List of large Holocene volcanic eruptions

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Source: Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia.
For older large eruptions that predate the Holocene era, see List of large volcanic eruptions.
Satellite images of the 15 January 2022 eruption of Hunga Tonga-Hunga Haʻapai

This is a list of volcanoes that have had large explosive eruptions during the Holocene (since about 11,650 years Before Present), with a volcanic explosivity index (VEI) of 5 or higher, or a plume height of at least 30 km. To date, there have been no eruptions with a confirmed VEI of 8 in the Holocene; and only a few VEI-7 eruptions are thought to have occurred during this time: the most recent was the 1815 eruption of Mount Tambora. This is not a complete list.

Common Era (CE)

VEI
 Volcano/complex Volcanic arc/belt,
subregion, or hotspot 		Material volume bulk
(km3) 		Material volume DRE
(km3) 		Date Tephra or eruption name
5 Hunga Tonga–Hunga Haʻapai Tonga-Kermadec Islands volcanic arc 6 6–10[1] 7.1 7.1[2] January 15, 2022
2022 Hunga Tonga–Hunga Ha'apai eruption and tsunami
5 Puyehue-Cordón Caulle Andean Volcanic Belt 0.76 0.76–1.26[3] Un­known June 4, 2011 2011–2012 Puyehue-Cordón Caulle eruption
5 Mount Hudson Andean Volcanic Belt 4.3 4.3–7.6[4] 1.6 1.6–2.7[5] August 8, 1991
6 Mount Pinatubo[6] Luzon Volcanic Arc 10 10[7] 4.8 4.8–6.0[8] June 15, 1991 1991 eruption of Mount Pinatubo
5 El Chichón[6]
Chiapanecan Volcanic Arc
 2.2 2.2 1.1 1.1[9] April 4, 1982 Tephra unit A
5 Mount St. Helens[6]
Cascade Volcanic Arc
 1.1 1.1[10] 0.5 0.5[11] May 18, 1980 1980 eruption of Mount St. Helens
5 Mount Agung Sunda Arc, Bali 1.0 1 Un­known March 17, 1963
5 Bezymianny[a]
Kamchatka
 1.9 1.9 Un­known March 30, 1956
5 Kharimkotan Kuril Islands 1 1 Un­known 1933
5 Quizapú Andean Volcanic Belt 9.5 9.5 7 7–10[14] 1932 April 10–21, 1932
5 Submarine volcano NNE of Iriomote Island Japan 1 1 Un­known 1924-10-31
6 Novarupta[6] SW Alaska, Aleutian Arc 26 26–30 13 13–14[15] June 6, 1912
5 Ksudach
Kamchatka
 1.75 Un­known 1907-03-28
6 Santa María[6] Central America Volcanic Arc, Guatemala 10.7 10.7–11.4 6.4 6.4[15] October 24, 1902
5 Mount Tarawera Taupō Volcanic Zone 2.0 2 Un­known 1886 June 10–15, 1886 1886 eruption of Mount Tarawera
6 Krakatoa[6] Sunda Arc 18 18–25 9.0 9.0[16] August 26, 1883 1883 eruption of Krakatoa
5 Askja Iceland 1.8 1.83 Un­known March 28, 1875
5 Shiveluch
Kamchatka
 2.0 2 Un­known February 18, 1854
5 Mount Agung Sunda Arc, Bali 1 Un­known 1843
