Mount Hudson
Mount Hudson | |
---|---|
Cerro Hudson | |
Highest point | |
Elevation | 1,905 m (6,250 ft) |
Coordinates | 45°55′S 72°57′W / 45.92°S 72.95°W[1] |
Naming | |
Etymology | Named after Francisco Hudson |
Geography | |
Parent range | Andes |
Geology | |
Mountain type | Caldera |
Volcanic arc/belt | Southern Volcanic Zone |
Last eruption | 2011 |
Mount Hudson (
The volcano erupted numerous times in the late Pleistocene[a] and Holocene[b], forming widespread tephra deposits both in the proximity of Hudson and in the wider region, and is the most active volcano in the region. The last eruption was in 2011.
Four large eruptions took place in 17,300–17,440
Geography and geomorphology
Mount Hudson lies in the Andes of southern Chile,
The
The volcano is a 10-kilometre-wide (6 mi) ice-filled
The caldera is filled with about 2.5 cubic kilometres (0.6 cu mi) of 40-metre (130 ft) thick ice,[31] forming an ice surface at about 1,505 to 1,520 metres (4,940 to 4,990 ft) elevation. Ice flows out of the northwestern margin of the caldera and forms the Ventisquero de los Huemules Glacier.[23] The Huemules Glacier is the largest glacier of Mount Hudson, being 11 kilometres (6.8 mi) long,[23] and the headwater of the Huemules River. The glacier is covered by tephra and its surface is at too low an altitude for the tephra to be buried under snow;[32][33] thus from the air the glacier looks like a lava flow.[28] A small crater lake is at its beginning and occupies a crater of the 1991 eruption.[28] Most of the ice in the caldera was destroyed by the 1971 eruption, but by 1979 it had built up again. During the 1991 eruption, cones surrounded by crevasses and small lakes formed in the ice. The recovery of the ice after the 1991 eruption was slower, and by 2002 Huemules was retreating.[34][33] During eruptions, pyroclastic material and lava can melt the ice.[35] Other glaciers emanating from the ice cap are the Desplayado, Bayo, Ibáñez, El Frio, Sorpresa Sur and Sorpresa Norte glaciers. They were up to 3 kilometres (1.9 mi) long in 1974 but have retreated since then.[23] Together with the Queulat Ice Cap, the Hudson glaciers make up a large part of the regional glacier inventory,[36] and have left well-preserved moraines.[37] The path of some of the glaciers may be influenced by local tectonic lineaments.[15] Numerous rivers originate on Hudson; clockwise from north to south they include the Rio Desplayado to the north, the Rio Bayo to the east, the Rio Ibáñez, the Rio Sorpresa Sur, Rio Sorpresa Norte all to the southeast, and the Huemules River to the northwest.[3] Volcanic activity might be responsible for fluctuations in the discharge of the Huemules River.[6]
Geology
Off the western coast of South America, the
West of Hudson and the
Hudson rises from the
Composition and magma plumbing system
Hudson has erupted a wide range of volcanic rocks.
The cone lavas include
Magma genesis processes can be complex in slab window areas, as melts derived from the asthenosphere that ascended through the window can take part.[10] Magmas ascending into Hudson halt about 6 to 24 kilometres (4 to 15 mi) underground and undergo a first phase of differentiation. Later the magma ascends into shallower reservoirs[58] and is then stored at a few kilometres depth before the large Holocene eruptions.[56] During historical eruptions, the vents opened up in the southwestern sector of the caldera.[59] Some magmas can bypass the magma chamber and directly ascend to the surface through faults, forming the volcanic cones surrounding Hudson.[60]
Climate and vegetation
The climate at Hudson is
The region is covered by
Eruption history
Hudson has been active for more than one million years.
During the
Holocene
Numerous explosive eruptions took place during the Holocene,[75] including three intense eruptions[20] among the largest of Holocene South America.[76] There is a regularity, with intense explosive eruptions occurring about every 3,870 years,[75] but their volumes have decreased over time and erupted rocks have become less mafic.[54] Smaller Plinian eruptions occur about every 500 to 1000 years.[77] Having erupted 55 times during the past 22,000 years,[41] Mount Hudson is the most active volcano in Patagonia[13] and of the southernmost SVZ.[i][8]
The Hudson caldera probably formed during the Holocene and grew incrementally.
