Ontario Highway 3

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Norfolk
 Highway 6 in Jarvis
East endTownline Road at Wainfleet–Port Colborne boundary
Section 3
Length21.1 km (13.1 mi)
West end Highway 140 in Port Colborne
East endRosehill Road in Fort Erie
Location
Country
Dunnville, Fort Erie
VillagesDelhi, Jarvis, Cayuga
Highway system
← Highway 2→ Highway 4
Former provincial highways
←  
Highway 2S
 Highway 3B  →

King's Highway 3, commonly referred to as Highway 3, is a

Edgewood Park, within the Fort Erie town limits. From there, the road continues as Niagara Regional Road 3 to the Peace Bridge, where drivers can cross to the United States
. The total length of Highway 3 is 258.2 km (160.4 mi), consisting of 49.2 km (30.6 mi) from Windsor to Leamington, 187.9 km (116.8 mi) from Talbotville Royal to Port Colborne and 21.1 km (13.1 mi) from Port Colborne to Edgewood Park.

Until the late 1990s, Highway 3 formed a single continuous 413.2 km (256.8 mi) route from the Ambassador Bridge to near the Peace Bridge, but since then has had significant portion transferred to regional and county governments. A large segment of the route follows the historic Talbot Trail, a settlement road following the northern shore of Lake Erie constructed by

Rt. Hon. Herb Gray Parkway
, formerly Windsor-Essex Parkway).

Route description

Highway 3 follows the route of the historic

Talbot Trail for most of its length. Abutting the northern shore of Lake Erie between Windsor and Fort Erie, the route deviates in places to bypass towns and to avoid the less than direct trail laid nearly two centuries ago.[2] Prior to 1998, the highway spanned this entire distance,[3] but has since then been divided into three discontinuous sections.[4] The western section travels 50.2 km (31.2 mi) from Windsor to Leamington. From there, a 145.0 km (90.1 mi) gap separates the western and central sections. Highway 3 resumes near St. Thomas at the southern end of Highway 4 and travels 187.9 km (116.8 mi) east to Port Colborne. The central and eastern sections are divided by a 3.4 km (2.1 mi) Connecting Link through Port Colborne. The eastern section begins at Highway 140 and travels 21.1 km (13.1 mi) to Fort Erie. It ends at Rosehill Road, a short distance west of the Peace Bridge crossing into New York.[1][4]

Western segment

The western segment of Highway 3 begins at the Ambassador Bridge, which connects Canada with the U.S. state of

Highway 401.[6] At Essex County Road 11, Highway 3 enters rural southwestern Ontario, and is dominated by farmland for much of its length through Essex County. The now four-laned route becomes divided as it follows the Essex Bypass around the southern edge of Essex, with commercial services lining the highway, primarily on the north side. Returning to farmland and narrowing to a two lane undivided road, the highway continues southeast, passing nearby, but avoiding, several small communities that the original highway travelled through.[7] After passing Essex County Road 18, the route curves eastward, passing north of Kingsville before entering Leamington along its northern fringe.[4] The western section ends at the southern terminus of Highway 77,[1] where the provincially built but county maintained Leamington Bypass continues east to meet the Talbot Road just east of the town.[4]

Central segment

The five-span bridge in Cayuga in 2010; opened in 1924, demolished in 2014 and replaced by a concrete structure

The central segment is the longest of the three, at 187.9 km (116.8 mi).

Straffordville.[4][8] Highway 3 meanwhile curves northeast and passes through Tillsonburg, encountering Highway 19. It then curves east and travels parallel to the St. Thomas and Eastern Railway to Courtland, remerging with the Talbot Trail and snaking towards Delhi, now within Norfolk County.[4]

At Delhi, Highway 3 turns south for 4 km (2.5 mi) before returning to its eastward orientation. It continues through farmland to the town of

steel girder bridge crossed the river, but it has since been replaced by a concrete structure.[9] At Canborough, the historic Talbot Trail ends and Highway 3 veers south to Dunnville,[10] briefly travelling along the northern bank of the Grand River and gradually curving back eastward. East of Dunnville, the route follows Forks Road into Wainfleet and the Niagara Region.[4] At Chambers Corners it turns south and passes through Wainfleet village, crossing the old Feeder Canal which once supplied the Welland Canal with water from the Grand River.[10] Just north of Lake Erie, Highway 3 turns east and travels straight towards Port Colborne, passing just south of the Wainfleet Bog. At Townline Road, the boundary between Wainfleet and Port Colborne, the central section ends and the roadway continues as Niagara Regional Road 3 through the city, meeting the southern end of Highway 58.[1][4]