5 Cosigüina Central America Volcanic Arc, Nicaragua 4.3 4.25 Un­known January 20, 1835
5
Mount Galunggung
 Sunda Arc, Java 2.0 2 Un­known October 8, 1822
7 Mount Tambora[6] Sunda Arc, Sumbawa 144 144–213 37 37–50[17] April 10, 1815 1815 eruption of Mount Tambora
6? Between Indonesia and Tonga[b] Un­known Un­known Un­known 1808 c.1808 Undocumented 1808 eruption[19]
5 Mount St. Helens Cascade Volcanic Arc 1.5 1.5 Un­known 1800 c.1800 T (Goat Rocks)
5
Katla
 Iceland 1 Un­known 1755-10-17
5 Mount Tarumae
Hokkaidō
 4 Un­known 1739-08-18 Ta-a
5 Katla Iceland 1 Un­known 1721-05-11
5 Mount Fuji
Honshū
 1.7 1.7 Un­known 1707 December 16, 1707
Hōei eruption of Mount Fuji
5 Tangkoko Sangihe Volcanic Arc 1 Un­known 1680
5 Mount Gamkonora Halmahera Volcanic Arc 1 Un­known 1673-05-20
5 Mount Tarumae Hokkaidō 2.8 Un­known 1667-09-24 Ta-b
5 Mount Usu
Hokkaidō
 2.78 Un­known 1663-08-16
6 Long Island, PNG Bismarck Volcanic Arc 21 21 12 12[20] 1660 c.1660 Tibito tephra
5 Shiveluch Kamchatka ≥ 2 Un­known 1652 CE ±11 SH1
5 Mount Melibengoy[21] Mindanao, Philippines 1.0 1 Un­known 1640 December 26, 1640
5 Komagatake
Hokkaidō
 2.9 Un­known 1640-07-31 Ko-d
5 Mount Vesuvius Campanian volcanic arc 1.1 Un­known 1631-12-16
5 Furnas São Miguel Island, Azores 2.1 Un­known 1630-09-03
5 Katla Iceland 1 Un­known 1625-09-02
6 Huaynaputina
Central Volcanic Zone
 34 34–35 12 12.2[22][23] 1600 February 19, 1600
5 Raung Sunda Arc, Java 1 Un­known 1593 CE
5 Kelud Sunda Arc, Java 1.0 1 Un­known 1586 c.1586
6 Billy Mitchell Bougainville & Solomon Is. 13.5 13.5 Un­known 1580 c.1580 BM2
5 Água de Pau São Miguel Island, Azores 1.3 Un­known 1563-06-28 / 1563-07-26
5 Mount St. Helens Cascade Volcanic Arc 1.5 1.5 Un­known 1482 c.1482 We (Kalama)
5 Mount St. Helens Cascade Volcanic Arc 7.7 7.7 Un­known 1480 c.1480 Wn (Kalama)
6 Bárðarbunga Iceland 10 10 Un­known 1477 c.1477 Veidivatnahraun
6 Öræfajökull Iceland 10 10 Un­known 1362 June 5, 1362
6 Quilotoa
Northern Volcanic Zone
 21 21 Un­known 1280 c.1280
5 Katla Iceland 1 1262 CE
7 Mount
Samalas
Lombok Island
 81 81–92 33 33–40[24] 1257 c.1257 1257 Samalas eruption[c]
5 Mount Asama
Honshū
 1.3 1.3 Un­known 1108 August 29, 1108 Tennin eruption (1108)
5 Hekla Iceland 1.2 1.2 Un­known 1104 c.1104 H1 tephra
5 Shiveluch Kamchatka ≥ 2 1034 CE ±11 SH2
5 Billy Mitchell Bougainville & Solomon Is. 7 1030 CE BM1
6
Baekdu Mountain[6]
 Balhae (China – North Korea border) 40 40–98 10 10–64[26] 0946 c.946
Millennium eruption

Baegdusan-Tomakomai Tephra
5 Towada[27]
Honshū
 6.5 6.54 Un­known 0915 c.915 Eruption episode A