Pyroclastic fall and tephra deposits
Date BP,[l] sources[87][88][19][89] unless given otherwise, margins of error omitted | Taitao marine core tephra[87] | Chonos Archipelago lacustrine tephra[88] | Juncal Alto[19] tephra layers[89] | Notes |
---|---|---|---|---|
19,860 | TL12 | |||
19,660 | TL11 | |||
19,600 | TL10 | |||
19,450 | TL9 | |||
18,900 | TL8 | |||
18,750 | TL7 | |||
17,350 | TL6 | |||
16,100/14,560/14,533[90] | TL5[87] | HW1[87] | Estimated volume of 0.05 cubic kilometres (0.012 cu mi)[90] | |
14,110/13,890/13,798[90] | TL4[87] | HW2[87] | Estimated volume of 0.05 cubic kilometres (0.012 cu mi)[90] | |
12,000/11,060/11,428[90] | TL3[87] | HW3[87] | Estimated volume of 0.05 cubic kilometres (0.012 cu mi)[90] | |
10,750 | TL2 | Tentatively assigned to Hudson[87] | ||
6,910/7,765[90] | T1 | Estimated volume of 1 cubic kilometre (0.24 cu mi)[90] | ||
6,700/7,540 | HW4 | T2 | H1 eruption[91][89] | |
5,840/7,221[90] | T3 | Estimated volume of 0.1 cubic kilometres (0.024 cu mi)[90] | ||
4,200/4,717[90] | T4 | Estimated volume of 1 cubic kilometre (0.24 cu mi)[90] | ||
3,840 | HW5 | T5 | H2 eruption[89] | |
2,740/2,558[90] | HW6 | Also found southeast of the volcano[92] and with an estimated volume of 0.05 cubic kilometres (0.012 cu mi)[90] | ||
2,070/2,054[90] | T6 | Estimated volume of 0.5 cubic kilometres (0.12 cu mi).[90] Also found in the Talos Dome, Antarctica[93][94] | ||
1,920/1,560 | TL1[87] | HW7[87] | Estimated volume of 0.05 cubic kilometres (0.012 cu mi).[90] The attribution of a tephra layer in the Talos Dome of Antarctica is questionable.[95] | |
1,090/1,072[90] | T7 | Estimated volume of 0.1 cubic kilometres (0.024 cu mi).[90] | ||
210/252[90] | T8 | Estimated volume of 0.1 cubic kilometres (0.024 cu mi).[90] | ||
-21 (1971 AD) | T9 |
An uncertain eruption may have occurred in 8,010
Significant eruptions and recent activity
H0 eruption: 17,300–17,440 BP
The H0 eruption took place between 17,440–17,300 BP[101] during late glacial times.[20] It is the largest known eruption of Hudson, yielding more than 20 cubic kilometres (4.8 cu mi)[m] of tephra, and may have initiated the growth of the caldera.[103] The eruption occurred during deglaciation and was probably caused by the unloading of the magmatic system, when the overlying ice melted.[104] The eruption occurred in several stages that yielded distinct rock compositions,[105] and like the 1991 AD eruption it included two distinct chemistries.[50] Basalt and trachyandesite were the dominant components.[54]
The tephra was emplaced northeastward. Its thickness exceeded 50 centimetres (20 in) up to present-day Coihaique and the border with Argentina.[106] Tephra from the H0 eruption has been found in Lago Churasco, Lago Élida, Lago Mellizas, Lago Quijada, Lago Toro, Lago Shaman and Lago Unco northeast of Hudson.[107] After the eruption had ended, winds redeposited the tephras over distances of 400 kilometres (250 mi).[108]
H1 eruption: 7,750 BP
The largest Holocene eruption of Hudson – and the largest in the southern Andes
Ash from the H1 eruption fell south-southeast from the volcano, extending over all of southern Patagonia
Impact on Tierra del Fuego
The green-brown tephra deposits in Tierra del Fuego were produced by this eruption.[110] On Tierra del Fuego, the H1 tephra covers an area exceeding 40,000 square kilometres (15,000 sq mi).[130] Thicknesses reach 4 to 20 centimetres (2 to 8 in),[117] thicker than deposits closer to the volcano.[131]
The H1 eruption had a severe impact on the environment of Tierra del Fuego, with the vegetation being buried by ash fall.
H2 eruption: 4,200 BP
The H2 eruption occurred about 4,200 years
Ash layers have been found at various sites close to the volcano, with
H3 eruption: 1991 AD
The 1991 Plinian eruption is known as the H3 eruption.
The initial phreatomagmatic eruption was basaltic.[147] The chemistry of the erupted rocks changed during the course of the eruption from trachyandesite to trachydacite,[75] perhaps due to fractional crystallization of phenocrysts or amphibole and magma mixing.[148] Initially, basaltic magma rose in the edifice and entered a trachyandesitic reservoir at 2 to 3 kilometres (1.2 to 1.9 mi) depth, until the stresses opened up another pathway along local-scale fractures. This formed the northwestern vent and associated lava flows. Later, the roof of the reservoir failed, allowing the trachyandesitic magma to ascend to the surface and form the southwestern vent.[149] The eruption may have been triggered by tectonic stress changes caused by the 1960 Valdivia earthquake.[150]
The eruption is the second-largest historic volcanic eruption in Chile, only behind the 1932
More than 4 cubic kilometres (1 cu mi) of tephra fell along two axes: A narrow northern one and a much wider and longer east-southeast trending axis from the volcano in southern
Intercontinental spread of ash
Winds transported the plume towards
The 1991 eruption of Hudson took place in the same year as the 1991 eruption of Mount Pinatubo.[171] The Pinatubo aerosols had already spread worldwide when Hudson erupted. Unlike the Pinatubo eruption, Hudson mostly produced volcanic ash which fell out more quickly.[167] However, the Hudson cloud led to substantial ozone loss over Antarctica and had comparable effects in the southern hemisphere to the Pinatubo eruption.[172]
Other historical activity
