Presbyterian Church in Canada
This article includes a list of general references, but it lacks sufficient corresponding inline citations. (June 2015) |
Presbyterian Church in Canada | |
---|---|
Église presbytérienne du Canada | |
Calvinist | |
Polity | Presbyterian |
Associations | |
Region |
|
Origin | 1875 |
Separations | 70% of the Presbyterian Church in Canada joined the United Church of Canada in 1925 |
Congregations | 821[1][failed verification] |
Members | 79,961 (2019)[1]: 214 |
Ministers | 1,337[1]: 214 |
Official website | presbyterian |
(source, Acts and Proceedings 2007 p 713) |
The Presbyterian Church in Canada (
The Canadian roots of the Presbyterian Church in Canada can be traced to both Scottish settlers and French
Once the largest Christian denomination in English-speaking Canada, in 1925 some 70 percent of its congregations joined with the
Background and roots
In 1759, Great Britain gained control of the French colony of New France, seized during the Seven Years' War. At the Plains of Abraham outside of the walled Citadelle of Quebec, there was a Scottish Battalion, the 78th Fraser Highlanders, complete with a Presbyterian chaplain, Reverend Robert MacPherson. This group became the roots of St. Andrew's Church in Quebec City.
In the colony of
After the departure of the Thirteen American Colonies from British North America, there was an increase in population within the Canadas, divided in 1791 into Upper Canada (now called Ontario) and Lower Canada (now called Quebec), including most of the previously populated areas of the New France colony, and within the Maritimes, including Nova Scotia, New Brunswick, and Prince Edward Island.
Some of the early Canadian Presbyterians were
Early Clergy represented many strands of reformed theology, and were educated in Scotland, Ireland, and the United States. Initial attempts at forming native
Congregations were eventually formed in many communities (initially in townships over towns), and usually after a lengthy period without any supply from clergy (in the Red River Colony in Manitoba, it took thirty years); in many cases, family worship consisted of devotions and catechisms.
Two events led to the early departure of American support of Canadian Churches: the
In the Maritimes (now the Provinces of Nova Scotia, New Brunswick, and Prince Edward Island), the original Scots Presbyterians were from two branches of the Secessionist
In 1811, Rev. Thomas McCulloch formed the Pictou Academy, the first educational school to train ministers. Some of its graduates travelled to Scotland to continue their training. This led McCulloch to Halifax to teach, where Dalhousie University was eventually formed; from another academy in West River, Pictou County, (1848), led also to Halifax as Presbyterian College (Halifax), later Pine Hill Seminary (United Church), that since 1971, is now part of the Atlantic School of Theology.
In the Canadas, the United Presbytery of the Canadas was formed in 1818, as a looser arrangement of clergy supported by other groups. By 1839 this United Synod (at one time there were three presbyteries) was absorbed by The Presbyterian Church of Canada in Connection with the Established Church of Scotland, erected into a synod by the parent church in 1831, bolstered with missionaries supplied from the Glasgow Missionary Society. In 1834, this group also began to receive a number of United Synod clergy and congregations, which led to the aforementioned union with the Auld Kirk by 1840.
In 1831, the United Associate Synod in Scotland (after 1847, the
In Toronto, the United Synod of Canada congregation (formed in the Town of York in 1820), and their minister Rev. James Harris withdrew in 1834, remaining independent until 1844, when they joined with Free Church dissenters from the Church of Scotland's St. Andrew's Toronto (formed in 1830) to create Knox Presbyterian Church, Toronto.
The unity in the Church of Scotland Canada Synod following the United Synod merger was short-lived, but provided the opportunity to establish a Theological College, Queen's College, in
In June 1844, the Synod met in
In the Maritime Provinces, colonies were set up in Nova Scotia, New Brunswick, Prince Edward Island, and on Cape Breton Island. As in both Upper Canada and Lower Canada, there were various groups organizing congregations. The effects of the 1843 disruption in the Church of Scotland was felt in Nova Scotia; the colonial ministers were either invited back to congregations in Scotland, or they sided with the Free Church in Nova Scotia and elsewhere. The formal structure of the Church of Scotland was affected there for a decade.