6 Mount Churchill eastern Alaska 50 847 CE ±1 WRAe
6 Rabaul Bismarck Volcanic Arc 24 24 Un­known 0683 c.683 Rabaul Pyroclastics
6 Dakataua Bismarck Volcanic Arc 10 653 CE ±18 Dk
5 Shiveluch Kamchatka ≥ 2 650 CE ±40 SH3
5 Shiveluch Kamchatka ≥ 2 600 CE
5 Mount Haruna
Honshū
 1.6 550 CE ±10 Futatsudake-Ikaho eruption
6-7 Unknown source Unknown[d] Un­known Un­known 0536 c.536 Volcanic winter of 536
5 Mount Vesuvius Campanian volcanic arc 1.2 1.2 Un­known 0472 c.472 Pollena
6 Lake Ilopango Central America Volcanic Arc, El Salvador 104 104–207 44 44–95[28][29] 0430 c.430 Tierra Blanca Joven eruption
5 Akutan Aleutian Arc 1 340 Akutan tephra
7 Taupō Volcano[6] Taupō Volcanic Zone 110 110 Un­known 0232 c.232[e] Hatepe eruption
5 Masaya[6] Central America Volcanic Arc, Nicaragua 6.6 150 Masaya Tuff
5 Mount Vesuvius Campanian volcanic arc 3.2 3.25 Un­known 0079 c.79[f]
Eruption of Mount Vesuvius in 79
6 Ambrym Vanuatu 70 70 Un­known 0050 c.50 Ambrym Pyroclastic Series

Before Common Era (BCE)

VEI Volcano/complex Volcanic arc/belt,
subregion, or hotspot 		Material volume bulk
(km3) 		Material volume DRE
(km3) 		Date Age
(
ka)[30]
 Tephra or eruption name
6 Okmok Caldera Umnak, Aleutian Arc 25 25+[31] 15 15+[32] -0043 43 BCE 2 Okmok II
5 Etna Campanian volcanic arc 1.0 1 Un­known -0122 122 BCE 2.1 S flank, summit (Cratere del Piano caldera)
6 Raoul Island Kermadec Islands 28.8 28.8 Un­known -0250 250 BCE 2.2 Fleetwood
5 Mount St. Helens Cascade Volcanic Arc 1.2 1.2 Un­known -0530 530 BCE 2.5 Ps/Pu (Pine Creek)
5 Mount Tarumae Hokkaidō 3.3 550 BCE Ta-c
5 Shiveluch Kamchatka 1 780 BCE SH5
5 Mount Fuji
Honshū
 1 930 BCE Upper SE flank, Tephra layer Zu
5 Shiveluch Kamchatka > 1 950 BCE
6 Mount Pinatubo Luzon Volcanic Arc 12.5 12.5 Un­known -1050 1050 BCE 3 Maraunot eruptive period
5 Hekla Iceland 7.5 1100 BCE ±50 H3 tephra
5 Mount Tarawera Taupō Volcanic Zone 8 1310 BCE ±12 Kaharoa eruption
5 Mount Fuji
Honshū
 1 1350 BCE Tephra layer Os
5 Avachinsky
Kamchatka
 1.75 1.75 Un­known -1350 1350 BCE 3.3 Tephra layer IIAV3
6 Taupō Volcano Taupō Volcanic Zone 17 17 Un­known -1460 1460 BCE 3.4 Waimihia eruption
5 Avachinsky Kamchatka 3.6 ≥ 3.6 Un­known -1500 1500 BCE 3.5 Tephra layer AV1
5 Hayes Volcano SW Alaska, Aleutian Arc 8.1 1550 BCE Hayes Tephra set H
6 Youngest Caldera, Santorini South Aegean Volcanic Arc 34.5 34.5[33] -1610 1610 BCE 3.6 Minoan eruption
6 Mount St. Helens Cascade Volcanic Arc 15.3 15.3 Un­known -1860 1860 BCE 3.8 Yn (Smith Creek)
6 Mount Hudson
Southern Volcanic Zone
