakistan, Siddiqui's sister Fowzia accused the US of raping and torturing her sister and denying her medical treatment. The Pakistan National Assembly passed a unanimous resolution calling for Siddiqui's repatriation.[141]
Prior to her trial, Siddiqui said she was innocent of all charges. She maintained she could prove she was innocent but refused to do so in court.[142] On 11 January 2010, Siddiqui told the judge that she would not co-operate with her attorneys and wanted to fire them. She said she did not trust the judge and added, "I'm boycotting the trial, just to let all of you know. There's too many injustices." She then put her head down on the defence table as the prosecution proceeded.[143]
Charges
On 31 July 2008, while Siddiqui was still being treated in Afghanistan, she was charged in a sealed
Explaining why the US may have chosen to charge her as they did rather than for her alleged terrorism, Bruce Hoffman, professor of security studies at Georgetown University, said: "There's no intelligence data that needs to be introduced, no sources and methods that need to be risked. It's a good old-fashioned crime; it's the equivalent of a 1920s gangster with a tommy gun."[146]
Defense lawyer Sharp expressed skepticism regarding both the terrorism and assault charges: "I think it's interesting that they make all these allegations about the dirty bombs and other items she supposedly had, but they haven't charged her with anything relating to terrorism ... I would urge people to consider her as innocent unless the government proves otherwise."[147]
Extradition and arraignment
On 4 August 2008, Siddiqui was placed on an FBI jet and flown to New York City
Medical treatment and psychological assessments
On 11 August, after her counsel maintained that Siddiqui had not seen a doctor since arriving in the US the previous week, US Magistrate Judge Henry B. Pitman ordered that she be examined by a medical doctor within 24 hours.[150] Prosecutors maintained that Siddiqui had received adequate medical care for her gunshot wound but could not confirm whether she had been seen by a doctor or paramedic.[151] The judge postponed her bail hearing until 3 September.[152] An examination by a doctor the following day found no visible signs of infection; she also received a CAT scan.[153]
Siddiqui was provided care for her wound while incarcerated in the US.
Siddiqui's trial was subject to delays, the longest being six months to perform psychiatric evaluations.[47] She had been given routine mental health check-ups ten times in August and six times in September. She underwent three sets of psychological assessments before trial. Her first psychiatric evaluation diagnosed her with depressive psychosis, and her second evaluation, ordered by the court, revealed chronic depression.[155] Leslie Powers initially determined Siddiqui mentally unfit to stand trial. After reviewing portions of FBI reports, however, she told the pre-trial judge she believed Siddiqui was faking mental illness.[30]
In a third set of psychological assessments, more detailed than the previous two, three of four psychiatrists concluded that she was "malingering" (faking her symptoms of mental illness) and that she behaved normally when she thought the assessors were not looking. One suggested that this was to prevent criminal prosecution and to improve her chances of being returned to Pakistan.[47][135] In April 2009, Manhattan federal judge Richard Berman held that she "may have some mental health issues" but was competent to stand trial.[47][135][154]
While Khalid Sheikh Mohammad and other ghost prisoners had given the
Antisemitism
A three-person defence team was hired by the Pakistani embassy to supplement her two existing public defenders, but Siddiqui refused to co-operate with them. While at Federal Medical Center, Carswell, she wrote a letter to the warden to give to President Obama, asserting, "Study the history of the Jews. They have always back-stabbed everyone who has taken pity on them and made the 'fatal' error of giving them shelter .... and it is this cruel, ungrateful back-stabbing of the Jews that has caused them to be mercilessly expelled from wherever they gain strength. This why 'holocausts' keep happening to them repeatedly! If they would only learn to be grateful and change their behavior!! ..."[159] She later claimed she was not against all "Israeli Americans".[159]
Trial proceedings
After 18 months of detention, Siddiqui's trial began in New York City on 19 January 2010.[160][161][162][163] Prior to the jury entering the courtroom, Siddiqui told onlookers that she would not work with her lawyers because the trial was a sham.[164] She also said: "I have information about attacks, more than 9/11! ... I want to help the President to end this group, to finish them ... They are a domestic, U.S. group; they are not Muslim."[128][165]
Nine government witnesses were called by the prosecution. Army Captain Robert Snyder, John Threadcraft, a former army officer, and FBI agent John Jefferson testified first.