There are reports of historical eruptions in the late 19th century, but only an 1891 eruption can be attributed to Hudson.[173] There are single reports of eruptions in 1930[174] and 1965.[175] A crater in the centre-western sector of the caldera may have been active around 1973.[173] A lahar in that year killed a number of animals and two shepherds; it may either be non-volcanic[176] or due to a subglacial eruption. Other lahars may have occurred in 1972 and 1979.[147]
On the morning of 12 August 1971, tremors heralded the onset of a new eruption.[14] It lasted for three days and reached a volcanic explosivity index of 3 to 4,[173] smaller than the 1991 eruption.[10] An eruption column rose 5 to 12 kilometres (3 to 7 mi) above the volcano and deposited tephra to the east into the South Atlantic Ocean.[173] Ashfall buried pastures[7] and left deposits in lakes of the Chonos Archipelago.[177] A lahar descended the Huemules River, killing at least five people and damaging houses and farms.[173] The lahar dragged blocks of ice along,[178] swept the valley clear of trees and produced a pumice raft in the sea off the mouth of the Huemules River.[179] No pyroclastic flows formed during this eruption,[14] while subglacial lava flows may[154] or may not have formed.[14]
During the 1990s, episodes of volcanic gas release killed animals in the Huemules valley. They do not appear to be linked to (visible) volcanic activity.[180]
The last eruption was in October 2011,
Between 1991 and 2008, uplift took place at the volcano. Initially at a pace of 5 centimetres per year (2 in/year), after 2004 it decreased to a rate of 2 centimetres per year (0.8 in/year).[183] The uplift was probably caused by the entry of new magma in Hudson's plumbing system.[147] Presently, shallow seismicity takes place under Hudson and south of it, between 0 to 10 kilometres (0 to 6 mi) underground, and is probably related to volcanic activity.[184]
Hazards
The 1991 eruption has drawn attention to hazards stemming from Hudson and other Patagonian volcanoes.[185] About 84,000 people[186] live within 50 kilometres (31 mi) of Hudson.[9] Despite the low population density in the regions of Argentina downwind of Hudson, ash fall could cause serious impacts on farming and animal husbandry.[164]
Most eruptions led to tephra fallout around the volcano, with more intense eruptions producing pyroclastic flows outside of the caldera. Mudflows caused by melting of ice or erosion of tephra and pyroclastic deposits have occurred in the Huemules and Ibáñez valleys.[180]
After the 1991 eruption of Hudson, the Argentine
Notes
- ^ The epoch between 2,58 million and 11,700 years ago[2]
- ^ The epoch beginning 11,700 years ago[2]
- ^ One source claims that it's technically the correct name of the volcano, giving the name "Hudson" to a different mountain.[7]
- ^ While it is often stated that the 1971 eruption led to its recognition as a volcano,[11] an unpublished report about the caldera was written in 1970.[12][13]
- ^ It appears to consist of two or three nested calderas.[24]
- ^ The epoch between about 145 and 66 million years ago[2]
- ^ The epoch beginning 23.03 million years ago[2]
- ^ Including amphibole[38]
- ^ Formerly it was thought that it had been largely inactive during the past 10,000 years.[14]
- ^ A lahar is a volcanic mudflow[78]
- argon-argon dating.[66]
- ^ Conversion of CE to BP by adding 1950, and from AD by subtracting the AD from 1950
- ^ Which may be an overestimate.[102]
- ^ Older date estimates are 8260[109] or 6700 BP.[26]
- ^ Older estimates of its age are 3600[114] or 3920 BP[20]
- ^ Not fluorosis, as is commonly reported.[162]
References
- ^ a b GVP 2023, General Information.
- ^ a b c d ICC 2018.
- ^ a b c d e f Naranjo S., Moreno R. & Banks 1993, p. 6.
- ^ a b c Weller et al. 2014, p. 2.
- ^ Sánchez 1905, p. 33.
- ^ a b c Fuenzalida & Espinosa 1974, p. 1.
- ^ a b GVP 2023, Bulletin Report CSLP 80-71.
- ^ a b Amigo & Bertin 2014, p. 6.
- ^ a b Geoffroy & Ciocca 2023, p. 40.
- ^ a b c d e f g h Gutiérrez et al. 2005, p. 208.
- ^ a b c d e f g Weller et al. 2014, p. 4.
- ^ Fuenzalida & Espinosa 1974, p. 3.
- ^ a b Naranjo & Stern 1998, p. 291.
- ^ a b c d e Best 1992, p. 301.
- ^ a b Fuenzalida-Ponce 1974, p. 79.
- ^ a b c Amigo & Bertin 2014, p. 7.
- ^ a b c d e f Gutiérrez et al. 2005, p. 209.
- ^ Gutiérrez et al. 2005, pp. 209, 216.
- ^ a b c d Naranjo & Stern 1998, p. 292.
- ^ a b c d e f Weller et al. 2014, p. 3.
- ^ a b c Kratzmann et al. 2009, p. 420.
- ^ De Pascale et al. 2021, p. 9.
- ^ a b c d e f g Naranjo S., Moreno R. & Banks 1993, p. 9.
- ^ a b c Orihashi et al. 2004, Hudson Volcano 1.
- ^ a b c Parra & Figueroa 1999, p. 468.
- ^ a b c d e f Gutiérrez et al. 2005, p. 215.
- ^ Weller et al. 2015, p. 5.
- ^ a b c d Gutiérrez et al. 2005, p. 213.
- ^ Fuenzalida & Espinosa 1974, p. 2.
- ^ Vandekerkhove et al. 2016, p. 504.
- ^ a b c d GVP 2023, Bulletin Report BGVN 16:07.
- ^ a b c Gutiérrez et al. 2005, p. 212.
- ^ a b Rivera & Bown 2013, p. 350.
- ^ Masiokas et al. 2009, p. 245.
- ^ Barr et al. 2018, p. 196.
- ^ Cooper et al. 2021, p. 663.
- ^ Cooper et al. 2021, p. 674.
- ^ a b Stern & Naranjo 2015, p. 426.
- ^ a b Gutiérrez et al. 2005, p. 229.
- ^ Kilian, Ippach & Lopez-Escobar 1993, p. 386.
- ^ a b Weller et al. 2015, p. 22.
- ^ Gutiérrez et al. 2005, p. 210.
- ^ Kratzmann et al. 2010, p. 238.
- ^ Gutiérrez et al. 2005, p. 211.
- ^ De Pascale et al. 2021, p. 1.
- ^ Fuenzalida-Ponce 1974, p. 80.
- ^ Kratzmann et al. 2010, p. 255.
- ^ Stern & Naranjo 2015, p. 424.
- ^ Gutiérrez et al. 2005, p. 216.
- ^ a b Weller et al. 2014, p. 12.
- ^ Gutiérrez et al. 2005, pp. 215–216.
- ^ Gutiérrez et al. 2005, p. 222.
- ^ Gutiérrez et al. 2005, pp. 225–226.
- ^ a b c d e Weller et al. 2014, p. 16.