 12 12 Un­known -1890 1890 BCE 3.8
5 Mount Dana SW Alaska, Aleutian Arc 1 1890 BCE 1890 BCE eruption
5 Shiveluch Kamchatka > 1 2000 BCE SHsp
6-7 Deception Island[34] South Shetland Islands Un­known 30 30-60 -2030 2030 BCE 4 Outer Coast Tuff
6 Long Island, PNG Bismarck Volcanic Arc 10 > 10 Un­known -2040 2040 BCE 4 biliau beds
5
Rungwe
 Great Rift Valley, Tanzania 2.2 2050 BCE Rungwe pumice
5 Nishiyama, Hachijō-jima Izu–Bonin–Mariana Arc 1.2 2050 BCE Mitsune-7 scoria
5 Shiveluch Kamchatka > 1 2100 BCE SHsp
7 Paektu Mountain Balhae (China – North Korea border) Un­known Un­known -2264 2264 BCE? 4.2–5.1[35] Tianwenfeng eruption
7 Cerro Blanco (Argentina)
Central Volcanic Zone
 172 172 8 8–83[36] -2300 2300 BCE 4.3
5 Hekla Iceland 5.6 2310 BCE ±20 H4 tephra
5 Mount St. Helens Cascade Volcanic Arc 1.2 1.2 Un­known -2340 2340 BCE 4.3 Yb (Smith Creek)
5 Piton de la Fournaise Réunion 1.8 2700 BCE Bellecombe Ash Member
5 Ilyinsky
Kamchatka
 1.3 2850 BCE ZLT-tephra; IL-tephra
5 Água de Pau São Miguel Island, Azores 5.4 2990 BCE Fogo A
5 Lake Numazawa[27]
Honshū
 4.71 3400 BCE
5 Shiveluch Kamchatka ≥ 2 3500 BCE
6 Mount Pinatubo Luzon Volcanic Arc 12 12? Un­known -3550 3550 BCE 5.5 Crow Valley eruptive period
7 Taal Volcano Luzon Volcanic Arc 150 150> 90 90[37] -3580 3580 BCE 5.5 Taal scoria pyroclastic flow
5 Shiveluch Kamchatka ≥ 2 3650 BCE
5 Kaguyak SW Alaska, Aleutian Arc 3.9 3850 BCE Caldera formation
6 Masaya Volcano Central America Volcanic Arc, Nicaragua 14.8 14.8 Un­known -4050 4050 BCE 6
5 Towada Honshū 9.18 4150 BCE eruption episode C
5 Apoyeque Central America Volcanic Arc, Nicaragua 1.9 4160 BCE ±30 Laguna Xiloá
5 Avachinsky Kamchatka 4.0 ≥ 4 Un­known -4340 4340 BCE 6.3 Tephra layer IAv12; AV4
6-7 Macauley Island Kermadec Islands 100 ⩽ 100 Un­known -4360 4360 BCE 6.3
5 Shiveluch Kamchatka ≥ 2 4400 BCE
5 Komagatake Hokkaidō 3 4600 BCE ±50 Ko-g
5 Nishiyama, Hachijō-jima Izu–Bonin–Mariana Arc 1.2 4650 BCE Mitsune-5 scoria
6 Mount Hudson
Southern Volcanic Zone
 18 18 Un­known -4750 4750 BCE 6.7
5 Ksudach Kamchatka 7.5 4900 BCE KS2
5 Tavui Bismarck Volcanic Arc 5.75 4946 BCE ±40 Raluan Pyroclastics
5 Hekla Iceland 1.7 5150 BCE H5 tephra
5 Ksudach Kamchatka 3 5200 BCE KS3
5 Ichinsky
Kamchatka
 2.5 5400 BCE
5 Shiveluch Kamchatka 1.2 5500 BCE
6 Lake Mashū
Hokkaidō
 18.6 18.6 Un­known -5550 5550 BCE 7.5 Ma-f/g/h/i/j
6 Khangar
Kamchatka
 15 15 Un­known -5700 5700 BCE 7.7 KHG tephra
5 Avachinsky Kamchatka 9 9 Un­known -5980 5980 BCE 7.9 Tephra layer IAv2
6 Menengai East African Rift 70 70 Un­known -6050 6050 BCE 8
