Igor Tamm

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Igor Tamm
Игорь Тамм
Second Moscow State University
Moscow State University Lebedev Physical Institute
Doctoral advisorLeonid Mandelstam
Doctoral studentsLeonid Brekhovskikh
Leonid Keldysh
Andrey Sakharov
Anatoly Vlasov

Igor Yevgenyevich Tamm (

Quasi-particle Phonon, and in 1951, together with Andrei Sakharov, proposed the Tokamak system
.

Biography

Tamm on the 2000 Russian stamp "Idea of phonons, 1929"

Igor Tamm was born in 1895 in

Jewish or had Jewish ancestry.[3][4][5][6][7][8][9][10][11]

He studied at a

Elisavetgrad (now Kropyvnytskyi, Ukraine). In 1913–1914 he studied at the University of Edinburgh together with his school-friend Boris Hessen
.

At the outbreak of World War I in 1914 he joined the army as a volunteer field medic. In 1917 he joined the Revolutionary movement and became an active anti-war campaigner, serving on revolutionary committees after the March Revolution.[12] He returned to the Moscow State University from which he graduated in 1918.

Tamm married Nataliya Shuyskaya (1894–1980) in September 1917. Shе belonged to a noble

Soviet Everest expedition in 1982[13]
).

On 1 May 1923, Tamm began teaching physics at the

Second Moscow State University. The same year, he finished his first scientific paper, Electrodynamics of the Anisotropic Medium in the Special Theory of Relativity.[14] In 1928, he spent a few months with Paul Ehrenfest at the University of Leiden and made a life-long friendship with Paul Dirac.[15][16] From 1934 until his death in 1971 Tamm was the head of the theoretical department at Lebedev Physical Institute
in Moscow.

In 1932, Tamm published a paper with his proposal of the concept of surface states. This concept is important for metal–oxide–semiconductor field-effect transistor (MOSFET) physics.

In 1934, Tamm and

Semen Altshuller suggested that the neutron has a non-zero magnetic moment,[17][18] the idea was met with scepticism at that time, as the neutron was supposed to be an elementary particle with zero charge, and thus could not have a magnetic moment. The same year, Tamm coined an idea that proton-neutron interactions can be described as an exchange force transmitted by a yet unknown massive particle,[19][20] this idea was later developed by Hideki Yukawa into a theory of meson forces
.

In 1945 he developed an approximation method for many-body physics. As Sidney Dancoff developed it independently in 1950, it is now called the Tamm-Dancoff approximation.

He was the

Cherenkov-Vavilov effect
.

In late 1940s to early 1950s Tamm was involved in the

hydrogen bomb
in 1953.

In 1951, together with

controlled thermonuclear fusion on the basis of toroidal magnetic thermonuclear reactor and soon after the first such devices were built by the INF. Results from the T-3 Soviet magnetic confinement device in 1968, when the plasma
parameters unique for that time were obtained, showed temperatures in their machine to be over an order of magnitude higher than what was expected by the rest of the community. The western scientists visited the experiment and verified the high temperatures and confinement, sparking a wave of optimism for the prospects of the tokamak as well as construction of new experiments, which is still the dominant magnetic confinement device today.

In 1964 he was elected a Member of the

German Academy of Sciences Leopoldina.[22]

Tamm was a student of

Leonid Isaakovich Mandelshtam in science and life.[citation needed
]

Tamm was an atheist.[23][24]

Tamm died in Moscow, Soviet Union on 12 April 1971, the Lunar crater Tamm is named after him. He is buried at Novodevichy Cemetery.[citation needed]

References

  1. ^ "К 100-летию Игоря Евгеньевича Тамма: "Природа". – 1995, № 7 – Электронная библиотека "История Росатома"". elib.biblioatom.ru.
  2. ^ Chernenko, Gennady (19 October 2004). "Igor Tamm". biographical encyclopedia peoples.ru. Retrieved 7 September 2009.
  3. ISBN 978-0-87855-454-6
    .
  4. ISBN 978-0-415-26030-5
    .
  5. ISBN 978-0-89774-899-5
    . Parents: Father, Evgen Tamm; Mother, Olga Davidova Tamm. Nationality: Russian. Religion: Jewish.
  6. ISBN 978-1-906165-22-2
    .
  7. ^ Van Huyssteen, Wentzel (2003). Encyclopedia of Science and Religion, Volume 2. MacMillan Reference USA. p. 493.
  8. doi:10.1063/1.2811465
    . It is the story of a baptized German Jew (Tamm means "naive" in Hebrew)...
  9. ISBN 9781421413822
    . ...Ilya Frank, Igor Tamm, and Lev Landau... Frank, Tamm and Landau – were, like Ioffe himself, born to Jewish parents...
  10. ISBN 978-1559705929
    .
  11. ISBN 978-0824603885
    .
  12. ^ Игорь Тамм Archived 8 March 2016 at the Wayback Machine. Hipersona.ru. Retrieved on 14 July 2014.
  13. ^ Mountaineering, climbing. January – February 2008 news. Russianclimb.com. Retrieved on 14 July 2014.
  14. ^ Feinberg, E. L. (1987) Reminiscences about I. E. Tamm. Nauka
  15. ^ Reminiscence of a boat trip of Tamm and Paul Dirac, April 1928. ilorentz.org.
  16. ^ Paul Dirac and Igor Tamm Correspondence. cds.cern.ch.
  17. ^ Tamm, I.E. and Alshuler, S.A. "Magnetic moment of a neutron", Reports of the Academy of Science USSR, 1, 8, 455 (1934) (in Russian)
  18. S2CID 4049820
    .
  19. S2CID 4104612
    .
  20. S2CID 4131141
    .
  21. ISBN 0091746361
  22. ^ "List of Members". www.leopoldina.org. Retrieved 8 October 2017.
  23. ISBN 9780750309929
    . Nowadays, when we are facing manifestations of religious and. more often, pseudoreligious feelings, it is appropriate to mention that Igor Evgenevich was a convinced and unreserved atheist.
  24. ISBN 978-9812834164
    .

Further reading

Wikimedia Commons has media related to Igor Tamm.

External links

  • Igor Tamm on Nobelprize.org Edit this at Wikidata including his Nobel Lecture, 11 December 1958 General Characteristics of Radiation Emitted by Systems Moving with Super-Light Velocities with Some Applications to Plasma Physics
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