Post–World War II anti-fascism

Source: Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia.
A red flag with modern Antifaschistische Aktion, commonly shortened to Antifa

Post–World War II anti-fascism, including antifa groups (

anti-fascist and in opposition to fascism. Those movements have been active in several countries in the aftermath of World War II
during the second half of the 20th and early 21st century.

Europe

Nuremberg Trials
- a judicial-political process intended to delegitimize Nazism, and Fascism more broadly, as criminal ideologies

The immediate aftermath of the

de-Nazification. The onset however, of the Cold War
saw the urgency attached to these goals diminish in the face of superpower competition, and anti-fascist activities becoming less prominent.

Antifa graffiti in Rome: Nationalism is an easy illusion.
Antifascist sticker in Warsaw, Poland.

The appearance of rightist political parties and their upsurge since the

Forum voor Democratie. The German right has grown rapidly since the Fall of the Berlin Wall, and the far-right party Alternative for Germany was founded in 2012, followed shortly thereafter by the anti-immigrant Pegida
movement.

Germany

Main article: Antifa (Germany)
The historical seat of the Communist Party of Germany (Karl-Liebknecht-Haus) with prominently displayed logo of the Antifaschistische Aktion, 1932

After the defeat of

Stalinist state.[2]

The subsequent post-war history of the anti-fascist movement in Germany includes two distinct traditions, an

anti-fascist. The use of the epithet fascist against opponents and the understanding of capitalism as a form of fascism are central to the movement.[9][8] According to political scientist and Christian Democratic Union politician Tim Peters, the term anti-fascism is primarily used by the far left in contemporary Germany.[10]

In Communist

Federal Republic of Germany and its main ally the United States in particular, which were seen as the main fascist forces in the world by the East German Communist party.[13] For example, from 1961 to 1989, the East German regime used the term "Anti-Fascist Protection Wall" (German: Antifaschistischer Schutzwall) as the official name for the Berlin Wall.[14][15]

The modern German Antifa movement ultimately has its origins in West Germany, in the student-based

violent, and Antifa groups are monitored by the federal office in the context of its legal mandate to combat extremism;[8][19][9][20] the federal office states that the underlying goal of the Antifa movement is "the struggle against the liberal democratic basic order" and capitalism.[9][8]

Ireland

Antifa graffito in Longford, Ireland; it incorporates the Starry Plough, a traditional Irish left-wing symbol. Jonathan Arlow has written that "a close cultural lineage between elements within the left and a past revolutionary tradition will increase the appeal of anti-fascist activism among left-wing activists."[21]

Anti-fascist groups have emerged in the Republic of Ireland to oppose far-right and alt-right groups such as the National Party, Irish Freedom Party, Identity Ireland and Pegida Ireland, which lack significant public or electoral support but stage occasional rallies and are active online.[22]

Anti-Fascist Action (AFA) Ireland is one group,[23] while an alliance called Le Chéile (Irish: "together") was founded in 2020 to combat the far-right.[24]

PhD student Jonathan Arlow has written on the topic, saying "in the absence of effective extreme right forces, anti-fascism acts as a form of prophylactic action. In effect, the aim of this activism is to deny political space to extreme right micro groups before they become a popular force or a more serious political threat."[21]

Italy

Anti-fascist demonstration at Porta San Paolo in Rome, Italy, on the occasion of the Liberation Day
on 25 April 2013

Today's

Italian constitution is the result from the work of a Constituent Assembly formed by the representatives of all the anti-fascist forces that contributed to the defeat of Nazi and Fascist forces during the Italian Civil War.[25]

Liberation Day is a national holiday in Italy that commemorates the victory of the Italian resistance movement against Nazi Germany and the Italian Social Republic, puppet state of the Nazis and rump state of the fascists, in the Italian Civil War, a civil war in Italy fought during World War II, which takes place on 25 April. The date was chosen by convention, as it was the day of the year 1945 when the National Liberation Committee of Upper Italy (CLNAI) officially proclaimed the insurgency in a radio announcement, propounding the seizure of power by the CLNAI and proclaiming the death sentence for all fascist leaders (including Benito Mussolini, who was shot three days later).[26]