5 Mount Tarawera Taupō Volcanic Zone 1.2 6060 BCE ±50 Haroharo (Te Horoa & other domes)
5 Makushin Volcano Unalaska, Aleutian Arc 7.5 6100 BCE ±50
6 Karkar Island Bismarck Volcanic Arc 20 20 Un­known -6318 6318 BCE 8.3 Wadau deposit
5 Kizimen
Kamchatka
 4.9 6400 BCE ±50 KZII
6 Karymsky
Kamchatka
 14.5 14.5 Un­known -6600 6600 BCE 8.6 Tephra layer KRM
5 Shiveluch Kamchatka 1 6800 BCE
5 Mount Tarumae Hokkaidō 1.9 6950 BCE Ta-d
5 Shiveluch Kamchatka ≥ 2 7150 BCE
5 Towada Honshū 2.5 7250 BCE eruption episode E
5 Shiveluch Kamchatka ≥ 1 7300 BCE
6 Mount Pinatubo Luzon Volcanic Arc 10 ⩾10 Un­known -7460 7460 BCE 9.4 Tayawan caldera, Pasbul eruptive period
5 Mount Tarawera Taupō Volcanic Zone 7560 BCE ±18 Lake Rotoma
6 Água de Pau São Miguel Island, Azores 11.5 11.5 Un­known -8000 8000 BCE 10 Inner Caldera Formation
7 Semisopochnoi Island Aleutian Arc 120 120 Un­known -8000 8000 BCE 10
5 Kizimen Kamchatka 4 8050 BCE KZI
6 Grímsvötn Iceland 15 15 Un­known -8230 8230 BCE 10.2 Saksunarvatn tephra
5 Lake Ngozi Great Rift Valley, Tanzania 7 8250 BCE Kitulo pumice
5 Towada Honshū 1.3 8250 BCE eruption episode F
6 Longonot Great Rift Valley, Kenya 50 50 Un­known -8910 8910 BCE 10.9
5 Mount Tongariro Taupō Volcanic Zone 1 9350 BCE
5 Mount Tongariro Taupō Volcanic Zone 1 9450 BCE Poutu Lapilli (Mangamate)
5 Mount Tongariro Taupō Volcanic Zone 1 9650 BCE

Exact year unknown

VEI Volcano/complex Volcanic arc/belt,
subregion, or hotspot 		Material volume bulk
(km3) 		Date
(earliest est.) 		Date
(latest est.) 		Tephra or eruption name
5 Sakurajima
Kyūshū
 1 1471 c.1471 1476 c.1476
5 Mount Pinatubo Luzon Volcanic Arc 1 1400 c.1400 1500 c.1500 Buag eruptive period
5 El Chichón Chiapanecan Volcanic Arc 2.8 1260 c.1260 1460 c.1460
5 Ubinas
Central Volcanic Zone
 2.8 1000 c.1000 1164 c.1164
5 Lake Mashū
Hokkaidō
 4.6 980 c.980 1180 c.1180 Ma-b
5 Puyehue Andean Volcanic Belt 4.32 0785 c.785 0935 c.935 MH tephra
6 Ceboruco Trans-Mexican Volcanic Belt 10.9 10.95 0730 c.730 1130 c.1130 Jala Pumice
5 El Chichón Chiapanecan Volcanic Arc > 1 0680 c.680 0880 c.880 tephra unit D
6 Pago Bismarck Volcanic Arc 20.0 20 0635 c.635 0785 c.785 Witori-Galilo tephra
5 Pago Bismarck Volcanic Arc 6 0600 c.600 0780 c.780 Witori-Kimbe 4 tephra
5 Opala
Kamchatka
 3.7 0560 c.560 0660 c.660 Baranii Amphitheatre crater
5 Pago Bismarck Volcanic Arc 6 0210 c.210 0410 c.410 Witori-Kimbe 3 tephra
6 Mount Churchill eastern Alaska 10.0 10 0145 c.145 0345 c.345 WRAn
6 Ksudach
Kamchatka
 18.5 18.5 0140 c.140 0340 c.340 KS1