Highway 3 at Highway 140 in Port Colborne

Portions of the central segment of Highway 3 through several towns are maintained under Connecting Link agreements, including within Aylmer, Delhi, Simcoe, Cayuga and Dunnville. The combined length of these segments is 15.9 kilometres (9.9 mi).[5]

Eastern segment

The final and shortest section of Highway 3 begins at Highway 140 on the eastern fringe of Port Colborne and lies entirely within Niagara Region. The 21.1 km (13.1 mi) segment travels several kilometres inland to Lake Erie, as well as parallel to it.

Gasline, where the Niagara Speedway stands on the northern side of the highway.[4][11] At the Fort Erie boundary, the route widens to four lanes and jogs northeast to align with the old Garrison Road. As the highway progresses eastward into the town, the surroundings gradually become more urbanized before it ends at Rosehill Road.[1][11] The roadway continues east through Fort Erie to the foot of the Peace Bridge as Niagara Regional Road 3, connecting with the Queen Elizabeth Way to provide access to the United States.[4][11]

Westbound traffic to the Canada-USA border crossing in Windsor follows Highway 3 which has over a dozen traffic lights en route to the Ambassador Bridge. This congested route will be bypassed by an extension of Highway 401 leading to a new international bridge.

Connections with the United States

Highway 3 was the only Ontario provincial highway to both start and end at international crossings with the United States (the Ambassador Bridge leading into Detroit, Michigan and the Peace Bridge leading into Buffalo, New York, respectively). From Chicago, Toledo, and Detroit to Buffalo and Western New York, Highway 3 was shorter and more direct than any American route (including Interstate 90), because the Lake Erie shoreline dips south along Ohio, Pennsylvania, and New York. After the 1954 New York State Thruway opened from Buffalo to New York City,[12] Michigan officials had encouraged Ontario to replace Highway 3 with a toll road connecting Detroit to Buffalo.[13]

When the Michigan Department of Transportation discontinued US 25 in 1973, much of it through Detroit was redesignated as M-3, whose southern terminus came at Clark Street in Detroit, at the junction of I-75 by the Ambassador Bridge.[14][15] This provided a connection between Michigan's M-3 and Ontario's Highway 3 until 2001, when jurisdictional changes within downtown Detroit created a discontinuous segment of M-3, and this international Route 3 connection was lost when the portion of M-3 along Fort Street was redesignated M-85.[16][17]

Highway 3 has been largely replaced as a Detroit–Buffalo truck route by portions of

Windsor–Essex Parkway) to the Gordie Howe International Bridge to Detroit in 2025.[19]

History

Talbot Trail

The history of Highway 3 dates back over 200 years to the pioneering settlement era of

Lieutenant Governor of Upper Canada. He returned to England after Simcoe fell ill, but vowed to return to the hinterland he had come to love.[20]

Colonel Thomas Talbot

After completing his military commission, Talbot returned to Upper Canada in 1801 at the age of 30. Although Simcoe had promised Talbot 5,000 acres (20,000,000 m2) of land in

Lord Hobart authorizing his grant, and established what is now the town of Port Stanley. Wishing to expand his grant and create his ideal colony, Talbot sought out new settlers; a road was required.[20][2]

Talbot received a grant of $250 in September 1804 for the construction of a road between

Brantford and Delhi. John Bostwick would survey the route that year; however, funding shortages would halt construction in 1806.[21]
Talbot approached the new Lieutenant Governor –
Amherstburg. By then, a road was already opened between Port Talbot and Talbotville Royale.[22]

Construction of the new road proved far more difficult than first imagined. Workers followed an old Native American trail, wholly consumed by nature, between Delhi and Port Talbot. To get across the numerous swamps, felled trees were laid across the path to create a corduroy road, much to the chagrin of settlers. The outbreak of the War of 1812 would temporarily halt further construction. When it resumed in 1816, Talbot himself began directing the surveyor, ordering that the road remain on the highest ground possible.[2] This led to an irregular and winding route between Aylmer and Delhi. By 1830, the corduroy logs had been removed and the road improved and extended from Amherstburg to Canborough.[23]