- ^ Gutiérrez et al. 2005, p. 227.
- ^ a b Kratzmann et al. 2010, p. 261.
- ^ Lachowycz et al. 2016.
- ^ Kratzmann et al. 2010, p. 262.
- ^ Delgado et al. 2014, p. 14.
- ^ Gutiérrez et al. 2005, p. 228.
- ^ a b c Garvey et al. 2023, p. 367.
- ^ a b c d Haberle & Lumley 1998, p. 241.
- ^ Simi et al. 2017, p. 846.
- ^ Simi et al. 2017, p. 847.
- ^ Watt, Pyle & Mather 2013, p. 83.
- ^ a b Orihashi et al. 2004, Hudson Volcano 2.
- ^ a b Orihashi et al. 2004, DISCUSSION AND CONCLUSION: EVOLUTION OF HUDSON AND LAUTARO VOLCANOES HUDSON VOLCANO.
- ^ Smith et al. 2019, p. 150.
- ^ Mardones et al. 2011, p. 376.
- ^ a b Watt, Pyle & Mather 2013, p. 84.
- ^ Mardones et al. 2011, p. 381.
- ^ a b Weller et al. 2014, pp. 13–14.
- ^ Watt, Pyle & Mather 2013, p. 87.
- ^ Carel, Siani & Delpech 2011, p. 99.
- ^ a b c d e f g h Weller et al. 2014, p. 5.
- ^ a b Kratzmann et al. 2010, p. 237.
- ^ GVP 2023, Bulletin Report BGVN 20:02.
- ^ Bobrowsky 2013, Lahar.
- ^ Amigo & Bertin 2014, pp. 9–10.
- ^ Amigo & Bertin 2014, p. 10.
- ^ Gutiérrez et al. 2005, p. 231.
- ^ Weller et al. 2015, p. 1.
- ^ Kurbatov et al. 2006, p. 7.
- ^ Weller et al. 2015, p. 11.
- ^ Haberle & Lumley 1998, p. 254.
- ^ Haberle & Lumley 1998, p. 247.
- ^ a b c d e f g h i j k Carel, Siani & Delpech 2011, p. 104.
- ^ a b Haberle & Lumley 1998, p. 253.
- ^ a b c d e f GVP 2023, Eruption history.
- ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q r s t u Watt, Pyle & Mather 2013, p. 82.
- ^ Haberle & Lumley 1998, p. 250.
- ^ Weller et al. 2015, p. 6.
- ^ Narcisi et al. 2012, p. 60.
- ^ Naranjo & Stern 1998, p. 297.
- ^ Del Carlo et al. 2018, p. 166.
- ^ Amigo & Bertin 2014, p. 8.
- ^ Koffman et al. 2023, p. 6.
- ^ Del Carlo et al. 2018, p. 167.
- ^ Naranjo & Stern 1998, p. 305.
- ^ Carel, Siani & Delpech 2011, p. 109.
- ^ Weller et al. 2014, p. 9.
- ^ Bertrand et al. 2014, p. 2571.
- ^ Weller et al. 2014, p. 13.
- ^ Mora & Tassara 2019, p. 1556.
- ^ Weller et al. 2014, p. 6.
- ^ Weller et al. 2014, p. 8.
- ^ Weller et al. 2014, pp. 7, 8, 13.
- ^ Smith et al. 2019, p. 152.
- ^ a b Stern & Weller 2012, p. 878.
- ^ a b Franklin 2022, p. 13.
- ^ a b Smith et al. 2019, p. 142.
- ^ a b Naranjo & Stern 1998, p. 300.
- ^ Vanneste, Wils & Van Daele 2018, p. 9862.
- ^ a b c Kratzmann et al. 2010, p. 239.
- ^ Naranjo & Stern 1998, pp. 305–306.
- ^ Naranjo & Stern 1998, p. 306.
- ^ a b Franklin 2022, p. 14.
- ^ Stern 2008, p. 444.
- ^ Prieto, Stern & Estévez 2013, p. 4.
- ^ Kurbatov et al. 2006, p. 14.
- ^ Prieto, Stern & Estévez 2013, pp. 10–11.
- ^ a b Prieto, Stern & Estévez 2013, p. 11.
- ^ Franklin 2022, p. 23.
- ^ Aschero 2021, p. 51.
- ^ Turbon, Arenas & Cuadras 2017, p. 310.
- ^ Charlin 2009, p. 58.
- ^ Stern 2018, p. 196.
- ^ Fernández et al. 2020, p. 214.
- ^ Orquera 2005, p. 110.
- ^ Stern 2008, p. 451.
- ^ Naranjo & Stern 1998, p. 299.
- ^ Fernández et al. 2020, p. 210.
- ^ Franklin 2022, p. 16.
- ^ Franklin 2022, p. 28.
- ^ Franklin 2022, p. 15.
- ^ Prieto, Stern & Estévez 2013, p. 9.
- ^ Prieto, Stern & Estévez 2013, p. 12.
- ^ Franklin 2022, p. 26.
- ^ a b c d Panaretos et al. 2021, p. 4.
- ^ a b c Naranjo & Stern 1998, p. 301.
- ^ Mardones et al. 2011, p. 389.
- ^ Naranjo & Stern 1998, pp. 291–292.
- ^ Panaretos et al. 2021, p. 3.
- ^ Franklin 2022, p. 12.
- ^ Naranjo S., Moreno R. & Banks 1993, p. 11.
- ^ Naranjo S., Moreno R. & Banks 1993, pp. 25, 27.
- ^ a b c d Delgado et al. 2014, p. 2.
- ^ Weller et al. 2014, p. 15.
- ^ Kratzmann et al. 2009, p. 436.
- ^ Marzocchi, Casarotti & Piersanti 2002, p. 7.