5 Furnas São Miguel Island, Azores 1.54 -0020 20 BCE 0180 c.180 Tephra layer C
6 Apoyeque Central America Volcanic Arc, Nicaragua 18.0 18 -0150 150 BCE 0150 c.50
5 Masaya[6] Central America Volcanic Arc, Nicaragua 3.4 -0270 270 BCE -0070 70 BCE Masaya Tuff
5 Popocatépetl Trans-Mexican Volcanic Belt 3.2 -0500 500 BCE 0150 c.100 I.A1 Yellow Pumice
5 Mount Meager massif Garibaldi Volcanic Belt 0.1 ⩾ 1 -0610 610 BCE -0210 210 BCE
Bridge River eruption
5 Mount Tongariro Taupō Volcanic Zone 1.2 -0750 750 BCE -0350 350 BCE
5 Khodutka
Kamchatka
 1.25 -1030 1030 BCE -830 830 BCE KHD tephra
5 Yantarni Volcano SW Alaska, Aleutian Arc 1 -1300 1300 BCE -300 300 BCE
6 Pago Bismarck Volcanic Arc 30.0 30 -1530 1530 BCE -1210 1210 BCE Witori-Kimbe 2 tephra
5 Etna Campanian volcanic arc 0.2 1 -1550 1550 BCE -1450 1450 BCE
6 Mount Aniakchak SW Alaska, Aleutian Arc 50.0 50 -1636 1636 BCE -1446 1446 BCE Aniakch
5 Mount St. Helens Cascade Volcanic Arc 3.5 3.5 -1870 1870 BCE -1670 1670 BCE Ye (Smith Creek) ak II
5 Villarrica Andean Volcanic Belt 3.3 -2010 2010 BCE -1610 1610 BCE Pucón Ignimbrite
6 Black Peak SW Alaska, Aleutian Arc 30.0 30 -2050 2050 BCE -1750 1750 BCE
5 El Chichón Chiapanecan Volcanic Arc 2 -2130 2130 BCE -1930 1930 BCE Unit K (SI; Espindola 2000) Unit E (Macias 1997)
5 Mount Galunggung Sunda Arc, Java 1 -2400 2400 BCE -2100 2100 BCE
6 Mount Veniaminof SW Alaska, Aleutian Arc 50.1 > 50 -2455 2455 BCE -2153 2153 BCE V2
6 Mount Vesuvius Campanian volcanic arc 2.0 2.0 -2460 2460 BCE -2380 2380 BCE Avellino eruption
5 Phlegraean Fields Campanian volcanic arc 1.8 -2650 2650 BCE -1650 1650 BCE Agnano Monte Spina
5 Lake Ikeda Kyūshū 2.3 -2765 2765 BCE -2615 2615 BCE Ikeda-ko caldera, Tephra layer Ikp
5 Shiveluch Kamchatka > 1 -2920 2920 BCE -2320 2320 BCE SHdv
5-6 Fisher Caldera Unimak, Aleutian Arc 5.5 (DRE) -3245 3245 BCE -3095 3095 BCE Turquoise Cone
5 Chaitén Andean Volcanic Belt 4.7 -3320 3320 BCE -2880 2880 BCE Cha2/Mic2 tephra
5 Avachinsky Kamchatka 1.5 1.5 -3350 3350 BCE -3050 3050 BCE Tephra layer IAv20; AV3
5 Mount Tarawera Taupō Volcanic Zone 6 -3621 3621 BCE -3431 3431 BCE Whakatane tephra
5 Popocatépetl Trans-Mexican Volcanic Belt ⩾ 5 -4000 4000 BCE -3400 3400 BCE I.A1 Yellow Pumice
5 Apoyeque Central America Volcanic Arc, Nicaragua 1 -4050 4050 BCE -1050 1050 BCE W Chiltepe Peninsula, Mateare Tephra
6 Pago Bismarck Volcanic Arc 10.0 10 -4210 4210 BCE -3790 3790 BCE Witori-Kimbe 1 tephra
5 Hekla Iceland 1 -4210 4210 BCE -4010 4010 BCE Hekla Ö tephra
