Pholo language
Pholo | |
---|---|
Native to | Phula |
Native speakers | 30,000 (2011)[1] |
Language codes | |
ISO 639-3 | yip |
Glottolog | phol1235 |
Pholo (autonym: pʰo55 lo55) is an unclassified
Pholo speakers are also referred to as Black Phula and Flowery Phula.[2]
Classification
Pelkey (2011:353) specifically excludes Pholo, noting that it does not share the defining features of Southeastern Loloish. However, Lama (2012) classifies Pholo as a Southeastern Loloish language, and considers it to be most closely related to Zokhuo
Distribution
Pholo speakers are most densely concentrated in:[2]
- Aji Township, Yanshan County
- eastern Tianxing Township, Qiubei County
Other Pholo speakers are found in:[2]
- eastern Yanshan County
- Pingzhai Township, Qiubei County
- western Guangnan County
- Xinzhai Township, Malipo County
Vocabulary
The following Pholo lexical items along with their Proto-Ngwi (Proto-Loloish) reconstructed proto-forms are from Pelkey (2011:390).
Gloss | Pholo | Proto-Ngwi |
---|---|---|
bee | bjɯ³³ | *bya² |
taro | bjɑ⁵³ | *blum² |
silver | pʰi³³ | *plu¹ |
face | pʰjɔ⁵⁵ | *pyu² |
destroy | pe̠⁴⁵ | *pyakH |
change | pʰjɑ̠⁴⁵ | *C-plekL |
pus | ᵐbjɑ³³ | *m-bliŋ¹ |
full | phɑ̠²¹ | *m-bliŋ³ |
fly (v.) | bi⁵³ | *b-yam¹ |
lightning | *b-lyapL | |
release | pʰjɑ³³ | *pyiŋ² |
eagle | to³³ | *ʔ-glaŋ² |
stab | *m-gya² | |
excrement | tʰæ³³ | *ʔ-kle² |
load (v.) | ʦɯ⁵⁵ | *ʔ-kun³/² |
Most, but not all, of the Pholo words above do not share the following innovations that define Southeastern Ngwi.[3]
- Proto-Ngwi *ʔ-k and *ʔ-ɡl > Proto-Southeastern Ngwi *tɬ (modern reflexes: tɬ, kɬ, k, t, ɬ, etc.)
- Proto-Ngwi *pl/j and *ʔ-kl > Proto-Southeastern Ngwi *tɬʰ (modern reflexes: tɬʰ, kɬʰ, kʰ, tʰ, ɬ, etc.)
- Proto-Ngwi *bl/j and *ɡl > Proto-Southeastern Ngwi *dɮ (modern reflexes: dɮ, ɡɮ, ɡ, d, etc.)
- Proto-Ngwi *m-pl/j and *m-bl/j > Proto-Southeastern Ngwi *ndɮ (modern reflexes: ndɮ, ŋɡɮ, nd, etc.)
Other Pholo words from Pelkey (2011:301):
- qɑ̠⁴⁵lɑ̠⁴⁵ (neck)
- ᵐbjɑ⁵⁵ʑɛ²¹ (pus)
- phɑ̠²¹ (full)
- χɑ⁵⁵ (long)
- mɑ⁵⁵ (name)
- mɑ̠⁴⁵ (cooked)
More Pholo words are documented in YYFC (1983), part of which are quoted in Lama (2012).
Notes
- ^ Pholo at Ethnologue (18th ed., 2015) (subscription required)
- ^ a b c Pelkey (2011), p. 176.
- ^ Pelkey (2011), p. 365.
References
- Lama, Ziwo Qiu-Fuyuan (2012). Subgrouping of Nisoic (Yi) Languages: A Study From the Perspectives of Shared Innovation and Phylogenetic Estimation (PhD thesis). University of Texas at Arlington. hdl:10106/11161.
- Pelkey, Jamin R. (2011). Dialectology as Dialectic: Interpreting Phula Variation. Berlin: De Gruyter Mouton. ISBN 978-3-11-024585-1.
- Yunnan minzu daxue ge yunnan minzu yuwen zhidao gongzuo weiyuan (YYFC) 云南民族大学格云南民族语文指导工作委员会编, ed. (1983). Yúnnán Yíyǔ fāngyán cíyǔ huìbiān 云南彝语方言词语汇编 [A Collection of Yi Dialects’ Lexicon in Yunnan] (in Chinese). Kunming: Yunnan minzu xueyuan chubanshe. (Handwritten Mimeograph).