Niagara trails

East of Canborough, Highway 3 follows several early settlement trails: Forks Road between Dunnville and Chambers Corners, Sherk's Road through Port Colborne to Gasline, and the military Garrison Road through Fort Erie. These roads predate the land survey grid of concession roads and sidelines, which would be used by the provincial government to make Highway 3 a continuous route through the Niagara Peninsula where none previously existed.[10]

Forks Road, a river road following Forks Creek, served to connect the Grand River at Dunnville with the Welland River west of Welland. Like many early roads in Upper Canada, it was built along a river bank. It can therefore be assumed that this trail was built prior to the completion of the Feeder Canal in 1832.[10] Sherk's Road was built at the request of Elias Sherk (d. 1893) in 1858 to connect his house (the historic Danner House) with his and Michael Gondor's properties.[24] The irregular road connected the Welland Canal at Humberstone (now Port Colborne) to the community of Ridgeway, where it met the west end of the Garrison Road.[25] That road was built due to the threat of American attack to provide quick access from Fort Erie, and, like other military roads in Upper Canada (e.g. Dundas Street or Yonge Street), it travelled in a straight line, in this case parallel to the Lake Erie shoreline.[10]

Provincial Highway Network

Until 1918, the majority of the primary roads through southern Ontario formed part of the County Road System. The Department of Public Works and Highways paid up to 60% of the construction and maintenance costs for these roads, while the counties were responsible for the remaining 40%. In 1919, the federal government passed the Canada Highways Act, which provided $20,000,000 to provinces under the condition that they establish an official highway network; up to 40% of construction costs would be subsidized. The first network plan was approved on February 26, 1920, and included the Talbot Road.[26] The majority of what would soon become Highway 3 was designated several months later in August.[27] However, it would not receive a route number until the summer of 1925.[28]

Four significant changes to Highway 3 have taken place since the designation of the route in 1920. The first was an adjustment to the eastern terminus.[29] The second was the Essex Bypass, built through the 1970s between Windsor and Leamington.[30] The third was the St. Thomas Expressway, a super two highway built in the late 1970s.[31] The final change was the provincial highway transfers conducted in 1997 and 1998 that resulted in three segments of Highway 3 being decommissioned: between Leamington and Talbotville Royale, through Port Colborne and within Fort Erie.[32][33]

Highway 3 originally ended at the

Edward, Prince of Wales.[34]

Traffic patterns quickly shifted to take advantage of the new crossing and the bypass of Niagara Falls that it provided. In foresight of this, the Department of Public Highways took control of a Welland County road between Chambers Corners and Fort Erie on May 11, 1927. This roadway, which followed a significant portion of Sherk's Road and the Garrison Road, in addition to a concession road built west from Port Colborne and north through Wainfleet village, was designated as Highway 3A.[35][36] The following year it was surfaced with concrete and a new bridge built over the Welland Canal in Port Colborne.[37] The new route became so popular that in 1929 the Highway 3 and Highway 3A designations were swapped.[29]

In the early 1970s, as part of a review to determine the future route of Highway 406 south of Welland, proposals arose for a bypass of Highway 3 from east of Dunnville to Port Colborne near Highway 58.[38]

Essex Bypass

See also:
Essex County Road 34

The Essex Bypass was opened in stages in the 1970s and early 1980s. Plans were completed in 1968 as part of a province-wide program to bypass small towns on busy provincial highways.[39] The first stage, opened by 1972, began west of Maidstone and passed south of Essex, where it then routed along Malden Road to its former alignment (now Essex County Road 34).[30][40] Construction of an eastward extension to Ruthven was underway by 1982,[41] and completed in 1983, with the road following Union Road to the old alignment.[30][42] Construction of a final extension, from Union Road north of Ruthven to past Highway 77 on the northern fringe of Leamington, was underway in late 1998;[30] it opened in early December 1999.[43] Although the Leamington Bypass was constructed by the Ministry of Transportation (MTO),[43] the 1.1-kilometre (0.68 mi) segment east of Highway 77 to County Road 34 (Talbot Road) was never a part of Highway 3 or the provincial highway network.[44] It is signed as Essex County Road 33, as Leamington is planning to link the discontinuous segments of County Road 33 with the East Side Arterial Road.[45]