5 Mayor Island / Tūhua Taupō Volcanic Zone 1.6 -5260 5260 BCE -4860 4860 BCE Taratimi Bay
5 Puyehue Andean Volcanic Belt 1.66 -5230 5230 BCE -4930 4930 BCE PU-2 tephra
7 Kikai Caldera Ryukyu Islands 170 170–185[g] -5353 5353 BCE -5215 5215 BCE Akahoya eruption
7 Crater Lake
(as Mount Mazama)
Cascade Volcanic Arc
 120 120[h] -5832 5832 BCE -5734 5734 BCE Mazama Tephra
5-6 Crater Lake Cascade Volcanic Arc 8.9 > 9 -5950 5950 BCE -5850 5850 BCE Lower Pumice, Llao Rock
6 Mount Aniakchak Aleutian Arc 30.0 30 -7550 7550 BCE -5050 5050 BCE Aniakchak I
6 Tao-Rusyr Caldera Onekotan, Kuril Islands 55.0 55 -6438 6438 BCE -6258 6258 BCE
7 Kurile Lake
Kamchatka
 155 155 -6462 6462 BCE -6416 6416 BCE Ilinsky eruption
5 Pico de Orizaba Trans-Mexican Volcanic Belt 1 -6860 6860 BCE -6560 6560 BCE Upper Citlaltépetl ignimbrite
5-6 Mount Vesuvius Campanian volcanic arc 5.1 5.1 -7040 7040 BCE -6840 6840 BCE Mercato eruption
6 Okmok Caldera Umnak, Aleutian Arc 75 75 -8456 8456 BCE -6096 6096 BCE Okmok I
6
Morne Trois Pitons
 Dominica, Lesser Antilles island arc 58 58 -7535 7535 BCE -7347 7347 BCE PPR3 - Link fall
5 Shiveluch Kamchatka ≥ 2 -7550 7550 BCE -7250 7250 BCE
5 Calbuco Southern Chile & Argentina 1 -7585 7585 BCE -5935 5935 BCE Ca8 tephra layer
5 Chaitén Andean Volcanic Belt 3.54 -7950 7950 BCE -7550 7550 BCE Cha1 tephra
5 Roundtop Volcano Unimak, Aleutian Arc 7 -8100 8100 BCE -7100 7100 BCE
6 Ulleung South Korea 28.5 28.5 -8305 8305 BCE[40] -8227 8227 BCE[40] Ulleungdo-Oki tephra
5 Taupō Volcano Taupō Volcanic Zone 4.8 -8330 8330 BCE -7930 7930 BCE Unit E (Opepe Tephra)
5 Calbuco Southern Chile & Argentina 1 -8615 8615 BCE -8305 8305 BCE Ca1 tephra layer
6 Lvinaya Past Kuril Islands 75 75 -8756 8756 BCE -8614 8614 BCE
6 Aira
Kyūshū
 12 -9050 9050 BCE -7050 7050 BCE Wakamiko Caldera
5 Askja Iceland 3.45 -9110 9110 BCE -8710 8710 BCE Dyngjufjöll Tephra
7 Fisher Caldera Unimak, Aleutian Arc 142 142[i] -9114 9114 BCE -8330 8330 BCE Fisher Tuff
5 Taupō Volcano Taupō Volcanic Zone 1 -9315 9315 BCE -9165 9165 BCE 4 km W of Te Kohaiakahu Point, Unit C (Poronui)
5 Taupō Volcano Taupō Volcanic Zone 1.4 -9660 9660 BCE -9260 9260 BCE
5 Hijiori
Honshū
 2.3 -10050 10050 BCE -9050 9050 BCE Obanazawa Pumice

See also

Notes

  1. ^ Similar in scale to Mount St. Helens in 1980.[12][13]
  2. ^ At least three different volcanic eruptions contributed to the sulfate spike[18]
  3. ^ May have triggered the Little Ice Age[25]
  4. ^ Radical and far-ranging global effects. At least three separate eruptions contributed to the sulfate spike and climatic impact.