ANPI logo

charitable foundation on 5 April 1945. It persists due to the activity of its antifascist members. ANPI's objectives are the maintenance of the historical role of the partisan war by means of research and the collection of personal stories. Its goals are a continued defense against historical revisionism and the ideal and ethical support of the high values of freedom and democracy expressed in the 1948 constitution, in which the ideals of the Italian resistance were collected.[28] Since 2008, every two years ANPI organizes its national festival. During the event, meetings, debates, and musical concerts that focus on antifascism, peace, and democracy are organized.[29]

Bella ciao (instrumental only version)

Bella ciao (Italian pronunciation: [ˈbɛlla ˈtʃaːo]; "Goodbye beautiful") is an Italian folk song modified and adopted as an anthem of the Italian resistance movement by the partisans who opposed nazism and fascism, and fought against the occupying forces of Nazi Germany, who were allied with the fascist and collaborationist Italian Social Republic between 1943 and 1945 during the Italian Civil War. Versions of this Italian anti-fascist song continue to be sung worldwide as a hymn of freedom and resistance.[30] As an internationally known hymn of freedom, it was intoned at many historic and revolutionary events. The song originally aligned itself with Italian partisans fighting against Nazi German occupation troops, but has since become to merely stand for the inherent rights of all people to be liberated from tyranny.[31][32]

Netherlands

A well-known Dutch anti-fascist research group is the

SS
-officers, led to loud protest that were nationally published.

The AFVN has had numerous successes, although the group remains relatively small. It effectively uses publicity as its main tool of influence. Some of the actions and events include the following:

The AFVN is a member of the Féd. Int. des Résistants FIR.

Some of the AFA-groups are more active then others. The AFA-Fryslân (

Forum voor Democratie
. AFA-Fryslân regularly cooperates with the AFVN.

Another relatively successful venture is the yearly anti-discrimination march in Amsterdam on 21 March, organised by a coalition of 15 progressive groups. The coalition is named '21 Maart Tegen Racisme' ('21 March Against Racism').

Some of the Dutch anti-fascists, mostly of so-called 'autonomous' groups, but not Kafka or the AFVN, regard physical violence as a legitimate means of action. An example of this was the violent disruption of the reconciliation meeting between Hans Janmaat and the Center Party on March 29, 1986, in a hotel in Kedichem. The meeting was disrupted by radical, anti-fascist activists who set the hotel on fire. Janmaat's life partner Wil Schuurman became permanently disabled because she after jumping out of a window on the first floor, one of her legs had to be amputated.

Romania

Main article: Anti-Fascist Committee of German Workers in Romania

The Anti-Fascist Committee of German Workers in Romania was an organization for ethnic

Romanian Workers Party adopted a 'Resolution of the National Question' which outlined the need for the formation of a German Anti-Fascist Committee and a German-language newspaper.[36] The Anti-Fascist Committee of German Workers in Romania was founded in March 1949 by a number of ethnic German party members, along with its organ Neuer Weg.[37][38]

United Kingdom

After

war veterans in the 43 Group continued the tradition of militant confrontations with Oswald Mosley's Union Movement. In the 1960s, the 62 Group continued the struggle against neo-Nazis.[39]

In the 1970s, fascist and far-right parties such as the

National Front (NF) and British Movement (BM) were making significant gains electorally, and were increasingly bold in their public appearances. This was challenged in 1977 with the Battle of Lewisham, when thousands of people disrupted an NF march in South London.[40] Soon after, the Anti-Nazi League (ANL) was launched by the Socialist Workers Party (SWP). The ANL had a large-scale propaganda campaign and squads that attacked NF meetings and paper sales. The success of the ANL's campaigns contributed to the end of the NF's period of growth. During this period, there were also a number of black-led anti-fascist organizations, including the Campaign Against Racism and Fascism (CARF) and local groups like the Newham Monitoring Project.[41]

