Mahar

Source: Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia.
For other uses, see Mahar (disambiguation).
Not to be confused with
Mahar (Uttarakhand)
.

Mahar
"A Mahar woman", a watercolour by
Ahirani, Hindi, Chhattisgarhi, English
Religion
Majority:
Buddhism
Minority:
Hinduism & Christianity

Mahar is an Indian caste found largely in the state of

Buddhism in the middle of the 20th century.[12][13]
There are still some Mahars who practice Hinduism.

History

The Mahars are considered original inhabitants of Maharashtra.The community is also known as "Kathiwale" (Men with sticks), Bumiputera (Sons of the Soil), and Mirasi (

Landlords).[14].The Mahars and the equivalent other castes, such as Malas of Andhra-Telangana, were historically village border defenders (known as kavalollu or elollu in Telugu), wielding knives and sticks. Blessed with historical warrior skills.The Mahars have a long and proud tradition of bearing arms. [15] From the time of early Islamic rule, villages in Maharashtra were part of the Baluta system. In that system, different castes were assigned different roles, each with its own tasks and rights. The duties assigned to the Mahar in the Baluta system included being village watchmen, trackers of thieves, messengers, wall menders, adjudicators of boundary disputes, and suppliers of coarse cloth to the village. In return for these services, the village granted them a watan, or rights to small piece of land to do their own cultivation. The watan also included a share of village produce.[16] They also worked at times as agricultural labourers.[17][18] However, the Mahar were socio-economically above most other untouchable groups because their traditional role had been important in the village administrative system. This had necessitated that they had at least a rudimentary education, and frequently brought them into contact with upper-caste Hindus.[19]In the Baluta system, apart from many traditional duties mentioned above, the Mahar were assigned work of removing dead cattle from the village, they also started eating the meat from the cattle that had died naturally.[20] This formed the basis for the caste being treated as untouchables.[21] The Mahar community defends consumption of beef by saying the famines were the reason they started eating the beef.[22]

Islamic Era

Under Islamic rule, Mahar served as soldiers in various armies of the

Deccan Sultanates, Bahmani Sultanate, and the Mughals.[17] In 14th century, Mahar Bhakti saint Chokhamela, and many of his family members such as Karmamela, Banka, Nirmala, and Soyarabai became popular for their religious poetry called abhang.[23][24][25][26]

Maratha era

Mahar served in various armies over several centuries. The

Shivaji Maharaj recruited a number of them into his army in the 17th century due to their loyalty and bravery.[27] They served as guards in hill forts and as soldiers.[28] The Mahar along with the Koli and Marathas defended the fort of Purandar from Dilerkhan's Mughal army in 1665.[29]

British India

A Mahar Man winding thread from The Tribes and Castes of the Central Provinces of India (1916)

Under British rule, the Mahars became aware of the scope for social and political advancement. Their traditional role had been low-status but important in the village system.[19]


Military role under the British

Bhima Koregaon Victory Pillar

During the colonial period, large numbers of Mahars and dhors were recruited for military duties by the

Independence of India; it is inscribed with the names of 22 Mahars killed at the battle. The victory pillar serves as focal point of Mahar heroism.[30]

The Mahar began their service to the East India company around 1750. 20-25% of the British Bombay Army was Mahar. Their conduct as soldiers was praised by many

Second Afghan War.[27]

After the 1857 mutiny, the British decided to change their military recruitment policy One report "emphasized that we cannot practically ignore it (the caste system), so long as the natives socially maintain it". This led to the discrimination against the Mahars, other low-caste and some unreliable Brahmin castes.[27]

Mahar recruitment reached its nadir in the early 1890s (sources differ as to exact year) when

martial races," specially north-western communities halted recruitment of Mahars.[13][31] The Mahar community attempted to confront this block with a petition circulated among the Mahar, Chamar, and Mang former soldiers—all Marathi-speaking lower castes—but the movement was unable to organise and submit their petition.[13] The attempt at a challenge had been spearheaded by Gopal Baba Walangkar, himself a Mahar, dhor and former soldier, but he found that Mahar military pensioners were unwilling to sign because they feared that they might lose their pensions. Thus, by the beginning of World War I, there were few Mahars left in the Army.[32]

