Władysław II Jagiełło

Jogaila (Lithuanian:

Jogaila formulated the Treaty of Dubysa, which rewarded the Knights for their aid in defeating Kęstutis and Vytautas by promising Christianisation and granting them Samogitia west of the Dubysa river. However, when Jogaila failed to ratify the treaty, the Knights invaded Lithuania in the summer of 1383. In 1384, Jogaila reconciled with Vytautas promising to return his patrimony in Trakai. Vytautas then turned against the Knights, attacking and looting several Prussian castles.^[11]

It is known that Jogaila, being

Jogaila's Russian mother

On 14 August 1385 in Kreva Castle, Jogaila confirmed his prenuptial promises in the Union of Krewo (Union of Kreva). The promises included the adoption of Christianity, repatriation of lands "stolen" from Poland by its neighbours, and terras suas Lithuaniae et Russiae Coronae Regni Poloniae perpetuo applicare, a clause interpreted by historians to mean anything from a personal union between Lithuania and Poland to a complete incorporation of Lithuania into Poland.^[18] The agreement at Kreva has been described both as far-sighted and as a desperate gamble.^{[nb 6]}

Jogaila was duly baptised at the

Władysław II Jagiello and Jadwiga reigned as co-monarchs; and though Jadwiga probably had little real power, she took an active part in Poland's political and cultural life. In 1387, she led two successful military expeditions to

One effect of Jagiello's measures was to be the advancement of Catholics in Lithuania at the expense of Orthodox elements; in 1387 and 1413, for example, Lithuanian Catholic boyars were granted special judicial and political privileges denied to the Orthodox boyars.[25] As this process gained momentum, it was accompanied by the rise of both Rus' and Lithuanian identity in the fifteenth century.^[26]

Challenges

In late 1401, the new war against the Order overstretched the resources of the Lithuanians, who found themselves fighting on two fronts after uprisings in the eastern provinces. Another of Władysław's brothers, the malcontent Švitrigaila, chose this moment to stir up revolts behind the lines and declare himself grand duke.^[27] On 31 January 1402, he presented himself in Marienburg, where he won the backing of the Knights with concessions similar to those made by Jogaila and Vytautas during earlier leadership contests in the Grand Duchy.^[33]

Against the Teutonic Order

The war ended in the

In December 1408, Władysław and Vytautas held strategic talks in

When the war resumed in June 1410, Władysław advanced into the Teutonic heartland at the head of an army of about 20,000 mounted nobles, 15,000 armed commoners, and 2,000 professional cavalry mainly hired from Bohemia. After crossing the Vistula over the pontoon bridge at

The road to the Teutonic capital Marienburg now lay open, the city undefended; but for reasons the sources do not explain, Władysław hesitated to pursue his advantage.^[45] On 17 July, his army began a laboured advance, arriving at Marienburg only on 25 July, by which time the new Grand Master, Heinrich von Plauen, had organised a defence of the fortress.^[46][47] The apparent half-heartedness of the ensuing siege, called off by Władysław on 19 September, has been variously ascribed to the impregnability of the fortifications,^[46] high Lithuanian casualties, to Władysław's unwillingness to risk further casualties, or to his desire to keep the Order weakened but undefeated so as to not upset the balance of power between Poland (which would most likely acquire most of the Order possessions if it was totally defeated) and Lithuania; but a lack of sources precludes a definitive explanation.^[48]

Dissent

The war ended in 1411 with the

In an effort to outflank his critics, Władysław promoted the leader of the opposing faction, bishop Mikołaj Trąba, to the archbishopric of Gniezno in autumn 1411 and replaced him in Kraków with Vytautas supporter Wojciech Jastrzębiec.^[50] He also sought to create more allies in Lithuania. The Union of Horodło on 2 October 1413 decreed that the Grand Duchy of Lithuania was "tied to our Kingdom of Poland permanently and irreversibly", and granted the Catholic nobles of Lithuania privileges equal to those of Polish szlachta. The act included a clause prohibiting the Polish nobility from electing a monarch without the consent of the Lithuanian nobility, and the Lithuanian nobility from electing a grand duke without the consent of the Polish monarch.^[34][51]