The SWP disbanded the ANL in 1981, but many squad members refused to stop their activities. They were expelled from the SWP in 1981, many going on to found

Blood and Honour in 1992.[44] After 1995, some AFA mobilizations still occurred, such as against the NF in Dover in 1997 and 1998. However, AFA wound down its national organization and some of its branches and had ceased to exist nationally by 2001.[45]

There was a surge in fascist activity across Europe from 1989 to 1991 after the collapse of Communism.[citation needed] In 1991, the Campaign Against Fascism in Europe (CAFE) coordinated a large militant protest against the visit to London by French right-wing leader, Jean-Marie Le Pen. This sparked a surge in anti-fascist organizations throughout Europe. In the UK alone, in 1992 a number of left-wing groups formed anti-fascist front organizations, such as a re-launched ANL in 1992, the Socialist Party's Youth against Racism in Europe YRE, and the Revolutionary Communist Party's Workers Against Racism. A number of black-led organizations, along with the Labour Party Black Sections and the National Black Caucus, formed the Anti-Racist Alliance in 1991, which eventually became the National Assembly Against Racism.[46]

The magazine Searchlight was founded in 1975. The group founded Hope not Hate in 2004, which became independent in 2011.

In August 2018, the Shadow Chancellor

Islamophobia in the Conservative Party.[47][48] This "welcome and timely" call to action was supported in a Guardian letter signed by the league's founders, which included former Labour minister Peter Hain, political activist Paul Holborow and leading musicians from Rock Against Racism.[48]

Sweden

Main article: Antifascistisk Aktion
far right. This is evident by the very limited public role in many of the largest antifascist demonstrations in the 2010s, including the large 2018 Gothenburg blockade of the Nordic Resistance Movement, the massive Kärrtorp protest, and the massive 13.000 person strong demonstration in 2014 in response to the stabbing of Showan Shattak and three other antifascists in Malmö.[51]

Ukraine

During the Russian invasion of Ukraine, many anti-fascists have fought to defend Ukraine against Russia, which they regard as an imperialist and fascistic state under Vladimir Putin (see Ruscism and Putinism). They founded the Resistance Committee, an anti-fascist unit of Ukraine's Territorial Defense Forces. One of its most prominent members was anarchist Dmitry Petrov.[52] Another Ukrainian anti-fascist activist, Maksym Butkevych, fought Russian forces before being captured and held as a prisoner of war; Russian state media denounced him as a "Nazi".[53]

A network of anti-fascist groups in Ukraine and Europe, the Solidarity Collectives, was set up to gather equipment to send to comrades fighting Russian forces.[54]

The

Russian and Belarusian partisan movement. It supports Ukrainian resistance and opposes the Russian invasion by sabotaging railways and communications masts, and attacking army enlistment offices.[55]

Asia

Kashmir

Main article: People's Anti-Fascist Front

In 2019, the

Indian government which was led by the far right Rashtriya Swayamsevak Sangh party attempted an alleged demographic change in the disputed Indian Administered Kashmir region.[56]

The

Palestine.[57]

Japan

In 2013, when

Aichi, and Hiroshima prefectures.[58]
They then promoted the Democratic Party's presidential election and participated in "Abe Out" demonstrations with liberals and opposition members of the Japanese Communist Party and the Constitutional Democratic Party of Japan.[59][60][61]