A Mahar regiment was created during World War I but only for a few years and because of British desperation for additional troops. In 1941, the Mahar Regiment proper was created.[33][34]

Jyotirao Phule

In 1873, Jyotirao Phule, the founder of Satyashodhak Samaj—which aimed to abolish religious slavery—organised Mahars.[citation needed] At that time, Mahars were not allowed to enter Hindu temples and were considered unclean. Even their entry into the shrines of Hindu gods was restricted.[35] Their first conference was held in Mumbai in 1903.[36][37]

Shahu of Kolhapur

Shahu, the ruler of the princely state of Kolhapur, abolished Mahar watan in 1918 and freed the Mahars in his territory from the slavery imposed by the society of the day. He also gave them all the human rights and equality that others enjoy.[38][39]

B. R. Ambedkar

In the 20th century, top leader

Bhimrao Ramji Ambedkar organized the Mahars and created radical political awakening among them and inspired them to pay attention towards education. Before his death in 1956, Ambedkar, along with millions of his Mahar followers, converted to Buddhism as a protest against the caste discrimination of Hindus.[40]

Demographics

In 1969, the Mahars constituted about 70% of the total

Scheduled Caste population and also represented about 9% of population of the state of Maharashtra.[41]
Mahar is numerically the largest Scheduled Caste in Maharashtra, according to the
2001 Census of India.[42]
As of 2017[update], the Mahar community was designated as a Scheduled Caste (SC) in 16 Indian states, being: Andhra Pradesh, Arunachal Pradesh Assam, Chhattisgarh, Dadra and Nagar Haveli, Daman and Diu, Goa, Gujarat, Karnataka, Madhya Pradesh, Maharashtra, Rajasthan, Telangana, West Bengal and Haryana.[10]

Culture and Social stratification

Historically Mahar had "12 and half" endogamous subcastes, major subcastes include Ladvanshi (derived from "Lata Pradesh" current Gujarat), Somvanshi, Andhavanshi, Tilvanshi, Bawane (Bhavani Mahar),Gondvanshi, Kadvanshi and Kosare etc. These subcaste names are not totemistic. Some of the subcaste names represent the territory they controlled or occupied and other subcaste names represent the acts their founders did. The Somavanshi Mahar trace their descent (bloodline) from Mahabharata's Pandava. The Somavanshi Mahar claim to have taken part in Mahabharata war and subsequently settled in Maharashtra .Before converting to Buddhism these subcastes would not marry and eat with one another.[43]

The Mahars of the

clans or kuls. There are enough evidences found to conclude that each of the exogamous group historically owned and worshipped Devak or Totem
and it is brought into prominence at the time of marriage ceremony. Members of families with a common Devak cannot intermarry.

Clan System of Mahar
Clan Totem
Bagad Umbar (Ficus glomerata)
Bhagat Cobra
Gaekwad Crab, sunflower, Kohala (Cucurbita Pivi)
Jadhav Palm (Borassus Flabellzjerz, Pankanis (Typha Angustata), Tortoise(Kasav)
Kadam Kadamba (Anthocephalus Cadumba).
Mohite Umbar (Ficus Glomerata)
More
 Peacock
Satpal Cobra
Shevale Nagvel (Pieper Betle)
Sonkamble Champa (Mesua Ferrea).
Suryavanshi
 Sunflower
Talvatke Copper
Tambe Umbar (Ficus Glomerata).
Zankare Mango, Umbar, Zambul.