- ^ Evangelista et al. 2022, p. 7.
- ^ Evangelista et al. 2022, p. 12.
- ^ a b GVP 2023, Photo Gallery.
- ^ a b Barr et al. 2018, p. 193.
- ^ a b Naranjo S., Moreno R. & Banks 1993, p. 12.
- ^ Iribarren Anacona, Mackintosh & Norton 2015, p. 2.
- ^ Naranjo S., Moreno R. & Banks 1993, p. 27.
- ^ GVP 2023, Bulletin Report BGVN 16:11.
- ^ a b GVP 2023, Bulletin Report BGVN 16:09.
- ^ Kratzmann et al. 2010, p. 240.
- ^ a b Geoffroy & Ciocca 2023, p. 43.
- ^ GVP 2023, Bulletin Report BGVN 16:10.
- ^ GVP 2023, Bulletin Report BGVN 16:09-10.
- ^ a b Perucca & Moreiras 2009, p. 288.
- ^ Miotti, Salemme & Hermo 2022, p. 426.
- ^ Evangelista et al. 2022, p. 8.
- ^ a b Evangelista et al. 2022, p. 2.
- ^ Evangelista et al. 2022, p. 10.
- ^ Evangelista et al. 2022, p. 9.
- ^ Malek et al. 2019, p. 207.
- ^ Evangelista et al. 2022, p. 1.
- ^ Case et al. 2017.
- ^ a b c d e Naranjo S., Moreno R. & Banks 1993, p. 10.
- ^ Torrent, Herrera & Bustamante 2016, p. 73.
- ^ Lange et al. 2008, p. 16.
- ^ GVP 2023, Bulletin Report CSLP 43-73.
- ^ Haberle & Lumley 1998, p. 244.
- ^ Iribarren Anacona, Mackintosh & Norton 2015, p. 15.
- ^ Best 1992, p. 303.
- ^ a b Amigo & Bertin 2014, p. 11.
- ^ Delgado et al. 2014, p. 16.
- ^ a b c GVP 2023, Bulletin Report BGVN 38:12.
- ^ Rivera & Bown 2013, p. 348.
- ^ Agurto-Detzel et al. 2014, p. 8.
- ^ Mateo 2008, p. 6.
- ^ Geoffroy & Ciocca 2023, p. 41.
- ^ Garcia & Badi 2021, p. 23.
- ^ Geoffroy & Ciocca 2023, p. 44.
- ^ Amigo & Bertin 2014, p. 27.
- ^ Geoffroy & Ciocca 2023, p. 49.
Sources
- Agurto-Detzel, Hans; Rietbrock, Andreas; Bataille, Klaus; Miller, Matthew; Iwamori, Hikaru; Priestley, Keith (April 2014). "Seismicity distribution in the vicinity of the Chile Triple Junction, Aysén Region, southern Chile". Journal of South American Earth Sciences. 51: 1–11. .
- Amigo, A.; Bertin, D. (2014). Peligros del volcán Hudson, Región Aysén del General Carlos Ibáñez del Campo (PDF) (Report). Carta Geológica de Chile, Serie Geología Ambiental 20 (in Spanish). Santiago: Servicio Nacional de Geología y Minería. Retrieved 4 February 2024.
- Aschero, Carlos (16 December 2021). "Imágenes y contenidos. Un caso de Cueva de las Manos, 9400-7700 años AP. (Río Pinturas, Santa Cruz)". Anuario TAREA (in Spanish) (8): 48–76. ISSN 2469-0422.
- Barr, Iestyn D.; Lynch, Colleen M.; Mullan, Donal; De Siena, Luca; Spagnolo, Matteo (July 2018). "Volcanic impacts on modern glaciers: A global synthesis". Earth-Science Reviews. 182: 186–203. S2CID 135327483.
- Bertrand, Sébastien; Daga, Romina; Bedert, Robin; Fontijn, Karen (December 2014). "Deposition of the 2011-2012 Cordón Caulle tephra (Chile, 40°S) in lake sediments: Implications for tephrochronology and volcanology: Tephra deposition in lake sediments". Journal of Geophysical Research: Earth Surface. 119 (12): 2555–2573. S2CID 134154972.
- Best, James L (April 1992). "Sedimentology and event timing of a catastrophic volcaniclastic mass flow, Volcan Hudson, Southern Chile". Bulletin of Volcanology. 54 (4): 299–318. S2CID 140699337.
- Bobrowsky, P.T., ed. (2013). Encyclopedia of Natural Hazards. Encyclopedia of Earth Sciences Series. Springer, Dordrecht. ISBN 978-1-4020-4399-4.
- Carel, Mélanie; Siani, Giuseppe; Delpech, Guillaume (December 2011). "Tephrostratigraphy of a deep-sea sediment sequence off the south Chilean margin: New insight into the Hudson volcanic activity since the last glacial period". Journal of Volcanology and Geothermal Research. 208 (3–4): 99–111. .
- Case, P. A.; Colarco, P. R.; Toon, B.; Aquila, V. (December 2017). Deconvolving the atmospheric impacts of the 1991 eruptions of Mount Pinatubo and Cerro Hudson. American Geophysical Union, Fall Meeting 2017. Bibcode:2017AGUFM.A21I2275C.
- Charlin, Judith (2009). "Aprovisionamiento, explotación y circulación de obsidianas durante el holoceno tardío en Pali Aike (provincia de Santa Cruz)". Relaciones de la Sociedad Argentina de Antropología (in Spanish). 34.
- Cooper, Emma-Louise; Thorndycraft, Varyl R.; Davies, Bethan J.; Palmer, Adrian P.; García, Juan-Luis (1 December 2021). "Glacial geomorphology of the former Patagonian Ice Sheet (44–46 °S)". Journal of Maps. 17 (2): 661–681. S2CID 245064581.