The Essex Bypass, completed around the village of Essex in 1972,

C$20.7 million. The C$22.1 million second phase involved widening the highway between Walker Road and Maidstone to a five lane cross-section, and began in mid-November 2009.[51] It was completed in early 2012.[52] Despite concerns raised by Crozier in 2006 that the project would be halted after the first phase, which were dismissed at the time,[50] no further work has actually been completed on the Essex Bypass since 2012, and the section between Essex and Ruthven remains a two lane highway.[7] It is still considered as a future project by the MTO, with no time line set.[53][54] Three months after Crozier's unexpected death on June 3, 2011, the entire Essex Bypass was renamed the Bruce Crozier Way in honour of his commitment to the widening of the highway.[55]

St. Thomas Expressway

The lone interchange on the St. Thomas Expressway; note the unused right span of the overpass, designed to accommodate future expansion

The St. Thomas expressway was built along the northern edge of that city beginning in 1974.[56] It features six overpasses and a single interchange, at First Avenue. A ribbon cutting ceremony was held on September 7, 1981 to officially open the new route, which bypassed the former Highway 3 alignment along Talbot Street and the short concurrency with Highway 4 (Sunset Drive). The bypass cost C$16.5 million to construct, and features a two-lane roadway with allotted space on the north side for a second two-lane roadway.[31] Plans originally called for the expressway to extend further east to New Sarum and later even as far as Aylmer,[57][58] but these have never materialized.[4]

Downloads to municipalities

Highway 3 ended near the Peace Bridge from 1929 until 1998

Aside from the Essex Bypass and St. Thomas Expressway, Highway 3 remained generally unchanged between the 1930s and late 1990s.

transferred many highways to lower levels of government in 1997 and 1998, removing a significant percentage of the provincial highway network.[61]

Highway 3 served as one of the principal highways through southwestern Ontario, since this Detroit–Buffalo route is more direct with a shorter distance than using the below-mentioned 400-series highways, and furthermore Highway 3 does not have to climb the

Chatham–Kent and Elgin County.[33] It has since been designated as Essex County Road 34, Chatham–Kent Road 3 and Elgin County Road 3.[4]

In 2001, the MTO considered renumbering the western segment of Highway 3 as Highway 103 to avoid confusion.[63] However, this never came to pass due to opposition from Windsor city councillors.[4]

Windsor–Essex Parkway

See also: Ontario Highway 401 § Windsor–Essex Parkway

Highway 401 did not originally have direct access to the

Rt. Hon. Herb Gray Parkway) to a new international crossing.[30][64]

In 2004, a joint announcement by the

environmental assessment on the entire project in late 2005.[65]

Initial construction of a noise barrier from North Talbot Road to Howard Avenue began in March 2010. Full construction began on August 19, 2011,[66] with an expected completion date of mid-2015 for the first phase and 2015-16 for the remainder of the parkway.[67] In early 2015, it was announced that the parkway would open to traffic between Highway 3 and Labelle Street (near the E.C. Row Expressway) in the spring.[68] The existing segment of Highway 3 (Talbot Road and Huron Church Road) from the E. C. Row Expressway to just east of Outer Drive was realigned to free up right-of-way for the Highway 401 extension which was built below-grade in a trench with tunnels to cross underneath surface streets (including those carrying the Highway 3 routing). The old split interchange between Highway 3 (Talbot Road) and Highway 401 was replaced by an all-direction junction incorporating a roundabout, from which a new alignment of Talbot Road bypassed the intersection with Outer Drive (which had traffic lights added in 2006) just each of the former split. The Highway 401 extension runs parallel to (but does not replace) Highway 3 until the E. C. Row Expressway. After an interchange to Highway 3 and Labelle Street, the Highway 401 extension then changed direction where it runs parallel westward for 2 km (1.2 mi), then it turned northwest and follow a new alignment to the under-construction Gordie Howe International Bridge (formerly the Detroit River International Crossing and the New International Trade Crossing) border crossing.[6]

Cayuga bridge replacement

Work was done in Cayuga to install a new crossing over the Grand River, replacing the five-span steel structure that previously served traffic since 1924.