In 1860, a year before a union occurred in the Canadas, the Presbyterian Church of the Lower Provinces was created by the merger of Free Church and United Presbyterian Church congregations in Nova Scotia, including Cape Breton, and Prince Edward Island, and in 1866, they were joined by their compatriots in New Brunswick.
In June 1861, the Canada Presbyterian Church was formed with the merger of the Canadian Synods of the Free Church of Scotland and the United Presbyterian Church. This became the dominant Presbyterian grouping in the Canadas, growing in cities, towns, villages, and even into the United States, including
The Canadian Presbyterian Church started a second theological college,
In 1867, the Church of Scotland's bodies in the Maritimes merged to become the Synod of the Presbyterian Church of the Maritime Provinces of British North America.
In 1869, the Canada Presbyterian Church added another level to its growing Church structure—its Annual Synod became a
The first
The Presbyterian Church in Canada 1875–1925
On June 15, 1875, the four Canadian
- The Canada Presbyterian Church (June 1861);
- The Presbyterian Church of Canada in Connection with the Established Church of Scotland (1831);
- The Synod of the Presbyterian Church of the Maritime Provinces of British North America (1867); and
- The Presbyterian Church of the Lower Provinces (1866),
representing many of the parallel events and controversies within the Church of Scotland joined to form The Presbyterian Church in Canada, in Montreal's Victoria Hall.
Although there were a number of Church of Scotland congregations, mainly from the Maritimes, as well as
As a united group, the PCC consolidated and grew all across Canada in both the established areas, and expanded into newly settled parts.
- The Synod of the Maritime Provinces (renamed Atlantic in the 1960s) comprised the former domain of the two "Lower Provinces" groups. Their Synod meetings are known as "The Little Assembly".
- The Synod of Montreal and Ottawa replaced the CPC's Montreal Synod; this name was changed in the 1950s to Quebec and Eastern Ontario.
- The Synod of Toronto and Kingston took in the former CPC Toronto Synod, as well as adding the CPC Kingston Presbytery from Montreal. This Synod later added northeastern Ontario, and the name was altered in 2005 to: The Synod of Central, Northeastern Ontario, and Bermuda.
- The Synod of Hamilton and London merged two CPC Synods into one, London and Hamilton. It was renamed the Synod of Southwestern Ontario in 1997.
- The Synod of Manitoba and the Northwest was formed in 1884, when the Presbytery of Manitoba (with synodical powers) was divided into three presbyteries.
- The Synod of British Columbia was erected in 1890, including congregations in present-day Alberta.
In 1905, when the provinces of Alberta and Saskatchewan were formed, separate synods for each were created:
- The Synod of Manitoba was the new name, although Manitoba and Northwestern Ontario is the present name, noting the Presbytery of Superior (from 1884), comprising remaining congregations in Fort Frances and Atikokan.
- The Synod of Saskatchewan covers the bounds of the province.
- The Synod of Alberta (and the Northwest was added in 1990).
With the deaths of King (1899) and Robertson (1901), their respective successors led in the cause of Church Union with other Protestant bodies, including
1925 and since
Following years of debate, and postponement over World War I, voting on Canadian Church Union took place in the late months of 1924, and into 1925.
On June 9, 1925, the group consisting of those Presbyterian congregations, and a number of minority groups which did not concur with Church Union into the United Church of Canada, met for prayer just before midnight in Knox Presbyterian Church (Toronto); not too far from the then-College Street Presbyterian Church, where the final sederunt of the 1925 General Assembly had concluded earlier in the day. Some 79 dissenting commissioners, and others equally concerned about the future of their church, had come to resume the General Assembly of the "continuing" Presbyterian Church that night. They were led by Rev. Dr. David George McQueen, a former moderator (1912) and longtime minister (1887–1930) of First Church (1881) in Edmonton, Alberta, who presided as moderator, and constituted the group into the "continuing" General Assembly of the Presbyterian Church in Canada. After adjourning early in the hours of June 10, they later reconvened as the General Assembly, and also met with others (including women's missionary groups) into a congress at St. Andrew's Church (Toronto); these two key Toronto congregations provided much of the input and support for the Presbyterian Church Association, in this fight against Church Union. Walter George Brown, another leading campaigner against union, was elected moderator in 1931.