Last conflicts

In 1414, a sporadic new war broke out, known as the "Hunger War" from the Knights' scorched-earth tactics of burning fields and mills; but both the Knights and the Lithuanians were too exhausted from the previous war to risk a major battle, and the fighting petered out in the autumn.^[50] Hostilities did not flare up again until 1419, during the Council of Constance, when they were called off at the papal legate's insistence.^[50]

The Council of Constance proved a turning point in the Teutonic crusades, as it did for several European conflicts. Vytautas sent a delegation in 1415, including the

At the dying request of the childless Jadwiga he married a Styrian lady, Anna of Celje.^[58] She died in 1416, leaving a daughter :

• Hedwig (1408–1431).

In 1417, Władysław married

• Władysław
  (1424–1444)
• Casimir (1427–1492).

The death in 1431 of his daughter Hedwig (Jadwiga), the last heir of Piast blood, released Władysław to make his sons by Sophia of Halshany his heirs, though he had to placate the Polish nobility with concessions to ensure their agreement, since the monarchy was elective. In 1427 the Polish nobles had initiated an anti-Jagiellonian movement, seeking to have Władysław and Casimir excluded from the Polish throne as they had no blood link to the previous ruling Polish dynasty, the Piasts.^[59]

During an excursion into

Władysław is depicted on the obverse of the modernized 100 Polish złoty banknote.^[64]

The Jagiełło Oak, an ancient tree in Białowieża Forest, is named in honour of the fact that he initiated the tradition of royal hunting in the area.^[65]

In 2021, asteroid 2004 TP17 was officially named as Jogaila (the Lithuanian language variant of his name).^[66][67]

Gallery

• 
  Władysław II Jagiełło by Jan Matejko
• 
  Władysław Jagiełło as depicted in Ksawery Pillati's Portraits of Polish Princes and Kings, 1888
• 
  A 17th-century depiction of Władysław II Jagiełło and Jadwiga of Poland by the cross by Tommaso Dolabella
• 
  King Jagiello Monument, Central Park, New York
• 
  Grunwald Monument, Kraków

Family tree

See also

• History of Lithuania
• History of Poland (1385–1569)
• Names and titles of Władysław II Jagiełło
• 202093 Jogaila
• List of Lithuanian rulers
• King Jagiello Monument
• List of Poles