In most of the cases Devak became obsolete and it is replaced with composite Devak called Panchpalvi composed of the leaves, of five trees.[44]
Few examples of Panchpalvi are,

  • Khandesh
    • Arkathi
    • Borkathi
    • Jambul
    • Mango
    • Ruchkin
  • Poona
    • Mango
    • Pipal
    • Rui
    • Shami
    • Umbar

After Independence Era

Today mahar community has little to no political representation in the top brass due to low population.[citation needed] Even Dr. B.r. Ambedkar lost 2 elections fought by him on his party ticket on the loksabha.[citation needed] Finally he had to go Rajya Sabha with the help of some political parties at the time.[citation needed]

Dalit literature

According to

Daya Pawar, and Narendra Jadhav.[47]

Religion

Hinduism

Before their conversion to Buddhism, the important deities of Mahar were

Bhumidevi, Navanathas and Bhavani. The Nag or king cobra was particularly revered by the community.[48]

Buddhism

Main article: Marathi Buddhists

Buddhism started to take roots with the emergence of B. R. Ambedkar.[49] When he converted to Buddhism at Nagpur in 1956, many Mahars were among those of his followers who chose to do the same.[50] As Buddhists, they gave up their traditional Hindu occupations and sought to redefine their social status.[citation needed] Ambedkar died about two months after this mass conversion.[51] At the same spot, after his cremation, more Mahars were converted to Buddhism.[52] Now, this community is the third most populous in Mumbai.[11]

Some Buddhist leaders among the population prefer that the term Mahar no longer be applied to these converts.[53] Buddhism appealed to the sense of equality for the Mahars;[54] an intellectual of Mahar origin said, "I have accepted Buddhist doctrine. I am Buddhist now. I am not Mahar now, not untouchable nor even Hindu. I have become a human being".[55]

In a 1996 book, authors De and Shastree claimed that it has been difficult for the Neo-buddhists to totally abandon the rituals, practices, and festivals of their old Hindu religion. Although one of the early buddhist convert, V R Ranpise had written a book in Marathi called Boudha Samskar Path in 1962 as a guide to his fellow converts, very few had read the book.[56]

Christianity

Main article: Christianity in Maharashtra

In the late 19th century, Otto Weishaupt's attempts to evangelise in the Sangamner area of Ahmadnagar district met with resistance, but his efforts to promote Christianity did appeal to few Mahars.[57] [58]

Footnotes

  1. Buddhist priest (vikkhuk), the birth pollution is observed till six days but don't conduct naming ceremony and ten day mourning are observed after cremation.[6]