The "continuing Presbyterians" title remained until 1939. The United Church of Canada Act expressly stipulated that the "Presbyterian Church of Canada" had ceased to exist, but the continuing Presbyterians continued to use the name and the act was amended in 1939 to recognize their right to do so.[2] M. H. Ogilvie notes that
The continuing Presbyterians after 1925 had never doubted their right to be and to be called Presbyterians, regardless of the doctrine of Parliamentary Supremacy. Unlike the unionists, they clung to the inherited marks of
Covenanting spirit.[2]
About 30 percent of the former Presbyterians remained separate from the United Church at the time of the divide, although the actual vote remains uncertain.
In Western Canada, the losses, as well as many presbyteries and congregations, and missions, included all theological colleges:
In
In Vancouver, Westminster Hall (1908) was merged in 1927 with Ryerson College (Methodist) and the Congregational College of British Columbia to create United College, now part of Vancouver School of Theology (1971), located on the University of British Columbia (UBC) main campus. St. Andrew's Hall, part of the PCC's presence at UBC since 1956, formally joined with VST in 1984, and in 2006, the General Assembly approved concurrent programmes with Regent College.
In Edmonton, Alberta, Robertson College (1912) named after the aforementioned missions superintendent, merged with Alberta (Methodist) College to become St Stephen's College after 1925. It is located on the University of Alberta campus. In Saskatoon, the Presbyterian College, Saskatoon (1914), became St. Andrew's College in 1925. It is located on the University of Saskatchewan campus. In 2000 these latter colleges merged administratively, while remaining in both Saskatoon and Edmonton respectively, and become known as The College of St. Andrew's and St. Stephen's.
After 1925, the "rebuilding" was slowed in the 1930s by the
Social issues
As with other mainline denominations in North America, the Presbyterian Church in Canada has been wrestling with social issues and, especially, with human sexuality. In 1998, the Presbyterian denomination prohibited gay and lesbian pastors and denied licenses to preach to these ministers; in 2012, however, that ban was lifted by the assembly.[3] According to the Social Action Handbook, "The Presbyterian Church in Canada recognizes that homosexual orientation is not a sin."[4] "The Presbyterian Church in Canada has never limited the roles of its members on the basis of their sexual orientation. These roles include church school teachers, musicians, youth leaders, ruling elders, teaching elders and members of the Order of Diaconal Ministries."[5]
In 2014, the Presbyteries of Waterloo-Wellington, Calgary, and East Toronto voted in favor of an overture asking the Presbyterian Church in Canada to permit the ordination of gay pastors and the blessing of same-sex marriages.[6] In 2015, the General Assembly heard 6 overtures in favor of same-sex marriage and 15 overtures in opposition to same-sex unions.[7] The moderator, the Rev. Karen Horst, has issued a pastoral letter calling for gracious and open discussion that listens to both sides of the debate.[8]
At the 2016 General Assembly, the church referred reports on human sexuality to various committees. The Presbyteries of Calgary-Macleod, East Toronto, and Waterloo-Wellington submitted overtures asking the denomination to support same-sex unions and partnered gay and lesbian clergy.[4] In 2017, the PCC created a committee, the "Rainbow Communion," to listen to LGBT members.[9] The church also released a letter apologising for homophobia.[10] The 2021 General Assembly agreed to adopt two parallel definitions of marriage, one exclusively heterosexual and one providing for same-gender marriages, leaving the choice to ministers and church sessions.[11]
Since 1966, the denomination has ordained women as both elders and ministers.[12] By 2014 there were 362 female ministers and 3563 female elders representing 49.9% of the elders within the Church.[13]
Missions and international partnerships
The Presbyterian Church in Canada has also had an international presence; besides congregations in Newfoundland before that province's entry into Canadian Confederation in 1949, St Andrew's in Hamilton, Bermuda was affiliated with the Maritime churches from 1842 to 1963, when its presbyterial oversight was transferred to the West Toronto Presbytery, and many congregations have people from many other nations and cultures that have come to Canada.