  5. ^ Sources give either ±5 or ±10
  6. ^ First definite record of a volcanic eruption written by Pliny the Younger in 79 AD.
  7. ^ 70–80 DRE[38]
  8. ^ 61 DRE[39]
  9. ^ 10–100 DRE[41]

References

  1. ^ "Tonga volcano triggered seafloor debris stampede". BBC News. 2023-09-08. Retrieved 2023-09-09.
  2. ^ Cronin, Shane (12 January 2023). "A year on, we know why the Tongan eruption was so violent. It's a wake-up call to watch other submarine volcanoes". The Conversation. Retrieved 2023-09-09.
  3. S2CID 128420641
    .
  4. doi:10.1007/s00445-008-0234-x
  5. S2CID 129044198
    .
  6. ^
    S2CID 131663534
    .
  7. ^ "Mt. Pinatubo, Luzon, Philippines". National Geophysical Data Center (U.S. NOAA). Retrieved December 2, 2007.
  8. S2CID 128818475
    .
  9. S2CID 128515240
    .
  10. ^ "Mount St. Helens – From the 1980 eruption to 2000". United States Geological Survey. 2000. Fact Sheet 036-00. Retrieved 2006-11-12.
  11. ISSN 0377-0273
    .
  12. S2CID 129408765
    .
  13. ^ Kirianov, Vladimir Yu (1994). "Volcanic Ash in Kamchatka as a Source of Potential Hazard to Air Traffic" (PDF). In Casadevall, Thomas J. (ed.). Volcanic Ash and Aviation Safety: Proceedings of the First International Symposium on Volcanic Ash and Aviation Safety. U.S. Geological Survey Bulletin. Vol. 2047. p. 60.
  14. ^ Rebolledo, Alejandro; Castruccio, Angelo; Aravena, Álvaro (2022). "Effusive–explosive transition on eruptions at Quizapu volcano: Re-analysis of the 1846-1847 and 1932 eruptions and conduit flow modeling". IAVCEI Scientific Assembly 2023: 883.
  15. ^ a b Hildreth, Wes; Fierstein, Judy (2012). The Novarupta-Katmai Eruption of 1912—Largest Eruption of the Twentieth Century: Centennial Perspectives. U.S. Geological Survey Professional Paper 1791, 259 p.
  16. S2CID 189890473
    .
  17. doi:10.1016/j.jvolgeores.2014.08.020
    .
  18. S2CID 181849906
    .
  19. ^ South Dakota State University (December 7, 2009). "Undocumented volcano contributed to extremely cold decade from 1810-1819". ScienceDaily.
  20. S2CID 216171098
    .
  21. S2CID 4392636
    .
  22. S2CID 209392997
    .
  23. S2CID 129649755
    .
  24. S2CID 127929333
    .
  25. ^ Klemetti, Erik (September 30, 2013). "Samalas in Indonesia Identified as Source of the 1257 A.D. 'Missing' Eruption". WIRED. Archived from the original on March 30, 2014.
  26. S2CID 239461051
    .
  27. ^ a b Yamamoto, Takahiro (2014). "Cumulative volume step-diagrams for eruptive magmas from major Quaternary volcanoes in Japan". gsj.jp (in Japanese). National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and Technology. Retrieved 2021-01-04.
  28. PMID 32989145
    .
  29. S2CID 202190161
    .
  30. ^ start from 1950 CE
  31. S2CID 53577642
    .
  32. ISBN 978-0-87590-436-8
    , retrieved 2023-01-22
  33. PMID 37120623
    .
  34. PMID 30467408
    .
  35. S2CID 218936429
    .
  36. S2CID 212955749
    .
  37. doi:10.25392/leicester.data.20342964.v1
  38. doi:10.1016/j.jvolgeores.2007.05.003
    .
  39. S2CID 211038738
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  40. ^
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  41. doi:10.1016/j.jvolgeores.2004.08.006
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