Moscow Institute of Physics and Technology
Московский Физико-Технический институт | |
Zhukovsky , Russia 55°55′46″N 37°31′17″E / 55.92944°N 37.52139°E | |
Campus | Urban |
---|---|
Language | Russian |
Colours | Blue & white |
Website | mipt.ru/english |
University rankings | |
---|---|
Global – Overall | |
USNWR Global[citation needed] | 475 |
Regional – Overall | |
QS Emerging Europe and Central Asia[1] | 10 (2022) |
Moscow Institute of Physics and Technology (MIPT; Russian: Московский Физико-Технический институт, also known as PhysTech), is a public research university located in Moscow Oblast, Russia. It prepares specialists in theoretical and applied physics, applied mathematics and related disciplines.
The main MIPT campus is located in
Nikolay Kudryavtsev (Кудрявцев Николай Николаевич]), the president of the Moscow Institute of Physics and Technology has signed a letter of support for the Russian invasion of Ukraine. The rector Dmitry Livanov did not sign it.[3]
History
In late 1945 and early 1946, a group of Soviet scientists, including the future Nobel Prize winner
In a letter to
For unknown reasons, the initial plan came to a halt in the summer of 1946. The exact circumstances are not documented, but the common assumption is that Kapitsa's refusal to participate in the Soviet atomic bomb project and his disfavor with the government and communist party that followed, cast a shadow over an independent school based largely on his ideas. Instead, a new government decree was issued on November 25, 1946, establishing the new school as a Department of Physics and Technology within Moscow State University. November 25 is celebrated as the date of MIPT's founding.[5]
Kapitsa foresaw that within a traditional educational institution, the new school would encounter bureaucratic obstacles, but even though Kapitsa's original plan to create the new school as an independent organization did not come to fruition exactly as envisioned, its most important principles survived intact. The new department enjoyed considerable autonomy within Moscow State University. Its facilities were in Dolgoprudny (the two buildings it occupied are still part of the present day campus), away from the MSU campus. It had its own independent admissions and education system, different from the one centrally mandated for all other universities. It was headed by the MSU "vice rector for special issues"—a position created specifically to shield the department from the university management.[citation needed]
As Kapitsa expected, the special status of the new school with its different "rules of engagement" caused much consternation and resistance within the university. The immediate cult status that Phystech gained among talented young people, drawn by the challenge and romanticism of working on the forefront of science and technology and on projects of "government importance," many of them classified, made it an untouchable rival of every other school in the country, including MSU's own Department of Physics. At the same time, the increasing disfavor of Kapitsa with the government (in 1950 he was essentially under house arrest) and anti-semitic repressions of the late 1940s made Phystech an easy target of intrigues and accusations of "elitism" and "
A group of academicians, backed by Air Force general Ivan Fedorovich Petrov, who was a Phystech supporter influential enough to secure Stalin's personal approval on the issue, succeeded in re-establishing Phystech as an independent institute. On September 17, 1951, a government decree re-established Phystech as the Moscow Institute of Physics and Technology.[7]
Apart from Kapitsa, other prominent scientists who taught at MIPT in the years that followed included Nobel prize winners
The Phystech System
The key principles of the Phystech System, as outlined by Kapitsa in his 1946 letter arguing for the founding of MIPT:
- Rigorous selection of gifted and creative young individuals.
- Involving leading scientists in student education, in close contact with them in their creative environment.
- An individualized approach to encourage the cultivation of students' creative drive and to avoid overloading them with unnecessary subjects and rote learning common in other schools and necessitated by mass education.