Foreign missionaries, or more recently, international partners, share the church's witness around the world. Before 1875, Atlantic Canada sent John Geddie and the Gordon Brothers (George N. and James D., both martyred) from Prince Edward Island to the New Hebrides, now called Vanuatu in the South Pacific; John Morton to Trinidad; and later, partners into neighbouring Demerara, part of present-day Guyana.
In 1871 the Canada Presbyterian Church sent
), and after 1927, when Luther Lisgar Young and others partnered with The Korean Christian Church of Japan.Some changes occurred after Church Union, as Goforth left Honan, to conclude his Asian Ministry in Manchuria, the aforementioned L.L. Young went from
Since 1954, Nigeria, where Mary Slessor had pioneered a generation before with a Scottish Church, and whose story was well known in many Canadian congregations, opened the door for PCC service in Africa. Richard Fee, Moderator of the 130th General Assembly, held in Oshawa Ontario in June 2004, spent his early ministry in Nigeria, before assuming his Canadian role (1992–2005), first with Presbyterian World Service and Development, and now as General Secretary, Life and Mission Agency.
Malawi, Ghana, Kenya, Mozambique, Cameroon, Lesotho, and the Indian Ocean Island of Mauritius are other African nations that have also been partnered with the PCC, which also serves in Central America (Guyana is also included here, having been an offshoot of the Mission to Trinidad started by Nova Scotian Rev. John Morton in 1865), and more recently, in Eastern Europe, since the 1990s.
Ecumenical relations
The Presbyterian Church in Canada has also been involved with relations between other Christian Churches. The
The Presbyterian Church in Canada was a charter member of both the Canadian Council of Churches and the World Council of Churches, in 1944 and 1948, respectively.
There is also "observer status" with the Evangelical Fellowship of Canada, although several congregations and individuals are actively involved in this venture.[citation needed]
Since 1939, relations with the United Church of Canada have improved, through involvement in ecumenical partnerships locally, nationally, and internationally. There are many congregations that will hold joint services during summer months, as well as other events such as Week of Prayer for Christian Unity, Women's Day of Prayer, Holy Week services, and in local outreaches, such as food banks, homeless shelters, and cropshares.
Further details (polity)
At present the Presbyterian Church in Canada has about 1000 congregations across the country. As a result of early settlement, as well as post WWII urbanization, and resistance to the 1925 church union, Southern Ontario has the greatest number of congregations, presbyteries and synods (listed above).
The
Every decade, there is an attempt to hold the General Assembly in other parts of the Country: On June 5, 2005, First Presbyterian Church in Edmonton, was the location of the Opening of the 131st General Assembly of The Presbyterian Church in Canada; the 'Reverend Jean Morris, of Calgary, Alberta was Moderator of the 131st General Assembly in 2005; her father, Rev. Dr. J.J. Harrold Morris was moderator in 1989, and grew up in the First Congregation. She was awarded a Doctor of Divinity from Vancouver School of Theology in 2010.
In 1996, Charlottetown PEI was the host, as was Vancouver BC, in both 1957 and 1989, Halifax NS, in 1971, and Calgary in 1948. The Presbytery of
From June 4–9, 2006, the 132nd General Assembly took place in St. Catharines, Ontario, at Brock University, an alma mater (1982) of the outgoing Moderator. The official nominees for the 2006 Moderator were two laypeople; voting for Moderator was conducted by all active Ministers (on their Presbytery Roll) and Representative Elders in their respective Presbyteries. The tally of votes was counted and announced on April 3, a change from most years, when this is conducted on April 1. The now past Moderator is Wilma Welsh, an Elder from Guelph, Ontario, a former Mission Partner with the Presbyterian Church in Taiwan, and Staff Associate in the Life and Mission Agency offices in Toronto (Awarded Doctor of Divinity from Knox College in 2010). Invitations for the 2007 and 2008 General Assemblies were approved from two Ontario Presbyteries. The 2007 Assembly was held June 3–8 at the University of Waterloo, with the opening service in nearby Cambridge. Rev. Dr. J. Hans Kouwenberg, Senior Pastor of Calvin Presbyterian Church in Abbotsford, British Columbia, was Moderator. The 2008 Assembly was held in Ottawa, the opening service held in Knox Church. The Moderator was Rev. Cheol Soon Park, then Senior Minister of Toronto Korean Presbyterian Church [1], the first Korean-Canadian Moderator of the PCC. In 2009, General Assembly was held in Hamilton, Ontario, Rev. Harvey Self, of Tweedsmuir Presbyterian Church, Orangeville, Ontario, was Moderator; he was a former Military Chaplain. In 2010, the General Assembly was held in Sydney, Nova Scotia; the first time ever on Cape Breton Island. Rev. Dr. Herbert F. Gale, of Guelph, Ontario, Associate Secretary of Planned Giving is the present Moderator. The 2011 General Assembly will be held in London, Ontario.