Notes

Footnotes

1. ISSN 2673-8392
   .
2. ^ Bojtár 1999, p. 182
3. ^ ^{a b c d e f} Bojtár 1999, pp. 180–186
4. ^ Tęgowski 1999, pp. 124–125
5. ^ Potašenko 2008, p. 30
6. ^
   DELFI
   (in Lithuanian). Retrieved 19 May 2021.
7. ^ Stone 2001, p. 4
8. ^ Plokhy 2006, p. 46
9. ^ ^{a b c d e f} Rowell 2000, pp. 709–712
10. ^ Bojtár 1999, p. 181
11. ^ ^{a b} Mickūnaitė 1999, p. 157
12. 15min.lt
    (in Lithuanian). Retrieved 1 October 2014.
13. ^ Statkuvienė, Regina. "Jogailaičiai. Kodėl ne Gediminaičiai?". 15min.lt (in Lithuanian). Retrieved 9 November 2018.
14. ISBN 978-9986-592-71-6. Archived
    (PDF) from the original on 9 October 2022. Retrieved 17 July 2021.
15. ^ Lukowski & Zawadzki 2001, p. 42
16. ^ Dvornik 1992, p. 129
17. ^ Lukowski & Zawadzki 2001, p. 37
18. ^ Lukowski & Zawadzki 2001, p. 41; Stone 2001, p. 8
19. ^ ^{a b c d} Sruogienė-Sruoga 1987
20. ^ ^{a b} Gudavičius, Edvardas; Jučas, Mečislovas; Matulevičius, Algirdas. "Jogaila". Visuotinė lietuvių enciklopedija (in Lithuanian). Retrieved 19 May 2021.
21. ^ ^{a b c} Kłoczowski 2000, pp. 54–57
22. ^ ^{a b c d e f} Jasienica 1988, pp. 80–146
23. ^ Jasienica 1988, pp. 74–80
24. ^ Dvornik 1992, p. 344
25. ^ Magocsi 1996, p. 134
26. ^ ^{a b c} Plokhy 2006, p. 98
27. ^ ^{a b} Housley 1992, p. 354
28. ^ ^{a b} Sedlar 1994, p. 388
29. ^ Turnbull 2004, p. 22
30. ^ Rowell 2000, p. 732
31. ^ Stone 2001, p. 10
32. ^ ^{a b c} Dvornik 1992, pp. 222–225
33. ^ ^{a b c} Jasienica 1988, pp. 103–105
34. ^ ^{a b c d e f} Stone 2001, p. 11
35. ^ New Cambridge Medieval History, 348.
36. ^ Polska Piastów 2005
37. ^ Karwasińska & Zakrzewski 1892, p. 21
38. ^ ^{a b} Jasienica 1988, pp. 106–107
39. ^ Turnbull 2003, pp. 32–33
40. ^ Delbrück 1990, p. 526
41. ^ Jasienica 1988, p. 108
42. ^ Jasienica 1988, p. 110
43. ^ ^{a b} Stone 2001, p. 16
44. ^ Bojtár 1999, p. 182; Turnbull 2003, p. 7
45. ^ Turnbull 2003, p. 7
46. ^ ^{a b} Stone 2001, p. 17
47. ^ Turnbull 2003, p. 73
48. ^ Jasienica 1988, pp. 113–120
49. ^ New Cambridge Medieval History, 364.
50. ^ ^{a b c d} Jasienica 1988, pp. 121–124
51. ^ Dvornik 1992, pp. 342–343; New Cambridge Medieval History, 775–776.
52. ^ Housley 1992, p. 361; Rowell 2000, p. 733
53. ^ Kłoczowski 2000, p. 73
54. ^ Housley 1992, pp. 351–361
55. ^ Bideleux 1998, pp. 233–235; Turnbull & McBride 2004, pp. 11–12
56. ^ New Cambridge Medieval History, 353.
57. ^ Jasienica 1988, p. 130
58. ^ Chisholm, Hugh, ed. (1911). "Wladislaus s.v. Wladislaus II, Jagiello" . Encyclopædia Britannica. Vol. 28 (11th ed.). Cambridge University Press. p. 766.
59. ^ "Jagiellonians Timeline". Jagiellonians.com. University of Oxford. Retrieved 20 April 2021.
60. ^ Prazmowska 2011, p. 72
61. ^ Sedlar 1994, p. 282
62. ^ Rowell 2000, p. 711
63. ^ Stone 2001, p. 22
64. ^ "Narodowy Bank Polski - Internet Information Service". www.nbp.pl. Retrieved 11 July 2022.
65. ^ Hunt, Nick (22 January 2020). "Dead Wood". Emergence Magazine. Retrieved 23 October 2021.
66. ^ "Jogailos planeta skrieja Saulės sistemoje – Lenkijos siūlymas oficialiai patvirtintas". Lithuanian National Radio and Television (in Lithuanian). 9 July 2021. Retrieved 11 July 2021.
67. ^ "Five minor planets given Polish names". Polandin.com. Retrieved 11 July 2021.
68. ^ Jurzak 2006

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Wikimedia Commons has media related to Wladislaus II of Poland.

Władysław II Jagiełło Gediminid dynasty Born: c. 1351/1362 Died: 1 June 1434
Regnal titles
Preceded by Algirdas	Grand Duke of Lithuania 1377–1381	Succeeded by Kęstutis
Preceded by Kęstutis	Grand Duke of Lithuania 1382–1392	Succeeded by Vytautas
Preceded by Jadwiga as sole monarch	King of Poland 1386–1434 with Jadwiga (1386–1399)	Succeeded by Władysław III