- Conducting their education in an atmosphere of research and creative engineering, using the best existing laboratories in the country.[citation needed]
Departments
In 2016, a large-scale reform took place, and MIPT has since been divided into Phystech schools, created from the ex-faculties:
- Phystech School of Radio Engineering and Computer Technology (PRCT or FRKT; Russian: Физтех-школа Радиотехники и Компьютерных Технологий, ФРКТ)
- Landau Phystech School of Physics and Research (LPR or LFI; Russian: Физтех-школа Физики и Исследований им. Ландау, ЛФИ)
- Phystech School of Aerospace Technology (PAST or FAСT; Russian: Физтех-школа аэрокосмических технологий, ФАКТ)
- Phystech School of Electronics, Photonics and Molecular Physics (PEPM or FEFM; Russian: Физтех-школа электроники, фотоники и молекулярной физики, ФЭФМ)
- Phystech School of Applied Mathematics and Computer Science (PAMCS or FPMI; Russian: Физтех-школа прикладной математики и информатики, ФПМИ)
- Phystech School of Biological and Medical Physics (PBMP or FBMF; Russian: Физтех-школа биологической и медицинской физики, ФБМФ)
- I.V. Kurchatov Phystech School of Nature-like, Plasma and Nuclear Technologies (KST or KNT; Russian: Физтех-школа природоподобных, плазменных и ядерных технологий им. И.В. Курчатова, КНТ)
- Phystech School of High-Tech Business (PHTB or FBVT; Russian: Физтех-школа бизнеса высоких технологий, ФБВТ)
- Higher School of Software Engineering (HSSE or VShPI; Russian: Высшая школа программной инженерии, ВШПИ)
Despite the formation of new departments, students and teachers of the Institute often continue to use the old names of faculties. For example, LPR students are usually called "fopfs" (Russian: фопфы) in honor of the former Department of General and Applied Physics (DGAP, Russian: Факультет общей и прикладной физики, ФОПФ).
Admissions
Most students apply to MIPT immediately after graduating from high school at the age of 18. Traditionally, applicants were required to take written and oral exams in both mathematics and physics, write an essay and have an interview with the faculty. In recent years, oral exams have been eliminated, but the interview remains an important part of the selection process. The strongest performers in national physics and mathematics competitions and
In accordance with the traditions of the
Education
It normally takes six years for a student to graduate from MIPT. The curriculum of the first three years consists exclusively of compulsory courses, with emphasis on mathematics, physics and English. There are no significant curriculum differences between the departments in the first three years. A typical course load during the first and second years can be over 48 hours a week, not including homework. Classes are taught five days a week, beginning at 9:00 am or 10:30 am and continuing until 5:00 pm, 6:30 pm, or 8:00 pm. Most subjects include a combination of lectures and seminars (problem-solving study sessions in smaller groups) or laboratory experiments. Lecture attendance is optional, while seminar and lab attendance affects grades. Andre Geim, a graduate and Nobel prize winner stated "The pressure to work and to study was so intense that it was not a rare thing for people to break and leave and some of them ended up with everything from schizophrenia to depression to suicide."[11]
MIPT follows a
The base organization idea is somewhat similar to an internship in that students participate in "real work." However, the similarity ends there. All base organizations also have a curriculum for visiting students and besides their work, the students are required to take those classes and pass exams. In other words, a base organization is an extension of MIPT, specializing in each particular student's area of interests.[citation needed] While working at the base organization, a student prepares a thesis based on his or her research work and presents ("defends") it before the Qualification Committee consisting of both MIPT faculty and the base organization staff. Defending the thesis is a requirement for graduation.[citation needed]
Base organizations
As of 2005, MIPT had 103 base organizations. The following list of institutes is currently far from being complete:
- Center for Arms Control, Energy and Environmental Studies (established 1991) [13]
- Engelhardt Institute of Molecular Biology RAS
- Gromov Flight Research Institute
- Institute for Information Transmission Problems RAS
- Institute for Nuclear Research RAS
- Institute for Physical Problems
- Institute for High Energy Physics (1963)
- Institute for Problems in Mechanics RAS
- Institute for Spectroscopy Russian Academy of Sciences
- Institute for Theoretical and Experimental Physics
- Institute of Biochemical Physics RAS
- Institute of Molecular Genetics RAS
- Institute of Numerical Mathematics RAS
- Institute of Problems of Chemical Physics RAS (1956)
- Institute of Radio Engineering and Electronics of RAS
- Institute of Solid State Physics RAS
- Institute of Synthetic Polymer Materials RAS
- Joint Institute for Nuclear Research
- Kurchatov Institute (formerly Kurchatov Institute of Atomic Energy)
- Landau Institute for Theoretical Physics
- Lebedev Institute of Physics RAS (FIAN)
- Lebedev Institute of Precision Mechanics and Computer Engineering
- N.N. Andreyev Acoustics Institute
- N.N. Semenov Institute of Chemical Physics, RAS
- Nuclear Safety Institute of RAS (IBRAE)
- Shirshov Institute of Oceanology
- Shubnikov Institute of Crystallography RAS
- Space Research InstituteRAS (1965)
- Steklov Institute of Mathematics
- Zhukovsky Central Aerohydrodynamic Institute
- and a number of OKBs (experimental design bureaux)[citation needed]
In addition, a number of Russian and Western companies act as base organizations of MIPT. These include:
- 1C Company
- ABBYY
- Competentum Group or Physicon
- NPMP "Concept Consulting"
- Intel
- IPG Photonics
- Kraftway
- MetaSynthesis
- Paragon Software Group
- S.P. Korolev Rocket and Space Corporation Energia
- SWsoft
- Yandex[citation needed]
Degrees
Before 1998, students could graduate only after completing the full six-year curriculum and defending their thesis. Upon graduation, they were awarded a specialist degree in Applied Mathematics and Physics and, beginning in the early 1990s, a Master's degree in Physics. Since 1998, students have been awarded a Bachelor's degree diploma after four years of study and the defense of a Bachelor's "qualification work" (effectively a smaller and less involved version of the Master's thesis).[citation needed]
The full course of education at MIPT takes six years to complete, just like an American bachelor's degree followed by a master's degree. The MIPT curriculum is more extensive compared to an average American college according to the school.