There are congregations, missions, and preaching points in each Canadian province, as well as the aforementioned St Andrew's Church in Hamilton, Bermuda.
Communication
Communication has been an important role in the Presbyterian Church in Canada. Before 1875, every group had some sort of journal for communication, as well as active contributions in the mainstream press.
In January 1876, the Presbyterian Record, a merger of the Church of Scotland's The Presbyterian (since 1848), and the Canada Presbyterian Church's Record (and its predecessors in the United Presbyterian and Free Church), began operations that continue monthly until 2016 when the Presbyterian Record was replaced by The Presbyterian Connection, a quarterly newspaper, and PCConnect a monthly e-newsletter.
There is also Glad Tidings, the publication of the Women's Missionary Society (formerly WMS Western Division) publishing since 1925, and the Presbyterian Message, from the Atlantic Missionary Society (formerly W.M.S. Eastern Division); and Presbyterian History, Newsletter of the Committee of History, has published regularly since 1957.
Channels, a regular print publication from 1983 to 2007, is from the Renewal Fellowship Within the Presbyterian Church in Canada.
See also
References
- ^ a b c 2020 Records and Statistics (PDF) (Report). Toronto, Ontario: The Presbyterian Church in Canada.
- ^ a b Ogilvie, M. H. (1986). "Freedom of Religion: A Canadian Cautionary Tale". Osgoode Hall Law Journal. 24 (1): 187. Retrieved 24 May 2022.
- ^ Wardle, Connie. "'The Will of Christ'". presbyterianrecord.ca. Presbyterian Record. Retrieved April 17, 2016.
- ^ a b "General Assembly 2016". presbyterian.ca. Retrieved 2016-11-21.
- ^ "Presbytery overture to PCC regarding sexual orientation and inclusiveness – Varsity Acres Presbyterian Church". vapc.ca. Retrieved 2017-04-24.
- ^ Wardle, Connie. "More Presbyterians Approve Overtures on Homosexuality". presbyterianrecord.ca. Presbyterian Record. Retrieved April 17, 2016.
- ^ "Overtures RE: Human Sexuality to the 2015 General Assembly" (PDF). psaltdotinfo.files.wordpress.com. Presbyterian Church in Canada. Archived from the original (PDF) on October 3, 2016. Retrieved April 17, 2016.
- ^ Horst, Karen. "Pastoral Letter" (PDF). presbyterian.ca. Presbyterian Church in Canada. Retrieved April 18, 2016.
- ^ "Rainbow Communion: Special LGBTQI Listening Committee | The Presbyterian Church in Canada". presbyterian.ca. Retrieved 2018-03-01.
- ^ "Presbyterian Church in Canada Issues 'Letter of Repentance' to LGBT Community". Retrieved 2018-03-01.
- ^ "Presbyterian Church in Canada opens up to LGBTQ+ marriage | Saltwire".
- ^ "Ordination of Women" (PDF). presbyterianarchives.ca. Presbyterian Church in Canada. 1988. Retrieved June 17, 2016.
- ^ "Female Firsts". The Presbyterian Church in Canada Archives. Retrieved 21 May 2020.
Further reading
- Bailey, T. Melville, The Covenant in Canada, 1975.