- Del Carlo, Paola; Di Roberto, Alessio; D'Orazio, Massimo; Petrelli, Maurizio; Angioletti, Andrea; Zanchetta, Giovanni; Maggi, Valter; Daga, Romina; Nazzari, Manuela; Rocchi, Sergio (September 2018). "Late Glacial-Holocene tephra from southern Patagonia and Tierra del Fuego (Argentina, Chile): A complete textural and geochemical fingerprinting for distal correlations in the Southern Hemisphere". Quaternary Science Reviews. 195: 153–170. S2CID 135055583.
- Delgado, Francisco; Pritchard, Matthew; Lohman, Rowena; Naranjo, José Antonio (May 2014). "The 2011 Hudson volcano eruption (Southern Andes, Chile): Pre-eruptive inflation and hotspots observed with InSAR and thermal imagery". Bulletin of Volcanology. 76 (5). S2CID 129659146.
- De Pascale, Gregory P.; Froude, Melanie; Penna, Ivanna; Hermanns, Reginald L.; Sepúlveda, Sergio A.; Moncada, Daniel; Persico, Mario; Easton, Gabriel; Villalobos, Angelo; Gutiérrez, Francisco (17 December 2021). "Author Correction: Liquiñe-Ofqui's fast slipping intra-volcanic arc crustal faulting above the subducted Chile Ridge". Scientific Reports. 11 (1): 24405. PMID 34921212.
- Evangelista, Heitor; Castagna, Alexandre; Correia, Alexandre; Potocki, Mariusz; Aquino, Francisco; Alencar, Alexandre; Mayewski, Paul; Kurbatov, Andrei; Jaña, Ricardo; Nogueira, Juliana; Licinio, Marcus; Alves, Elaine; Simões, Jefferson C. (8 April 2022). "The 1991 explosive Hudson volcanic eruption as a geochronological marker for the Northern Antarctic Peninsula". Anais da Academia Brasileira de Ciências. 94 (suppl 1): e20210810. S2CID 248139547.
- Fernández, Marilén; Ponce, Juan Federico; Zangrando, Francisco J.; Borromei, Ana María; Musotto, Lorena Laura; Alunni, Daniela; Vázquez, Martín (May 2020). "Relationships between terrestrial animal exploitation, marine hunter-gatherers and palaeoenvironmental conditions during the Middle-Late Holocene in the Beagle Channel region (Tierra del Fuego)". Quaternary International. 549: 208–217. S2CID 134055720.
- Franklin, William L. (July 2022). "Guanaco colonisation of Tierra del Fuego Island from mainland Patagonia: Walked, swam, or by canoe?". Geo: Geography and Environment. 9 (2). S2CID 250635602.
- Fuenzalida, Ricardo P.; Espinosa, Walter N. (1974). Hallazgo de una caldera volcánica en la Provincia de Aisén (Report). Revistas de Recursos Naturales de Chile (in Spanish). Archived from the original on November 23, 2023.
- Fuenzalida-Ponce, R (September 1974). Gonzalez-Ferran, O (ed.). The Hudson volcano. Proc Symp Andean & Antarctic Volcanology Problems. Santiago, Chile: IAVCEI. pp. 78–87.
- Garcia, Sebastian; Badi, Gabriela (1 November 2021). "Towards the development of the first permanent volcano observatory in Argentina". Volcanica. 4 (S1): 21–48. S2CID 240436373.
- Garvey, Raven; Carrasco, Eduardo Silva; Solís, Constanza Roa; Bortolaso, Camila Charó (June 2023). "Prehistoric Human Occupation of Southern Andean Forests: Evidence from Alero Largo, Aysén, Chilean Patagonia". Latin American Antiquity. 34 (2): 366–384. S2CID 248787969.
- Geoffroy, Carolina; Ciocca, Isabella (20 July 2023). "Los peligros volcánicos en la planificación urbana en Chile". Revista de Estudios Latinoamericanos sobre Reducción del Riesgo de Desastres REDER (in Spanish). 7 (2): 36–56. S2CID 260044573.
- "Cerro Hudson". Global Volcanism Program. Smithsonian Institution. Retrieved 23 November 2023.
- Gutiérrez, F.; Gioncada, A.; González Ferran, O.; Lahsen, A.; Mazzuoli, R. (July 2005). "The Hudson Volcano and surrounding monogenetic centres (Chilean Patagonia): An example of volcanism associated with ridge–trench collision environment". Journal of Volcanology and Geothermal Research. 145 (3–4): 207–233. .
- Haberle, Simon G.; Lumley, Susie H. (September 1998). "Age and origin of tephras recorded in postglacial lake sediments to the west of the southern Andes, 44°S to 47°S". Journal of Volcanology and Geothermal Research. 84 (3–4): 239–256. .
- "International Chronostratigraphic Chart" (PDF). International Commission on Stratigraphy. August 2018. Archived from the original (PDF) on 31 July 2018. Retrieved 22 October 2018.
- Iribarren Anacona, Pablo; Mackintosh, Andrew; Norton, Kevin Patrick (January 2015). "Hazardous processes and events from glacier and permafrost areas: lessons from the Chilean and Argentinean Andes". Earth Surface Processes and Landforms. 40 (1): 2–21. S2CID 129032404.
- Kilian, R.; Ippach, P.; Lopez-Escobar, L. (September 1993). Geology, geochemistry and recent activity of the Hudson volcano, Southern Chile. Géodynamique Andine : Symposium International, 2. Oxford: ORSTOM. pp. 385–388. ISSN 0767-2896.