Rankings
In 2020 and 2021, Times Higher Education ranked MIPT #201 in the world, in 2022 QS World University Ratings ranked it #290 in the world, in 2026 U.S. News & World Report ranked it #475 in the world, and in 2022 Academic Ranking of World Universities ranked it #501 in the world.[16][17][18][19]
Traditional university rankings are often based in part on the universities' research output and prizes won by faculty.[20]
People
Demographics
About 15% of all students are residents of Moscow and nearly the same are from Moscow region; the rest come from all over the former Soviet Union. The student population is almost exclusively male, with the female/male ratio in a department rarely exceeding 15% (seeing 2–3 women in a class of 80 is not uncommon). In 2009 more than 20% of first year students were females.[21]
There are no reliable statistics on the careers of MIPT graduates.[citation needed]
Notable faculty and alumni
Scientists
Nobel Prize winners
- Lev Landau – physicist, Nobel Prize 1962[22]
- Pyotr Kapitsa – discovered superfluidity,[23] Nobel Prize 1978[24]
- Nikolay Semyonov – best known for his work on chain reactions, Nobel Prize 1956[25] in chemistry
- H-bomb
- Alexey Abrikosov – Soviet-Russian-American theoretical physicist whose main contributions were in the field of condensed matter physics.
- Ilya Mikhailovich Frank, for their discovery of Cherenkov radiation.
- dissident, Nobel laureate, and activist for disarmament, peace, and human rights.
- gecko tape and levitating frogs; Fellow of the Royal Society, Nobel Prize in physics, 2010
- Sir Konstantin Novoselov – Russian-British, Nobel Prize in physics for graphene research, 2010
Other notable scientists
- Alexander Andreev – a theoretical physicist best known for explaining the eponymous Andreev reflection
- Alexander Belavin - a physicist, known for his contributions to string theory
- Boris Babayan – a pioneer of Russian supercomputers, an Intel Fellow 2004[28] and software architect
- Oleg Belotserkovsky – rector of MIPT (1962–1987), mathematician and mechanician
- Spartak Belyaev - a theoretical physicist contributed to nuclear physics
- Andrei Bolibrukh – a mathematician who solved Hilbert's twenty-first problem in 1989[29]
- Gersh Budker - Soviet physicist, specialized in nuclear physics and accelerator physics
- control systems designer in the Soviet Union's space program
- multiphoton ionization
- Gerasim Eliashberg - physicist who contributed to the theory of superconductivity and statistical physics
- Igor Dzyaloshinskii - theoretical physicist, known for his research on magnetism, multiferroics, one-dimensional conductors, liquid crystals, van der Waals forces, and applications of methods of quantum field theory
- David A. Frank-Kamenetskii - theoretical physicist and chemist
- Alexey Fridman- physicist
- Vsevolod Gantmakher - experimental physicist
- Semyon Gershtein – a theoretical physicist who contributed to nuclear physics, particle physics and astrophysics
- Soviet cybernetics
- Lev Gor'kov – a Russian-American theoretical physicist known for his pioneering work in the field of superconductivity
- Yurij Ionov – discovered genome instability as a mechanism in colonic carcinogenesis[30]
- Alexander Holevo – a mathematician known for Holevo's theorem
- Isaak Khalatnikov -- a Soviet theoretical physicist who has made contributions to many areas of theoretical physics, including general relativity, quantum field theory, as well as the theory of quantum liquids
- Alexey Kitaev - a Russian-American theoretical physicist, best known for introducing the quantum phase estimation algorithm and the concept of the topological quantum computer
- Sergey Korolev - a Soviet rocket engineer and spacecraft designer during the Space Race between the United States and the Soviet Union in the 1950s and 1960s
- Leonid Keldysh – a theoretical physicist known for developing the Keldysh formalism
- Sergey Korolyov.