Her defence argued that there was no
Siddiqui insisted on testifying at the trial against the advice of her lawyers.[172] According to at least one source (Deborah Scroggins), Siddiqui "avoided the question of where she had been for the last five years" and her replies under cross examination may have damaged her credibility in jurists' eyes. In answer to prosecutor's questions, she stated that the documents in her bag on terror plans and weapons had been given to her, and that she did not know that the boy who was with her in Ghazni was her son. When it was pointed out that the documents in her bag were in her own handwriting, she stated "in a vague and halting manner" that she had been forced to copy them out of a magazine so that her children would not be tortured. When questioned about taking a firearms course, she stated that "everyone used to take it". The pistol safety instructor then testified that he remembered teaching her how to fire "hundreds of rounds." In his closing arguments, the prosecutor told the jury that Siddiqui had "raised her right hand" and "lied to your face".[173]
During the trial, Siddiqui was removed from the court several times for repeatedly interrupting the proceedings with shouting; on being ejected, she was told by the judge that she could watch the proceedings on closed-circuit television in an adjacent holding cell. A request by the defence lawyers to declare a
Conviction
The trial lasted 14 days with the jury deliberating for three days before reaching a verdict.[166][176] On 3 February 2010, Siddiqui was found guilty of two counts of attempted murder, armed assault, using and carrying a firearm, and three counts of assault on US officers and employees.[177][166][176] After jurors found Siddiqui guilty, she exclaimed: "This is a verdict coming from Israel, not America. That's where the anger belongs."[178]
She faced a minimum sentence of 30 years and a maximum of life in prison on the firearm charge, and could also have received a sentence of up to 20 years for each attempted murder and armed assault charge, and up to 8 years on each of the remaining assault counts.[176] Her lawyers requested a 12-year sentence, instead of the life sentence recommended by the probation office. They argued that mental illness drove her actions when she attempted to escape from the Afghan National Police station "by any means available ... what she viewed as a horrific fate".[179] Her lawyers also claimed her mental illness was on display during her trial outbursts and boycotts, and that she was "first and foremost" the victim of her own irrational behaviour. The sentencing hearing set to take place on 6 May 2010[177] was rescheduled for mid-August 2010[5] and then September 2010.[179]
Sentencing
Siddiqui was sentenced to 86 years in prison by Judge Berman on 23 September 2010. During the sentencing hearing, which lasted one hour, Siddiqui spoke on her own behalf.[180] Upon hearing the verdict, she turned to trial spectators and told them that "this verdict coming from Israel and not from America".[173]
A New York Times reporter wrote that at times during the hearing Judge Berman seemed to be speaking to an audience beyond the courtroom in an apparent attempt to address widespread speculation about Siddiqui and her case. He gave as an example a reference to the five-year period before her 2008 arrest of Siddiqui's disappearance and claims of torture, where the judge said: "I am aware of no evidence in the record to substantiate these allegations or to establish them as fact. There is no credible evidence in the record that the United States officials and/or agencies detained Dr. Siddiqui".[181]
At the time of sentencing, Siddiqui did not show any interest in filing an appeal, instead saying "I appeal to God and he hears me." After she was sentenced, she urged forgiveness and asked the public not to take any action in retaliation.[182] She stated, "forgive everybody in my case, please ... Don't get angry. If I'm not angry, why should anyone else be?"[183] In a notably gracious exchange between the bestower and recipient of an 80+ year sentence of incarceration, the judge wished her "the very best going forward", and both Siddiqui and the judge thanked each other.[184]
Imprisonment
Siddiqui (Federal Bureau of Prisons #90279-054) was originally held at Metropolitan Detention Center, Brooklyn.[185] She is now being held in Federal Medical Center, Carswell in Fort Worth, Texas, a federal prison for female inmates with special mental health needs, and also relatively close to the home of her brother Ali Siddiqui.[184] Her release date is 30 June 2082.[186] She was visited by her sister Fowzia Siddiqui in May 2023, accompanied by human rights lawyer Clive Stafford Smith and Jamaat-e-Islami senator Mushtaq Ahmad Khan.[187][188]
Children
According to
In late August 2010, British journalist
I do not remember the date but it seems a long time ago i remember we were going to Islamabad in a car when we were stopped by different cars and high roof ones. My mother was screaming and I was screaming as they took me away, I looked around and saw my baby brother on the ground and there was blood. My mother was crying and screaming. Then they put something on my face. I smelt and don't remember anything.
I woke up I was in a room. There were American soldiers in uniform and plain clothes people. They kept me in different places. If I cried or didn't listen, they beat me and tied me and chained me. There were English speaking, Pashto and Urdu speaking. I had no courage to ask who they were. At times, for a long time, I was alone in a small room. Then I was taken to some children's prison where there were lots of other children.