- Koffman, Bess G.; Goldstein, Steven L.; Winckler, Gisela; Kaplan, Michael R.; Bolge, Louise; Biscaye, Pierre (April 2023). "Abrupt Changes in Atmospheric Circulation During the Medieval Climate Anomaly and Little Ice Age Recorded by Sr-Nd Isotopes in the Siple Dome Ice Core, Antarctica". Paleoceanography and Paleoclimatology. 38 (4). S2CID 257683043.
- Kratzmann, David J; Carey, Steven; Scasso, Roberto; Naranjo, Jose-Antonio (May 2009). "Compositional variations and magma mixing in the 1991 eruptions of Hudson volcano, Chile". Bulletin of Volcanology. 71 (4): 419–439. S2CID 195240386.
- Kratzmann, David J.; Carey, Steven; Scasso, Roberto A.; Naranjo, Jose-Antonio (February 2010). "Role of cryptic amphibole crystallization in magma differentiation at Hudson volcano, Southern Volcanic Zone, Chile". Contributions to Mineralogy and Petrology. 159 (2): 237–264. S2CID 129692378.
- Kurbatov, A. V.; Zielinski, G. A.; Dunbar, N. W.; Mayewski, P. A.; Meyerson, E. A.; Sneed, S. B.; Taylor, K. C. (27 June 2006). "A 12,000 year record of explosive volcanism in the Siple Dome Ice Core, West Antarctica". Journal of Geophysical Research: Atmospheres. 111 (D12). .
- Lachowycz, S.; Fontijn, K.; Smith, V.; Pyle, D. M.; Mather, T. A.; Mee, K.; Rawson, H. L.; Naranjo, J. A. (December 2016). Revision of the Post-Glacial Explosive Eruption History of Hudson Volcano (Chile) Using Tephrostratigraphy. American Geophysical Union, Fall Meeting 2016. Bibcode:2016AGUFM.V11A2757L.
- Lange, D.; Cembrano, J.; Rietbrock, A.; Haberland, C.; Dahm, T.; Bataille, K. (July 2008). "First seismic record for intra-arc strike-slip tectonics along the Liquiñe-Ofqui fault zone at the obliquely convergent plate margin of the southern Andes". Tectonophysics. 455 (1–4): 14–24. .
- Malek, Md Abdul; Eom, Hyo-Jin; Hwang, Heejin; Hur, Soon Do; Hong, Sungmin; Hou, Shugui; Ro, Chul-Un (January 2019). "Single particle mineralogy of microparticles from Himalayan ice-cores using SEM/EDX and ATR-FTIR imaging techniques for identification of volcanic ash signatures". Chemical Geology. 504: 205–215. S2CID 134692024.
- Mardones, Maria; Gonzalez, Liubow; King, Robert; Campos, Eduardo (9 August 2011). "Holocene glacial variations in Central Patagonia, Aisen, Chile: geomorphological evidences". Andean Geology (in Spanish). 38 (2): 371–392. ISSN 0718-7106.
- Marzocchi, Warner; Casarotti, Emanuele; Piersanti, Antonio (November 2002). "Modeling the stress variations induced by great earthquakes on the largest volcanic eruptions of the 20th century". Journal of Geophysical Research: Solid Earth. 107 (B11): 2320. .
- Masiokas, Mariano H.; Rivera, Andrés; Espizua, Lydia E.; Villalba, Ricardo; Delgado, Silvia; Aravena, Juan Carlos (October 2009). "Glacier fluctuations in extratropical South America during the past 1000years". Palaeogeography, Palaeoclimatology, Palaeoecology. 281 (3–4): 242–268. .
- Mateo, Mateo (9 December 2008). "Registro Histórico de Antecedentes Volcánicos y Sísmicos en la Patagonia Austral y la Tierra del Fuego. Historic Record of Volcanic and Seismic Precedents in Southern Patagonia and Tierra del Fuego". Magallania (in Spanish). 36 (2): 5–18. ISSN 0718-2244.
- Miotti, Laura; Salemme, Monica; Hermo, Darío, eds. (2022). Archaeology of Piedra Museo Locality: An Open Window to the Early Population of Patagonia. The Latin American Studies Book Series. Cham: Springer International Publishing. S2CID 246573778.
- Mora, David; Tassara, Andrés (1 March 2019). "Upper crustal decompression due to deglaciation-induced flexural unbending and its role on post-glacial volcanism at the Southern Andes". Geophysical Journal International. 216 (3): 1549–1559. .
- Naranjo S., José A.; Moreno R., Hugo; Banks, Norman G. (1993), La erupción del volcán Hudson en 1991 (46°S) : Región IX, Aisén, Chile., Revistas de Recursos Naturales de Chile (in Spanish), archived from the original on September 25, 2023
- Naranjo, José A.; Stern, Charles R. (4 February 1998). "Holocene explosive activity of Hudson Volcano, southern Andes". Bulletin of Volcanology. 59 (4): 291–306. S2CID 129252515.
- Narcisi, Biancamaria; Petit, Jean Robert; Delmonte, Barbara; Scarchilli, Claudio; Stenni, Barbara (August 2012). "A 16,000-yr tephra framework for the Antarctic ice sheet: a contribution from the new Talos Dome core". Quaternary Science Reviews. 49: 52–63. .
- Orihashi, Yuji; Naranjo, José A.; Motoki, Akihisa; Sumino, Hirochika; Hirata, Daiji; Anma, Ryo; Nagao, Keisuke (December 2004). "Quaternary volcanic activity of Hudson and Lautaro volcanoes, Chilean Patagonia: New constraints from K-Ar ages". Revista Geológica de Chile. 31 (2): 207–224. ISSN 0716-0208.
- Orquera, Luis Abel (January 2005). "Mid-Holocene littoral adaptation at the southern end of South America". Quaternary International. 132 (1): 107–115. .