In 2020, the activities of Antifa increased. In February, those waving the flag of Antifa were identified among those who were counter-acting against Zaitokukai.[58] In May, Antifa also participated in the protest against the Abe Cabinet's coronavirus measures. In the protest, a foreign man was holding the Antifa flag, which was written in German as "ANTIFASCHISTSCHE AKTION."[58] On May 17, Antifa was among the organizers of a nationwide protest against the revision of the Public prosecutor's office Law.[58] When George Floyd protests occurred in the U.S. at the end of May, protest of "Black Lives Matter" were held in Tokyo and Osaka in June, and Antifa was also seen.[58] On May 30 and June 6, Antifa and others led the protest against the hate crime by the police around the Shibuya Police Department.[62][63] George Floyd protests were also held at the same time, and many foreigners and opposition members of the Diet also participated in the protests.[59][64] Antifa's flag was raised, and there were arrests in the fight.[58][65][66] The incident began when a Kurdish man in Japan claimed to have been unfairly questioned by Metropolitan Police officers and subjected to violence. Mainichi Shimbun and Kyodo News reported this as a hate crime though the Metropolitan Police denied.[62][63][65][66][67] On June 10, the General Information Center for Foreign Residents of immigration bureaus across Japan received a "bomb threat" e-mail from a person claiming to be "Antifa" targeting the Immigration Bureau and the Shibuya Police Department for abusing foreigners.[58][68][69][70] However, on June 13, the Japanese Kurdish Cultural Association, which consists of Kurds, expressed a negative view of the protest claims on their official Facebook page. The association declared that they did not support the protest and did not take any part in it, and abandoned the said person, saying there was no room to defend his actions in light of Japanese laws and customs.[65][66][71] And the association announced that the demonstrators were not all involved in their usual protests against the crackdown on the Kurds or in their support activities.[65][66][71] They said that a less-than-justified demonstration like this seems to have encouraged prejudice against Kurdish residents in Japan. They also said it's strange that no Japanese major media have covered them at all on this matter.[65][66][71]

United States

Main article: Antifa (United States)

After World War II, but prior to the development of the modern antifa movement, violent confrontations with Fascist elements happened sporadically in the

Maoist Communist Workers' Party confronted a local Ku Klux Klan chapter, first by disrupting a screening of The Birth of a Nation in China Grove, North Carolina and later organizing a rally and a march against the Klan on November 3 called the "Death to the Klan March" by the CWP.[72]
The Maoists distributed flyers that "called for radical, even violent opposition to the Klan",
Greensboro Massacre
.

In the 2010s, self-described antifa groups have become increasingly active in Western Europe and North America.

far-right and alt-right groups.[77][80][81] US anti-fascist activities have included violent disruptions and demonstrations which have drawn criticism from both sides of the mainstream political spectrum.[73][76][82] Through their anarchist and anti-nationalist orientation, antifa groups have sometimes been linked to the punk subculture (including straight edge) both in the US and in Europe.[83]

Syrian Civil War

Rojava

Hundreds of foreign Antifa leftists have joined the

Rojava Revolution" against the Turkish military and the Syrian Arab Republic.[84][85]

Gallery

  • Logo of Antifaschistische Aktion (1930s; Germany)
    Logo of Antifaschistische Aktion (1930s; Germany)
  • Logo of Antifaschistische Aktion (Germany)
    Logo of Antifaschistische Aktion (Germany)
  • Toilet brush symbol adopted for the Hamburg protests of the German Antifa, 2014
    Toilet brush symbol adopted for the Hamburg protests of the German Antifa, 2014
  • Logo of Antifascistische Aktie (Netherlands)
    Logo of Antifascistische Aktie (Netherlands)
  • Polish logo of Akcja Antyfaszystowska
    Polish logo of Akcja Antyfaszystowska
  • Antifascist Action logo seen in US
    Antifascist Action logo seen in US
  • Logo of Sicilia Antifascista (Sicily)
    Logo of Sicilia Antifascista (Sicily)
  • Logo of Action Antifasciste Marseille (Marseille)
    Logo of Action Antifasciste Marseille (Marseille)
  • Logo of Union Antifasciste Toulousaine (Toulouse)
    Logo of Union Antifasciste Toulousaine (Toulouse)
  • Logo of Action Antifasciste 06 (France)
    Logo of Action Antifasciste 06 (France)
  • Logo of Action Antifasciste 04 (France)
    Logo of Action Antifasciste 04 (France)
  • Logo of Antifascistisk Aksjon (Norway)
    Logo of Antifascistisk Aksjon (Norway)
  • Logo of Antifa London (London)
    Logo of Antifa London (London)
  • Logo of Acción Antifascista (Spain)
    Logo of Acción Antifascista (Spain)
  • The Three Arrows symbol is commonly used in the US antifa movement
    The Three Arrows symbol is commonly used in the US antifa movement