Six Nations of the Grand River First Nation. The remaining work included a scheduled three-day closure during which the new bridge was jacked 5 metres (16 ft) north to align with the former structure, as well as decorative work.[9][71][72]
Work was completed in the autumn of 2015.[70]

Future

On August 12, 2019, the MTO announced its intention to expand Highway 3 within Essex County by "twinning" the existing two-lane highway with a second carriageway.[73] Early construction work is underway as of March 2021 to twin approximately 6 km (3.7 mi) of Highway 3 around the town of Essex, including interchange improvements at Essex County Road 8 (Maidstone Avenue), and a

grade-separation at North Malden Road / Victoria Avenue.[74][75]
Further expansion from east of Essex to Leamington is currently under detailed design and engineering.[76]

Major intersections

The following table lists the major junctions along Highway 3, as noted by the Ministry of Transportation of Ontario.[1] 

DivisionLocationkm[1]miDestinationsNotes
Detroit
Continuation into Michigan; beginning of Windsor Connecting Link agreement
Ambassador Bridge (toll)
Detroit–Windsor Ambassador Bridge Border Crossing
4.02.5Industrial Road (east)
Northwood Street (west)		End of Windsor Connecting Link agreement
4.52.8
Herb Gray Parkway (Highway 401); formerly Highway 2 / Highway 18
4.62.9 Highway 401 east – LondonEastbound exit and westbound entrance; Highway 401 exit 5
County Road 6
(Todd Lane (west) / Cabana Road West (east))
 
U.S.A.
Westbound exit
7.24.5 
County Road 7
(Huron Church Line Road)
7.34.5 Highway 401 east – LondonEastbound exit and westbound entrance; Highway 401 exit 7
9.86.1 Highway 401 east – LondonEastbound exit
 
U.S.A.
Westbound exit
10.46.5 
County Road 9
north (Howard Avenue)
Herb Gray Parkway
(Highway 401); no access to Highway 401 west from Highway 3 east; Highway 401 exit 5
12.77.9 
County Road 11
(Walker Road)
17.911.1 
County Road 34
(Talbot Road)
County Road 19
(Manning Road)
County Road 8
(Maidstone Avenue)
27.417.0 
County Road 23
(Arner Townline Road)
County Road 27
(Cottam Sideroad)
36.622.7 
County Road 29
(Division Road)
39.924.8 
County Road 18
43.226.8 
Ruthven
County Road 31
(Albuna Townline Road)
County Road 33
begins		End of Highway 3 eastern segment; continues as Essex County Road 33
51.431.9 
County Road 33 south (Leamington Bypass)
Former Highway 3 follows Essex County Road 34 east; formerly Highway 18 west
Municipal Road 3
begins		Essex County Road 34 eastern terminus; Chatham-Kent Municipal Road 3 western terminus
Municipal Road 11 north (Chatham Street)
Formerly Highway 40 north
Municipal Road 15 (Kent Bridge Road)
Formerly Highway 51 south
Municipal Road 17 (Hill Road)
Formerly Highway 21 north
County Road 3
begins		Chatham-Kent Municipal Road 3 eastern terminus; Elgin County Road 3 western terminus
Eagle; formerly Highway 76
north
Talbotville
; beginning of Highway 3 central segment; Elgin County Road 3 eastern terminus; Highway 4 southern terminus
196.3122.0 County Road 26 east (Bostwick Line)
 County Road 52 east (Ron McNiel Line)
County Road 25
(Wellington Road)		Beginning of St. Thomas Expressway
St. Thomas201.5125.2First AvenueInterchange
203.8126.6Centennial RoadEnd of St. Thomas Expressway; Highway 3 follows Centennial Road
205.0127.4Talbot Street
 