- Bailey, T. Melville, Wee Kirks and Stately Steeples: History of the Presbytery of Hamilton, Ontario, 1990.
- Bailey, T. Melville, and Palmer, William K., Schissler, J. Phillip, and Campbell C. Glenn, The Presbytery of Hamilton, 1837–1967.
- Clifford, N. Keith, The Resistance to Church Union, 1982.
- Congram, John D., This Presbyterian Church of Ours, 1995.
- Dickson, James A. R. Ebenezer: A History Of The Central Presbyterian Church, Galt, Ontario ; With Brief Sketches Of Some Of Its Members Nabu Press; August 1, 2010
- Fraser, Brian J., Church, College, and Clergy: A History of Theological Education at Knox College 1844–1994, 1995.
- Fraser, Brian J. The Social Uplifters: Presbyterian Progressives and the Social Gospel in Canada 1875-1915 (Wilfrid Laurier Univ. Press, 1988)
- Gregg, William, History of the Presbyterian Church in the Dominion of Canada, from the Earliest Days until 1834, 1885; General Books LLC, January 30, 2012
- Gregg, William, Short History of the Presbyterian Church in the Dominion of Canada, 1892.
- Klempa, William J (ed)., The Burning Bush and a Few Acres of Snow; The Presbyterian Contribution to Canadian Life and Culture, 1994.
- Markell, H. Keith, The History of Presbyterian College, Montreal 1865–1986, 1986.
- MacBeth, R. G., The Burning Bush in Canada, 1927.
- MacKinnon, Archibald, History of the Presbyterian Church in Cape Breton, 1975.
- MacMillan, Donald N., The Kirk in Glengarry. A History of the Presbytery of Glengarry, 1787–1984.
- McNab, John, They Went Forth. 1933, revised 1955.
- McNab, John, and MacKenzie, F. Scott, Our Heritage and Our Faith, 1950. (McNab, Our Priceless Heritage, MacKenzie, The Essence of Our Faith—75th Anniversary of the Presbyterian Church in Canada.
- McNeill, John T., The Presbyterian Church in Canada, 1925.
- Moir, John S., Early Presbyterianism in Canada, essays by John S. Moir, edited by Paul Laverdure, 2003.
- Moir, John S., Enduring Witness. 1st Edition 1975 2nd Edition, 1987. 3rd Edition, 2003.
- Parker, Stuart C., Yet Not Consumed: A Short Account of the History and Antecedents of the Presbyterian Church in Canada, 1947.
- Scott, Ephraim, Church Union and the Presbyterian Church in Canada, 1928.
- Smith, Neil G., Farris, Allen L., Markell, H. Keith (editors), A Short History of the Presbyterian Church in Canada; Centennial Committee (Canada's), Committee on Church History, 1967.
- Stanley, Laurie C.C., The Well-Watered Garden: The Presbyterian Church in Cape Breton, 1798–1860, 1983.
- Stanley-Blackwell, Laurie C.C., Tokens of Grace: Cape Breton's Open-air Communion Tradition, 2006.
- Twentieth Century Fund, Historic Sketches of the Pioneer Work and the Missionary, Educational and Benevolent Agencies of The Presbyterian Church in Canada, 1903.
- The Presbyterian Record (inc) Periodical. Specific Sources--[Rev. Stephen Hayes][2], Article, October 2004, p 27. Barry Cahill, letter, December 2004. p 6.
- Canadian Society of Presbyterian History, various papers 1975–2004.
- Called to Witness, biographical sketches in four volumes: Volume 1, 1977, Volume 2, 1980, (Edited by W. Stanford Reid) Volume 3, 1991, Volume 4, 1999. (Edited by John S. Moir).
- Enkindled by the Word: Essays on Presbyterianism in Canada (Centennial Committee of the PCC), 1966.
- Gifts and Graces: Profiles of Presbyterian Women, Volume 1 1999, Volume 2, 2002. (Edited by John S. Moir)
External links
- Presbyterian Church in Canada denominational website
- * "Canada's Lead in Church Unity," The Literary Digest, July 4, 1925 - includes description of Presbyterian resistance at the time of the formation of the United Church of Canada