References

  1. ^ Gait, E. A (1902). Census Of India 1901. Vol. V. A (lower Probinces Of Bengal And Their Leudatoties). Part. 2 (Imperial Tables). Bengal Secretariat Press.
  2. ^ a b c "4. West Bengal". ESTIMATED POPULATION BY CASTES, 1951 (PDF). Ministry of Home Affairs, GoI. 1954. p. 4. Archived (PDF) from the original on 9 April 2023.
  3. ^ Dutch, R. A. (1942). CENSUS OF INDIA, 1941 (Bengal) (PDF). Vol. IV. Caste tables - Appendix. p. 5.
  4. ^ a b Gupta, J. Datta (1953). CENSUS OF INDIA 1961 (West Bengal & Sikkim) (PDF). Vol. XVI. Tables on Scheduled Castes. p. 54.
  5. ^ Ghosh, Bhaskar. CENSUS OF INDIA –1971, SERIES-22 (WEST BENGAL) (PDF). PART II-C (i) SOCIAL AND CULTURAL TABLES (Tables C-VII and C-VIII). Director of census operation, West Bengal. p. 147.
  6. ^
    ISBN 978-0-19-563254-5
    .
  7. ^ Banthia, R. K. (2000). CENSUS' OF INDIA 1991, SERIES-26, WEST BENGAL PART-VIII(I) (PDF). Vol. 1. SPECIAL TABLES ON SCHEDULED CASTES. Director of Census Operations, West Bengal. p. 12.
  8. ^ "SC-14: Scheduled caste population by religious community, West Bengal - 2001". censusindia.gov.in (xls). Retrieved 9 April 2023.
  9. ^ "A-10: Individual scheduled caste primary census abstract (PCA) data – West Bengal". censusindia.gov.in. Retrieved 17 February 2023.
  10. ^ a b "State wise list of Scheduled Castes updated up to 26-10-2017". MSJE, Government of India. 26 October 2017. Archived from the original on 13 March 2022. Retrieved 1 February 2018.
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  14. ^ THE RELIGIOUS LIFE OF INDIA. 3 December 2023.
  15. ^ https://m.thewire.in/article/caste/understanding-mahar-soldier-bhima-koregaon/amp
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  17. ^
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  18. ISBN 978-0415738651
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  21. ISBN 978-81-85880-43-3
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  22. ISBN 978-81-87733-43-0
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  23. ISBN 978-81-250-2801-7
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  25. ISBN 978-8763507752
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  26. ISBN 978-81-250-1878-0
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  27. ^ a b c White, Richard B. (1994). "The Mahar Movement's Military Component" (PDF). SAGAR: South Asia Graduate Research Journal. 1 (1): 39–60.
  28. ISBN 8171548741
    .
  29. JSTOR 42931051
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  30. ^ Kumbhojkar, Shraddha (2012). "Contesting Power, Contesting Memories - The History of the Koregaon Memorial". The Economic and Political Weekly. EPW. Retrieved 11 June 2013.
  31. ^ Kamble, N. D. (1983). Deprived castes and their struggle for equality. Ashish Publisher House. pp. 129–132.
  32. ISBN 978-1-31552-643-0
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  33. ^ Mahars Turn Sixty. Mod.nic.in (1 October 1941). Retrieved on 2012-03-28.
  34. ISBN 978-81-87733-43-0
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  35. ^ Galanter, Marc (1966). Smith, D. E. (ed.). South Asian politics and religion (PDF). Princeton University Press. p. 283. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2 April 2015.
  36. ISBN 978-8763507752
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  37. ISBN 817154066X
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  38. ISBN 9788125018780
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  39. ISBN 978-0863118241
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  40. ProQuest 302466553.[page needed
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  41. JSTOR 178254
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  42. ^ "Maharashtra: Data Highlights: The Scheduled Castes" (PDF). 14 November 2012. Archived from the original (PDF) on 14 November 2012.
  43. ^ "Major castes and tribes" (PDF). Maharashtra: Land and its people. Maharashtra State Gazetteer. Government of Maharashtra.
  44. ^ Ethnographic Notes – Andhra Pradesh (PDF). Census of India. Vol. II, part V–B, (11). Andhra Pradesh, Hyderabad: Office of the Director of Census Operations. 1961. Archived from the original (PDF) on 28 January 2022.
  45. ISBN 978-0-52178-141-1
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  46. ^ "Of art, identity, and politics". The Hindu. 23 January 2003. Archived from the original on 2 July 2003.
  47. ISBN 978-0520252639
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  48. ^ Ranjit Kumar De & Uttara Shastree 1996, p. 73.
  49. ISBN 978-8184580136
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  50. ^ Pritchett, Frances. "In the 1950s" (PHP). Retrieved 2 August 2006.
  51. ^ Gautam, C. "Life of Babasaheb Ambedkar". Ambedkar Memorial Trust, London. Retrieved 14 June 2013.
  52. ^ Kantowsky, Detlef (2003). Buddhists in India today:descriptions, pictures, and documents. Manohar Publishers & Distributors.
  53. ^ "Maya under fire from Dalit leaders in Maharashtra". Indian Express. 1 December 2007. Archived from the original on 3 January 2008. Retrieved 28 March 2012.
  54. JSTOR 4418177
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  55. ISBN 978-8-17824-156-2
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  56. ISBN 978-81-7099-629-3
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  57. ISBN 978-8878391284
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  58. ISBN 8189013017
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Further reading
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