- Leonid Khachiyan – Soviet-American mathematician and computer scientist famous for his Ellipsoid method for linear programming, Fulkerson Prize (1982)
- Vadim Knizhnik - physicist known for the Knizhnik–Zamolodchikov equations
- Igor Kurchatov - a Soviet nuclear physicist who is known as the director of the Soviet atomic bomb project
- Anatoly Larkin - theoretical physicist, recognised as a leader in theory of condensed matter, and who was also a teacher of several generations of theorists
- Grigory Landsberg -Soviet physicist who worked in the fields of optics and spectroscopy. Together with Leonid Mandelstam he co-discoverer inelastic combinatorial scattering of light, which known as Raman scattering
- (1953) mainframe computers
- Evgeny Lifshitz - physicist
- Robert Liptser - Russian-Israeli mathematician who made contributions to the theory and applications of stochastic processes
- Alexander Migdal – Russian-American, defined 2D quantum gravity,[31]2D/3D visualization software and internet entrepreneur
- Viatcheslav Mukhanov – contributor to the theory of cosmological inflation
- Sergey Nikolsky – mathematician
- theoretical physicist, who made contributions to the theory of elementary particles
- plasma physics, and condensed matter physics
- Valery Pokrovsky - is a Soviet and Russian physicist. He is best known for his pioneering and fundamental contributions to the modern theory of phase transitions
- Alexander Polyakov – quantum field theory classics,[32][33][34][35][36] Dirac'86[37] and Lorentz'94 Medals
- Emmanuel Rashba – Soviet-American theoretical physicist known for the Rashba effect and prediction of the Electric dipole spin resonance,[38] Lenin Prize
- Boris Rauschenbach – rocket scientist in control engineering, responsible for the first photographs of the far side of the Moon (1959)
- Mikhail Shifman – non-perturbative QCD classics,[39][40] Sakurai Prize (1999), Lilienfeld Prize (2006)
- Georgiy L. Stenchikov - applied mathematician
- Andrey A. Varlamov- an Italian physicist of Ukrainian origin, and the principal investigator at the Institute of Superconductors, Oxides and Other Innovative Materials and Devices (SPIN-CNR) in Rome
- Alexei Vasilievich Shubnikov - crystallographer and mathematician, who pioneered Russian crystallography and its application
- Sunyaev-Zel'dovich effect and a model of black holes[41]
- Max Taitz - scientist, engineer, and one of the founders of Gromov Flight Research Institute
- Karen Ter-Martirosian – a theoretical physicist greatly contributed to high-energy physics
- Edward Trifonov - Russian-Israeli molecular biophysicist
- Misha Tsodyks - theoretical and computational neuroscientist
- Sergey Vavilov – a physicist, who founded the Soviet school of physical optics, known by his works in luminescence. In 1934 he co-discovered the Vavilov-Cherenkov effect, a discovery for which Pavel Cherenkovwas awarded a Nobel Prize in Physics in 1958.
- metamaterialsof the 21st century in 1967
- Grigory Volovik - theoretical physicist, who specializes in condensed matter physics. He is known for the Volovik effect.
- Vladimir Zakharov - mathematician and physicist, who is known for his contributions in nonlinear wave theory in plasmas, hydrodynamics, oceanology, geophysics, solid state physics, optics, and general relativity.
- Alexander Zamolodchikov – quantum field theory classics[33][35][43]
- Sergey Yablonsky - mathematician, one of the founders of the Soviet school of mathematical cybernetics and discrete mathematics.
Cosmonauts
- Yuri Baturin – cosmonaut (1998 and 2001 missions), former head of national security
- ISSspace stations
- Aleksandr Serebrov – cosmonaut, 373 days in outer space (four flights)
Political and business persons
- Evraz Group, #137 on the Forbes list
- TsAGI(2009–)
- Parallels, Inc.