- Panaretos, Panayiotis; Albert, Paul G.; Thomas, Zoë A.; Turney, Chris S.M.; Stern, Charles R.; Jones, Gwydion; Williams, Alan N.; Smith, Victoria C.; Hogg, Alan G.; Manning, Christina J. (August 2021). "Distal ash fall from the mid-Holocene eruption of Mount Hudson (H2) discovered in the Falkland Islands: New possibilities for Southern Hemisphere archive synchronisation". Quaternary Science Reviews. 266: 107074. S2CID 237258918.
- Parra, Juan A.; Figueroa, Dante M. (1 January 1999). "Aplicación de un modelo de advección-difusión para dispersión de ceniza volcánica:\ erupción volcán Hudson (1991), Chile". Revista Mexicana de Física. 45 (5): 466–471. ISSN 2683-2224.
- Perucca, Laura P.; Moreiras, Stella M. (2009). "Seismic and Volcanic Hazards in Argentina". Developments in Earth Surface Processes. 13: 267–300. ISBN 9780444531179.
- Prieto, Alfredo; Stern, Charles R.; Estévez, Jordi E. (December 2013). "The peopling of the Fuego-Patagonian fjords by littoral hunter–gatherers after the mid-Holocene H1 eruption of Hudson Volcano". Quaternary International. 317: 3–13. .
- Rivera, Andrés; Bown, Francisca (August 2013). "Recent glacier variations on active ice capped volcanoes in the Southern Volcanic Zone (37°–46°S), Chilean Andes". Journal of South American Earth Sciences. 45: 345–356. .
- Sánchez, Luis Risopatrón (1905). La cordillera de los Andes entre las latitude 46:̊ 50 ̊S. Luis Riso Patrón S.: ex-injeniero jefe de la segunda subcomisión chilena de limites con la República arjentina (in Spanish). Imprenta Cervantes – via Google Books.
- Simi, E.; Moreno, P. I.; Villa-Martínez, R.; Vilanova, I.; de Pol-Holz, R. (August 2017). "Climate change and resilience of deciduous Nothofagus forests in central–east Chilean Patagonia over the last 3200 years". Journal of Quaternary Science. 32 (6): 845–856. S2CID 55547438.
- Smith, Rebecca E.; Smith, Victoria C.; Fontijn, Karen; Gebhardt, A. Catalina; Wastegård, Stefan; Zolitschka, Bernd; Ohlendorf, Christian; Stern, Charles; Mayr, Christoph (August 2019). "Refining the Late Quaternary tephrochronology for southern South America using the Laguna Potrok Aike sedimentary record". Quaternary Science Reviews. 218: 137–156. S2CID 197679210.
- Stern, Charles R.; Weller, Derek (2012). A Revised age of 7430±250 14C yrs BP for the very large mid-Holocene explosive H1 eruption of the Hudson volcano, southern Chile. 13th Chilean Geologic Congress. Antofagasta, Chile – via ResearchGate.
- Stern, Charles R. (February 2008). "Holocene tephrochronology record of large explosive eruptions in the southernmost Patagonian Andes". Bulletin of Volcanology. 70 (4): 435–454. S2CID 140710192.
- Stern, Charles R; Naranjo, José Antonio (October 2015). Along Arc Petrochemical Variations in the Southernmost Andean SVZ (43.5-46°S): Implications for Magma Genesis (PDF). XIV Chilean Geological Congress. La Serena.
- Stern, Charles R. (February 2018). "Obsidian sources and distribution in Patagonia, southernmost South America". Quaternary International. 468: 190–205. .
- Torrent, Juan Carlos Rodríguez; Herrera, Sonia Reyes; Bustamante, Fernando Mandujano (2016). "El proyecto nueva Chaitén: La asincronía entre Estado, academia y comunidad". AUS [Arquitectura / Urbanismo / Sustentabilidad] (in Spanish) (19): 73–79. ISSN 0718-7262.
- Turbon, D.; Arenas, C.; Cuadras, C. M. (June 2017). "Fueguian crania and the circum-Pacific rim variation". American Journal of Physical Anthropology. 163 (2): 295–316. PMID 28374500.
- Vanneste, Kris; Wils, Katleen; Van Daele, Maarten (November 2018). "Probabilistic Evaluation of Fault Sources Based on Paleoseismic Evidence From Mass-Transport Deposits: The Example of Aysén Fjord, Chile". Journal of Geophysical Research: Solid Earth. 123 (11): 9842–9865. S2CID 134520351.
- Watt, Sebastian F.L.; Pyle, David M.; Mather, Tamsin A. (July 2013). "The volcanic response to deglaciation: Evidence from glaciated arcs and a reassessment of global eruption records". Earth-Science Reviews. 122: 77–102. .
- Weller, D.; Miranda, C. G.; Moreno, P. I.; Villa-Martínez, R.; Stern, C. R. (June 2014). "The large late-glacial Ho eruption of the Hudson volcano, southern Chile". Bulletin of Volcanology. 76 (6). S2CID 53612778.
- Weller, D. J.; Miranda, C. G.; Moreno, P. I.; Villa-Martínez, R.; Stern, C. R. (December 2015). "Tephrochronology of the southernmost Andean Southern Volcanic Zone, Chile". Bulletin of Volcanology. 77 (12): 107. S2CID 264200335.
- Vandekerkhove, Elke; Bertrand, Sébastien; Reid, Brian; Bartels, Astrid; Charlier, Bernard (30 March 2016). "Sources of dissolved silica to the fjords of northern Patagonia (44–48°S): the importance of volcanic ash soil distribution and weathering". Earth Surface Processes and Landforms. 41 (4): 499–512. S2CID 54943497.
Bibliography
- Bitschene, Peter René (1995). La erupcion del volcan Hudson (Andes Patagonicos) en agosto 1991. Universidad Nacional de la Patagonia San Juan Bosco. OCLC 883455940.