County Road 28
south (Centennial Road)		Highway 3 follows Talbot Street
Central Elgin
209.1129.9 County Road 36 south (Quaker Road)
210.1130.6 
New Sarum; formerly Highway 74
north
Central Elgin – Malahide
boundary		213.2132.5 County Road 35 (Springwater Road)
Aylmer216.2134.3Beginning of Aylmer Connecting Link agreement
216.8134.7 County Road 53 north (Elm Street)
217.4135.1 
County Road 73 (John Street)
Formerly Highway 73
218.5135.8End of Aylmer Connecting Link agreement
Summers Corners
227.3141.2 County Road 38 east (Heritage Line)
Bayham
231.1143.6 County Road 46 (Culloden Road)
233.6145.2 
County Road 44
(Eden Road)
County Highway 19 south – Port Burwell
County Road 51
west (Simcoe Street)
County Highway 59 south
Formerly Highway 59 south; former western end of Highway 59 concurrency
251.0156.0 
County Road 38
south (Talbot Street)
County Road 16
south (Rhineland Road)
County Highway 59 north
Big Creek Drive south
Formerly Highway 59 north; former eastern end of Highway 59 concurrency
261.7162.6Talbot RoadBeginning of Delhi Connecting Link agreement
262.3163.0 County Road 37 north (James Street)
262.4163.0 County Road 4 east (Church Street)
263.8163.9Wilson AvenueEnd of Delhi Connecting Link agreement
County Road 46
south (Pinegrove Road)
County Road 21
west (Lynedoch Road)
 266.6165.7 County Road 10 south (Turkey Point Road)
272.8169.5 
County Road 25 north (Nixon Road) – Nixon
277.0172.1 County Road 41 south (Hillcrest Road)
Simcoe277.8172.6Beginning of Simcoe Connecting Link agreement
278.3172.9 County Road 40 north (Park Road)
279.0173.4 County Road 35 north (Hunt Street)
280.0174.0 
County Highway 24
south (Norfolk Street)
281.8175.1Ireland RoadEnd of Simcoe Connecting Link agreement
County Road 5
(Cockshutt Road)
Haldimand 293.8182.6 County Road 74 north (Keith Richardson Parkway) – Townsend
311.4193.5 County Road 70 south
Jarvis296.3184.1Beginning of Jarvis Connecting Link agreement
296.8184.4 
Port Dover
298.1185.2End of Jarvis Connecting Link agreement
 298.5185.5 County Road 55
302.2187.8 County Road 18 (Sandusk Road)
Balmoral
309.9192.6 County Road 53
County Road 20
 317.4197.2 County Road 8 south (Kohler Road)
Cayuga319.4198.5
319.5198.5Ouse StreetBeginning of Cayuga Connecting Link agreement
319.9198.8 
Highway 54
north
320.1198.9 
County Road 17
east (Thorburn Street)
320.8199.3Monture StreetEnd of Cayuga Connecting Link agreement
Highway 56
north
Canborough
334.9208.1 County Road 14 east (Smithville Road)To County Road 2 / County Road 63
County Road 17
west
345.8214.9 
County Road 15
(Robinson Road)		Beginning of Dunnville Connecting Link agreement
349.2217.0 County Road 61 (Taylor Road)
Ramsey Drive		To
County Road 3
350.5217.8Inman RoadEnd of Dunnville Connecting Link agreement
 353.1219.4 County Road 7 north (Marshagen Road)
Mount Carmel
356.9221.8 County Road 65 south (Hutchinson Road)
NiagaraWainfleet359.6223.4 Regional Road 4 north (Wellandport Road)
368.7229.1 
Chambers Corners
375.1233.1 
Ostryhon Corners
; Niagara Regional Road 3 (western segment)
377.5234.6Golf Course RoadFormerly
Regional Road 30
Regional Road 3
begins		End of Highway 3 eastern segment; continues as Niagara Regional Road 3 (central segment)
Regional Road 5
east (Killaly Street)
383.6238.4 Highway 58 north (West Side Road)
385.5239.5 
Welland
Beginning of Highway 3 eastern segment
388.9241.7 Regional Road 84 north (Miller Road)
394.0244.8 
Regional Road 98
north (Wilhelm Road)
Regional Road 116 (Gorham Road) – Ridgeway, Stevensville
401.4249.4Ridge RoadFormerly Regional Road 118
406.6252.6Rosehill Road
 Highway 3 ends
 
Regional Road 3
begins		Highway 3 eastern terminus; becomes Niagara Regional Road 3 (eastern segment)
409.9254.7 
Regional Road 122
(Thompson Road / Helena Street)
411.8255.9 
Toronto
Niagara Regional Road 3 eastern terminus; former Highway 3 eastern terminus; connects to Niagara Boulevard
1.000 mi = 1.609 km; 1.000 km = 0.621 mi