- Evraz Group, #390 on the Forbes list
- Valentin Gapontsev – fiber laser technology pioneer, founder of IPG Photonics
- Mikhail Kirpichnikov – Russian Science & Technology Minister (1998–2000), dean of Biology at MSU (2006–)
- Minister of Foreign Affairs of Ukraine.[44]
- Russian oligarch, with political asylum in the United States.
- Nikolay Kudryavtsev – rector of MIPT (1997–)
- Boris Saltykov – Russian Minister of Science and Technology (1991–1996)
- Natan Sharansky – Israeli Cabinet Minister (1996–2005), US Congressional Gold Medal (1986)
- Sergei Guriev – Economist, former rector of New Economic School (2004–2013)
- Volodymyr Shkidchenko – Defense Minister of Ukraine (2003–2004), four-star general of the Army
- Nikolay Storonsky – Russian-British founding CEO of British fintech company Revolut (2015–)
- Ratmir Timashev – American and Swiss businessman, entrepreneur, investor, co-founder and CEO of Veeam and Aelita Software Corporation, founder of ABRT Fund.
- Arkady Volozh – Kazakhstan-born Israeli technology entrepreneur, computer scientist, investor, and philanthropist
- Tverskaya Oblast(2004–2011)
- Dmitri Dolgov – Co-founder and CTO of the Google Self-Driving Car Project (Waymo) (2009–2021), then Co-CEO (2021–)[45][46]
- Boris Nadezhdin - liberal politician in Russia who is a candidate in the presidential election candidate at 2024
References
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- ^ "Обращение Российского Союза ректоров 04.03.2022". Российский Союз Ректоров. March 4, 2022. Archived from the original on 7 March 2022.
- ^ "Повесть древних времён или предыстория Физтеха", Ch 3 Archived 2006-10-11 at the Wayback Machine by N. V. Karlov.
- ^ "Повесть древних времён или предыстория Физтеха", Ch 4 by N.V. Karlov.
- ^ "Повесть древних времён или предыстория Физтеха", Ch 6 by N.V. Karlov.
- ^ "Повесть древних времён или предыстория Физтеха", Ch 7 by N.V. Karlov.
- ^ "The Nobel Prize in Physics 2010". nobelprize.org. Retrieved 31 October 2017.
- ^ "Государственная академическая стипендия — Студенческая жизнь". mipt.ru.
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- ^ "Renaissance scientist with fund of ideas". Scientific Computing World. 15 July 2006.
- ISBN 9798985668704.
- ^ "Summer Symposiums History". International Summer Symposium on Science and World Affairs. Retrieved 11 November 2013.
- ^ "Phystech's Educational Approach". Archived from the original on 31 January 2011. Retrieved 31 October 2017.
- ^ "Academicians, Hierarchy and Titles in Russian Science, MIPT Web Site". Archived from the original on 2 May 2006. Retrieved 31 October 2017.
- ^ "Best Universities in the world". Mastersportal. Retrieved 20 Dec 2022.
- ^ "Best Universities". USNews. Retrieved 20 Dec 2022.
- ^ "Moscow Institute of Physics and Technology (MIPT / Moscow Phystech)". Top Universities.
- ^ Moscow Institute of Physics & Technology
- ^ "Shanghai Jao Tong University ranking methodology". Archived from the original on 7 May 2006. Retrieved 31 October 2017.
- ^ "MIPT 2009 admittance statistics". Archived from the original on 13 December 2009. Retrieved 31 October 2017.
- ^ "Nobel Prize in Physics 1962 – Presentation Speech". nobelprize.org. Retrieved 31 October 2017.
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- ^ "Press Release: The 1978 Nobel Prize in Physics". nobelprize.org. Retrieved 31 October 2017.
- ^ Ölander, A. "The Nobel Prize in Chemistry 1956: Award ceremony speech". nobelprize.org.
- ^ "Press Release: The 2003 Nobel Prize in Physics". nobelprize.org. Retrieved 31 October 2017.
- ^ "Nobel Prize in Physics 1964 – Presentation Speech". nobelprize.org. Retrieved 31 October 2017.
- ^ "Intel Fellow – Boris A. Babayan". www.intel.com. Retrieved 31 October 2017.
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- ^ Parliament appoints Klimkin as Ukrainian foreign minister, Interfax-Ukraine (19 June 2014)
- ^ Bloomberg Profile: Dmitri Dolgov (20 July 2023)
- ^ Computer History Museum: Profile - Dmitri Dolgov (20 July 2023)
External links
- Official website (in English)
- Official website (in Russian)