See also

References

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  59. ^ a b "ジャーナリスト・石井氏「議員がテロ集団と名指しされたアンティファと深く関わる日本共産党と立憲民主党、それを報道しないメディアを持つ日本は何なんでしょうか」" [Journalist Ishii "What is Japan that has the Japanese Communist Party and the Constitutional Democratic Party of Japan, whose members are deeply involved with Antifa who was named a terrorist group, and media that does not report it?"]. Share News Japan (in Japanese). June 2, 2020. Retrieved 18 June 2020.
  60. ^ "怒りは限界に達した 名古屋で「安倍は辞めろ」デモ" [Anger reached the limit "Abe out" Demonstration in Nagoya]. Japanese Communist Party Aichi Committee Official site (in Japanese). January 13, 2020. Retrieved 18 June 2020.
  61. ^ "路上から安倍政治に怒り" [Anger at Abe's politics from the streets]. Shimbun Akahata (in Japanese). Japanese Communist Party. January 21, 2019. Retrieved 18 June 2020.
  62. ^ a b "「警官に押さえ込まれけが」 渋谷署前で200人が抗議デモ クルド人訴えに共鳴" ["He was held down by a policeman and injured." 200 people protest in front of Shibuya station - Resonant with Kurdish complaints]. Mainichi Shimbun (in Japanese). May 30, 2020. Retrieved 18 June 2020.
  63. ^ a b "警視庁渋谷署前で再び抗議デモ 職務質問でクルド人男性がけが" [Another protest in front of the Shibuya police station of the Metropolitan Police Department Kurdish men hurt by police question]. Mainichi Shimbun (in Japanese). June 6, 2020. Retrieved 18 June 2020.
  64. ^ "渋谷署前のデモ、立憲・石川大我議員の後ろに米大統領がテロ組織と認めた『ANTIFA』の旗 → 石川議員、ツイート削除…" [The protest in front of the Shibuya police station, behind the Constitutional Democratic Party of Japan, Ishikawa Daiga, there is a flag of "ANTIFA" that the President of the US recognized as a terrorist organization.→Ishikawa deleted the tweet...]. Share News Japan (in Japanese). June 1, 2020. Retrieved 18 June 2020.
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  66. ^ a b c d e "警察への抗議デモは「偏見を助長した」 在日クルド人団体「苦言」の背景" [The protest against the police "promoted prejudice" Background of "complaints" by Kurdish groups in Japan]. J cast (in Japanese). June 15, 2020. Retrieved 18 June 2020.
  67. ^ "渋谷で「警察は人種差別するな」 500人抗議、クルド人職質にも" ["Police should not be racist" 500 people protest in Shibuya, police check-up to Kurdish]. Kyodo News (in Japanese). Tokyo Shimbun. June 6, 2020. Retrieved 18 June 2020.
  68. ^ "「手榴弾爆破させる」 渋谷署などに予告メール クルド人男性への職務質問などに抗議か" ["Explode a grenade" The Shibuya police and others received a bomb scare email ─ Protest against a police checkup on a Kurdish man?]. Sankei Shimbun (in Japanese). June 11, 2020. Retrieved 18 June 2020.
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Further reading

  • Testa, M. (2017). "'A Good Deal of Disorder' or The Anarchists & Anti-Fascism In The UK".
    ProQuest 2084393632
    .
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