See also

  • List of roads in Essex County, Ontario

References

Footnotes

  1. ^ a b c d e f g h i Ministry of Transportation of Ontario (2008). "Annual Average Daily Traffic (AADT) counts". Archived from the original on July 6, 2011. Retrieved August 29, 2012.
  2. ^ a b c d Shragge & Bagnato 1984, pp. 27–29.
  3. ^ a b Official Road Map (Map). Cartography by Cartography Section. Ministry of Transportation. 1990. § M1–P10.
  4. ^
    ISBN 1-55198-226-9
    .
  5. ^ a b Contract Management and Operations Branch (2011). Highway Connecting Link List (Report). Ministry of Transportation of Ontario.
  6. ^ a b Detroit River International Crossing Study team (May 1, 2008). "Parkway Map" (PDF). URS Corporation. Archived from the original (PDF) on July 6, 2011. Retrieved February 26, 2010.
  7. ^ a b Google (May 9, 2015). "Route of western segment of Highway 3" (Map). Google Maps. Google. Retrieved May 9, 2015.
  8. ^ a b c Google (May 10, 2015). "Route of central segment of Highway 3" (Map). Google Maps. Google. Retrieved May 10, 2015.
  9. ^
    Hamilton Spectator
    . Retrieved May 27, 2015.
  10. ^
    doi:10.1111/j.1467-8306.1969.tb00683.x
    .
  11. ^ a b c d Google (May 9, 2015). "Route of eastern segment of Highway 3" (Map). Google Maps. Google. Retrieved May 9, 2015.
  12. ^ Dales, Douglas (June 20, 1954). "Across The Map". The New York Times. p. XX21.
  13. Saskatoon Star-Phoenix
    . The Canadian Press. January 12, 1955. p. 26. Retrieved August 30, 2013.
  14. OCLC 12701120, 81679137
    . Retrieved October 17, 2019 – via Michigan History Center.
  15. OCLC 12701177, 83138602
    . Retrieved October 17, 2019 – via Michigan History Center.
  16. OCLC 42778335
    . Retrieved October 17, 2019 – via Michigan History Center.
  17. OCLC 42778335
    .
  18. ^ "Highway 403 extension opens Friday". The Toronto Star. August 15, 1997. Retrieved June 28, 2010.
  19. ^ Battagello, Dave (April 12, 2013). "New Detroit crossing seven years away". Windsor Star. Archived from the original on August 7, 2013. Retrieved August 4, 2013.
  20. ^ a b c "Colonel Thomas Talbot". Elgin County. Retrieved August 27, 2012.
  21. ^ "Original Talbot Road". Heron Trips. Retrieved August 27, 2012.
  22. ^ a b Brown 2009, p. 175.
  23. ^ May, Gary (September 2010). "You'll Love this Lakefront Trail! History, Scenery Abound on Road Col. Thomas Talbot Built". MyNewWaterfrontHome.com. Retrieved August 27, 2012.
  24. ^ "History of Danner House". Danner House Bed & Breakfast. Retrieved May 27, 2015.
  25. ^ "Welland County". Canadian County Atlas Project. McGill University. 2001. Retrieved May 27, 2015.
  26. ^ Shragge & Bagnato 1984, pp. 73–75.
  27. ^ Annual Report (Report). Department of Public Highways. March 31, 1921. pp. 40–45.
  28. ^ "Provincial Highways Now Being Numbered". The Canadian Engineer. 49 (8). Monetary Times Print: 246. August 25, 1925. Numbering of the various provincial highways in Ontario has been commenced by the Department of Public Highways. Resident engineers are now receiving metal numbers to be placed on poles along the provincial highways. These numbers will also be placed on poles throughout cities, towns and villages, and motorists should then have no trouble in finding their way in and out of urban municipalities. Road designations from "2" to "17" have already been allotted...
  29. ^ a b c "System of the King's Highways". Annual Report (Report). Department of Public Highways. March 31, 1930. p. 14.
  30. ^ a b c d e f Sacheli, Sarah (September 17, 1998). "County Hoping to Make Hwy. 3 Four-lane Road". The Windsor Star. p. A5.
  31. ^ a b Porter, Lesley (September 14, 2011). "St. Thomas Expressway Open to Traffic in 1981". St. Thomas Times-Journal. Retrieved May 6, 2015.
  32. ^ a b Highway Transfers List (Report). Ministry of Transportation of Ontario. April 1, 1997. p. 3.
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Bibliography

External links

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