The American Consular [sic], who came to me in Kabul jail, said, 'Your name is Ahmed. You are American. Your mother's name is Aafia Siddiqui and your younger brother is dead. After that they took me away from the kids' prison and I met the Pakistani consular [sic], and I talked to my aunt (Fowzia Siddiqui).
When a girl who may have been his younger sister Maryam was returned to the Ahmed's family, tests to confirm her identity were inconclusive.[198] His aunt Fawzia expressed doubt that the girl was her niece Maryam. In April 2010, Pakistan Interior Minister
Their father and his parents have not been allowed to see either child.
Reactions
Attacks, threats, and exchange offers
For al-Qaeda and Pakistani jihadi groups, Siddiqui's case became a "rallying cry" and they joined in accusing the Pakistani government and military of failing to protect and avenge her.[173][199]
According to a video released by Hakimullah Mehsud, head of the TTP (Tehreek e Taliban Pakistan) at the time, the 2009 Camp Chapman attack in Afghanistan that killed seven CIA officers was partly in revenge for Aafia's imprisonment.[200] The 2010 Times Square car bombing attempt occurred one day after Mehsud released another video promising to avenge Siddiqui. The perpetrator of the attempt was Faisal Shahzad, a recently naturalized Pakistan-born citizen who had contacts with Jaish-e-Muhammad and Hakimullah Mehsud.[14][201]
According to a February 2010 report in the Pakistani newspaper The News International, the Taliban threatened to execute US soldier Bowe Bergdahl, whom they had captured on 30 June 2009 in retaliation for Siddiqui's conviction. A Taliban spokesperson claimed that members of Siddiqui's family had requested help from the Taliban to obtain her release from prison in the US.[202][203] Bergdahl was released on 31 May 2014 in exchange for five Guantanamo Bay detainees.[204]
In September 2010, the Taliban kidnapped
In July 2011, then-deputy of the
In December 2011, al-Qaeda leader Ayman al-Zawahiri demanded the release of Siddiqui in exchange for Warren Weinstein, an American aid worker kidnapped in Pakistan on 13 August 2011.[214] Weinstein was accidentally killed in a drone strike in January 2015.[215]
In January 2013, al-Qaeda-linked terrorists involved in the Algerian In Amenas hostage crisis listed the release of Siddiqui as one of their demands.[216]
In June 2013, the captors of two Czech women kidnapped in Pakistan demanded the release of Siddiqui in exchange for the two captives.[217] Both Czech women were released in March 2015, following intense negotiations by a Turkish NGO IHH.[218]
In August 2014, it was reported that the terrorist who claimed responsibility for the beheading of U.S. photojournalist
In February 2015, Paul Gosar said the family of Kayla Mueller had been told plans to swap her for Siddiqui were underway in the months before her death.[220] ISIS had also demanded $6.6 million in exchange for Mueller.[221]
In March 2017, Al-Qaeda in the Arabian Peninsula leader Qasim al-Raymi said that his group demanded the release of Siddiqui in exchange for Luke Somers, an American journalist kidnapped in Yemen in September 2013.[222] Somers was killed during a rescue attempt in December 2014.[223]
In January 2022, a man claiming to be Siddiqui's brother took hostages at the Beth Israel synagogue in Colleyville, Texas, near where she is imprisoned, and demanded her release. He was later shot and killed by police, and the hostages were rescued.[224]
Pakistan
The case was covered very differently in Pakistan than in the United States.[225]
After Siddiqui's conviction, she sent a message through her lawyer, saying that she does not want "violent protests or violent reprisals in Pakistan over this verdict."[166] Thousands of students, political and social activists protested in Pakistan.[88] Some shouted anti-American slogans, while burning the American flag and effigies of President Barack Obama in the streets.[226][227] Her sister has spoken frequently and passionately on her behalf at rallies.[18][227][228] Echoing her family's comments and anti-US sentiment, many believe she was detained in Karachi in 2003, held at the US Bagram Airbase and tortured, and that the charges against her were fabricated.[88][229]
In August 2009, Pakistani Prime Minister Yusuf Raza Gilani met with Siddiqui's sister at his residence and assured her that Pakistan would seek Siddiqui's release from the US.[230] The Pakistani government paid $2 million for the services of three lawyers to assist in the defense of Siddiqui during her trial.[231] Many Siddiqui supporters were present during the proceedings, and outside the court dozens of people rallied to demand her release.[232]
Her conviction was followed with expressions of support by many Pakistanis, who appeared increasingly anti-American, as well as by politicians and the news media, who characterised her as a symbol of victimisation by the United States.[18] Graffiti "Free Dr. Aafia" appeared "even in remote areas" of the country.[233]
The Pakistani Embassy in Washington, D.C., expressed its dismay over the verdict, which followed "intense diplomatic and legal efforts on her behalf. [We] will consult the family of Dr. Aafia Siddiqui and the team of defence lawyers to determine the future course of action."
In September 2010, Pakistan Interior Minister Rehman Malik sent a letter to the United States Attorney General calling for repatriation of Siddiqui to Pakistan. He said that the case of Siddiqui had become a matter of public concern in Pakistan and her repatriation would create goodwill for the US.[238]
A few Pakistanis questioned the outpouring of support. Her ex-husband said Siddiqui was "reaping the fruit of her own decision. Her family has been portraying Aafia as a victim. We would like the truth to come out."[157] Shakil Chaudhry lamented the "mass hysteria" of supporters.[239] But when one columnist (Mubashir Lucman) raised questions about Asfia's sister Fowzia's account, graffiti "appeared all over Karachi insulting" him.[173][240]
US observers noted the Pakistani reaction. Jessica Eve Stern, a terrorism specialist and lecturer at Harvard Law School, observed: "Whatever the truth is, this case is of great political importance because of how people [in Pakistan] view her."[30] Foreign Policy reported that unsubstantiated rumours, widely repeated in the Pakistani press, that she had been sexually abused by her captors had "become part of the legend that surrounds her, so much so that they are repeated as established facts by her supporters, who have helped build her iconic status" as a folk hero.[227] According to The New York Times,
There is no doubt that the case of an ultraconservative, educated middle-class Pakistani woman who shunned the ways of the West and defied America has resonated with the Pakistani public. ... All of this has taken place with little national soul-searching about the contradictory and frequently damning circumstances surrounding Ms. Siddiqui, who is suspected of having had links to Al Qaeda and the banned jihadi group
Jaish-e-Muhammad. Instead, the Pakistani news media have broadly portrayed her trial as a "farce", and an example of the injustices meted out to Muslims by the United States since Sept. 11, 2001.[18]
Journalist Scroggins complained about the lack of curiosity and investigation by Pakistani public and press of a number of questions about the case—how Siddiqui's daughter Maryam turned up at her grandmother's house and where she had been, what connection the "Karachi Institute of Technology", and the cleric Abu Lubaba had had with Aafia.[241] She noted that while thousands of Pakistanis had been killed by bomb and assassinations in tribal areas, in contrast to the rage against the US, no rallies were held in protest of jihadi attacks (Scroggins argued) because Pakistanis were fearful of them.[242]
See also
References
Notes
- ^ On 3 October 2005, the Internal Revenue Service revoked the organization's charitable status (see Foundations Status of Certain Organizations Archived 8 May 2017 at the Wayback Machine, Internal Revenue Bulletin 2005–40, Announcement 25–67, 3 October 2005)
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Aafia Siddiqui, a US-educated Pakistani neuroscientist whose lawyers argued is mentally unstable, was sentenced to 86 years in prison in a New York district court for trying to shoot American soldiers in an Afghanistan police station two years ago.
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According to Foreign Ministry sources, Pakistani and Afghan officials met yesterday in Kabul where the Afghan government handed over custody of Siddiqui's son Muhammad Ahmed to Pakistani authorities. Siddiqui's 11-year-old son was with his mother when she was detained while allegedly carrying designs for explosive devices and descriptions of US landmarks in her handbag.
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Under Afghan and international law, Ahmed Siddiqui is too young to be treated as a criminal suspect. Under Afghanistan's Juvenile Code, the minimum age of criminal responsibility is 13. And according to the UN Committee on the Rights of the Child, which monitors the treatment of children globally, a minimum age of criminal responsibility below age 12 is "not ... internationally acceptable."
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What happens when an 11-year-old U.S. citizen is held by Afghanistan's intelligence service? According to the U.S. State Department, not much, at least for now.
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The young son of Pakistani scientist Aafia Siddiqui will be returned to his family "soon" by Afghanistan after he was arrested with her more than a month ago, Foreign Minister Rangeen Dadfar Spanta said Saturday.
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JFAC today circulate a sensational statement from Ahmed Siddiqui, the eldest son of Aafia Siddiqui, which he made to an intelligence officer after he was released from US custody in 2008. In it, he discloses for the first time the details of their abduction in 2003 and some information about his detention in the five years in which he was missing. The statement is extracted from a document provided to British journalist, Yvonne Ridley.
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Books and journal articles
- Scroggins, Deborah (17 January 2012). Wanted Women: Faith, Lies, and the War on Terror: The Lives of Ayaan Hirsi Ali and Aafia Siddiqui. Harper Collins. ISBN 978-0-06-209795-8.